FIRST AID FUNDAMENTAL COURSEThis is a hybrid course Step 1: Read First Aid materials. Step 2: Classroom Participation: Will practice first aid skills and take a test.

You must participate in the classroom component to obtain your CPR Certification!

Information in this booklet is not meant to replace First Aid Instruction. It is to be used as a GUIDE for First Aid Training Course only!

**The instructions in this manual are no substitute for the directions that a medical professional gives to a person or gives as a consulta-tion on the scene of an emergency. When possible, it is best to consult a health care professional for specific advice during an emergency.**

CONTENTSGood Samaritan Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Scene Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Body Substance Isolation (BSI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Glove Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

When Calling 9-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Emergency Contacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Consent for First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

First Aid Kits Y-CPR Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

START WITH THE HEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

START WITH THE HEAD (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Types of Medical Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Passing Out & Fainting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Diabetes & Low Blood Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Asthma (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Oral Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Animal & Human Bites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Eye Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Nosebleeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Abdominal/Stomach Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

MEASLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

MEASLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

WHOOPING COUGH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Traumatic Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Bone Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Open (Compound) Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Head & Spine injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Concussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Environmental Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Bug Bites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Heat Cramps & Heat Exhaustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Cold/Heat Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Poisoning Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Poisonous Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Resources & References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

1

GOOD SAMARITAN LAWWhat is the Good Samaritan Law?In Washington, according to RCW 4.24.300, a Good Samaritan is anyone who gives aid or assistance to another

during an emergency without expecting to be compensated for his or her actions and who is not considered to be

a medical professional. To keep it simple: Good Samaritans are everyday people who help those who are injured

or unconscious and do not expect to be paid for their action(s). Though this is commendable of rescuers, there

are many concerns for those who help people in peril, such as will he or she be held liable for that person’s further

injury or death.

These concerns are valid, but in Washington, there are laws set in place to protect citizens from liability when

they are a rescuer so long as there is no willfully negligent or recklessness when rendering aid. Washington state

also has a 9-1-1 Good Samaritan Law whereby if a person seeks medical assistance for someone experiencing a

drug-related overdose, he or she will not be charged with possession of a controlled substance.

2

Consent to Medical Care and Treatment

I (the natural parent or legal guardian) hereby give permission that my,

may be given emergency treatment to include first aid and CPR

by a qualified staff member or  I further authorize and consent to medical, surgical and hospital care, treatment

and procedures to be performed for my client or client(s) regular health care provider, or when that health care

provider cannot be reached, by a licensed health care provider or hospital when deemed immediately necessary

or advisable by the health care provider to safeguard my clients health and I cannot be contacted. I waive my

right of informed consent to such treatment. I will be responsible for any emergency room or physician fees

incurred. I also give permission for my client to be transported by ambulance or aid care to an emergency center

for treatment.

Birthdate Allergies

Chronic Illnesses

List of Medication

Health Care Provider Care Provider's Phone

Who to contact in case of emergency

Father’s Work Phone Mother’s Work Phone

Insurance Company Name

Policy Number

Preferred Hospital

Hospital In an emergency, Paramedic will determine what hospital

Signature  Print First & Last name  DATE

3

Before administering First Aid or CPR, please make sure the Scene is Safe! Be aware of any surrounding danger.

These are examples of hazards that could impact your ability to help

someone.

cc Traffic cc Electricity cc Water cc Chemical cc Equipment cc Environment cc Weather cc Smoke Fire

Other hazards include wet or slippery floors, broken glass, other sharp

objects, and body fluids.

If you get hurt, you cannot help someone else.

If you get hurt, who will help you?

SCENE SAFETY

4

BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION (BSI)BSI is a method of infection control that assumes all body fluids are potentially infectious and that an effective

task-specific barrier must always be placed between the medical provider and the patient.

Body substances include urine, feces, blood, saliva, and vomit.

5

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)PPE refers to protective gloves, booties, clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed

to protect the wearer’s body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective equipment include

physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter.

6

GLOVE REMOVAL

Proper Disposable Glove Removal video

https://youtu.be/S4gyNAsPCbU

7

WHEN CALLING 9-1-1c Know the location of the emergency.

c Describe the nature of the emergency.

c Tell the operator your name, address, and telephone number.

c Follow the dispatcher’s instructions.

c Do not hang up until the operator tells what to do next; they may have to ask more questions.

c Have good listening skills

https://www.doh.wa.gov/Emergencies/BePreparedBeSafe/GetReady/Calling911

8

EMERGENCY CONTACTSYour Address is Your cross street

Your phone number you are calling from

Your First and last name Neighbors

Fire Police

Doctors #

Dad cell phone Mom cell phone

Dentist Medication

Notes

9

CONSENT FOR FIRST AIDPermission from a conscious victim is required to avoid assault charges and termed consent. If the victim says NO

to HELP stay with them until help has arrived.

Permission from an unconscious victim is not obtainable from the victim. Therefore, we assume the victim would

want first aid. This action is termed implied consent, and you can help.

10

FIRST AID KITS Y-CPR SUGGESTIONSFirst Aid Kit Contents List Only for Family Members

cc Adhesive Bandagescc Antibiotic Ointmentcc Sterile Gauzecc Cold Compresscc Hydrocortisone Ointmentcc Calamine Lotioncc Rubbing Alcoholcc Hydrogen Peroxidecc Hand Sanitizing Gelcc Sterile Saline Solutioncc Sunscreen (at least SPF 15)cc Sunburn Reliefcc Cotton Balls

cc Glovescc Ace Bandagescc Thermometercc Bulb Syringecc Tapecc Blunt Tip Scissorscc Tweezerscc Fine Needlecc Plastic Bags All Sizescc Any Kind of Prescription Medi-

cationcc Aspirincc Neosporin

https://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/Pubs/821-003_SupplyList_LT.pdf

First aid kit for Childcare Center WAC 170-295-5010

11

START WITH THE HEADcc Bump, Bleeding, Swelling, Bruises

The Nose and Mouth forcc Breathing – qualitycc Odors – alcoholic and poisonouscc Blood and other fluids

The Eyes for cc Pupils – equal and reactive to light (PEARL)cc Bruising around eyescc The Ears forcc Fluids – blood, etc.cc Bruises

Neck and Base of Skull for cc Bumps, Bruises

Collarbone and Shoulders forcc Bruises, Bumpscc Symmetry (with opposing side)

Ribs for:cc Ability to expand and contract lungscc Bruises, Bumps, Symmetry

Abdomen for:cc Rigidity, Bruising, Distensioncc Swelling, Bruising

Arms for:cc Bruises, Bumps, Symmetry

12

START WITH THE HEAD (continued)

Wrists for:cc Identification (bracelets or medical alert tags)cc Bruises, Bumps, Symmetry

Hands for:cc Bruises, Bumps, Symmetrycc Reaction to pain

Spine for:cc Bruises, Bumps, Swelling

Pelvis for:cc Symmetrycc Stability

Groin For:cc Bladder controlcc Bleeding

Fingers for:cc Return of blood to fingers after squeezing

(capillary reaction)cc Bruises, Bumps, swellingcc Temperaturecc Colorcc Moisture

Legs for:cc Bruises, Bumps, Symmetrycc Range of Motion, Ability to Move

Toes for:cc Capillary reaction (return of blood when squeezed)cc Bruisescc Temperaturecc Swelling

Feet for:cc Reaction to Paincc Strengthcc Range of motioncc Identification (medical information)cc Symmetrycc Colorcc Temperature

DOTSDeformitiesOpen injuriesTendernessSwelling

13

TYPES OF MEDICAL EMERGENCIESc Fainting

c Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)

c Epinephrine Pens

c Diabetes & Low Blood Sugar

c Seizures

c Asthma Attack

c Oral Injuries

c Eye Injuries

c Nose Bleed

c Measles

c Whooping Cough

14

PASSING OUT & FAINTINGFainting is a brief and sudden loss of consciousness, generally due to a reduction in the blood flow to the brain.

Typically, a faint results in a person falling to the floor.

cc Fainting might have no medical significance. Or the cause can be a severe disorder, often involving the heart.

Therefore, treat loss of consciousness as a medical emergency until the signs and symptoms are relieved, and

the cause is known. cc If you feel faint lie or sit down. To reduce the chance of fainting again, don’t get up too quickly.

Sitting down and putting your head between your knees can facilitate the flow of blood to your brain. Remain in

such position for a couple of minutes until that feeling like you are about to pass out goes away on its own.

If someone faints:

cc Position the person on their back. If there are no injuries and the person is breathing, raise the person’s legs

above heart level about 12 inches or above the heart if possible. Loosen belts, collars or other constrictive

clothing.

To reduce the chance of fainting again, don’t get the person up too quickly. If the

person doesn’t regain consciousness within one minute, call 9-1-1 or your local

emergency number.

cc Check for breathing. If the person isn’t breathing, begin CPR and call 9-1-1.

Continue CPR until help arrives, or the person begins to breathe.cc If the person was injured in a fall associated with a faint, treat bumps, bruises or

cuts appropriately. Control bleeding with direct pressure.

15

ALLERGIC REACTIONS (ANAPHYLAXIS)Allergy Triggers can be caused by foods, dust, plant, pollen, animal, dander, latex, mold insects, fragrances, med-

ications, and chemicals.

Students with known allergies should have an Individual Health Care Plan for taking medications and dealing with

symptoms and emergencies.

16

ALLERGIC REACTIONS (continued)

Allergic reactions can be mild or severe. However, some reactions that seem mild can

become worse within minutes.

Signs of mild and severe allergic reactions.cc Mild Allergic Reaction: A stuffy nose, sneezing, and itching around the eyes. Itching

of the skin (hives)cc Severe Allergic Reaction: Trouble breathing, Swelling of the tongue and face, sign

of shock.

Anaphylactic Shock is a term for any combination of allergic symptoms that is rapid, or

sudden, and potentially life-threatening. Time is critical; the victim is having a severe

reaction. Act quickly and call 9-1-1.

If the person has a prescribed Epinephrine Pen

Depending on laws in your state and the level of training a first aid provider has, it

may be permissible for a first aid provider to administer an EpiPen to a victim of anaphylaxis. The EpiPen must already be prescribed to the patient for it to be used.

An EpiPen is an injection that contains Epinephrine, a chemical that narrows the blood

vessels and helps to open lung airways. It is also used after a severe insect bite or a

sting.

17

ALLERGIC REACTIONS (continued)

Administering the EpiPen cc Remove the safety capcc If you are administering to a young child, hold the leg firmly in place while administering an injection. cc Place the orange tip against the middle of the outer thigh (upper leg) at a right angle (perpendicular) to the

thigh. cc Swing and push the auto-injector firmly until it “clicks.” The click signals that the injection has started.cc Hold firmly in place for 3 seconds (count slowly 1, 2, 3).cc Remove the auto-injector from the thigh. The orange tip will extend to cover the needle. If the needle is still

visible, do not attempt to reuse it. cc Massage the injection area for 10 seconds.cc Note the time of the injection. This is very important, as the EMS may want to know, so they can determine if

they need to give another injection.

18

ALLERGIC REACTIONS (continued)

Never put your thumb, finger, or hand over the tip of the EpiPen; this is where the needle comes out. If accidental

injected yourself and it is not your EpiPen, see medical attention right away.

After Using the EpiPenLeave the safety cap off, this way, people will know it has been used.

Put the EpiPen back inside the container and hand it to the EMS team for proper disposal.

It may take several minutes before the medicine in the EpiPen begins to work.

Anaphylaxis Emergency Plan https://www.aaaai.org/Aaaai/media/MediaLibrary/PDF%20Documents/Libraries/Anaphylaxis-Emergency-

Action-Plan.pdf

Watch the video on how to use an EpiPen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYyOqBXJeiw

19

DIABETES & LOW BLOOD SUGARDiabetes is the body’s inability to make enough insulin. Insulin helps turn sugar into energy by allowing glucose to enter

the cell. If a person with diabetes does not eat enough sugar after an insulin injection, the sugar level in the blood drops.

Low blood sugar causes the patient’s behavior to change.

What Causes Low Blood Sugar?Someone who has not eaten.

Someone who has given themselves too much insulin.

Someone who has vomited.

Use of medications, beta blockers, or certain antibiotics.

Severe infection.

Use of alcohol.

Too much activity and not enough food for the amount of exercise.

What to look for - Diabetic EmergencyIf you think someone has a diabetic emergency, you need to check against the symptoms listed below to decide if

their blood sugar is too low (hypoglycemia).

cc Confusion or irritability cc Hunger, thirst or weakness cc Change in behavior cc Sleepiness or not responding cc Sweating, pale skin color

20

SEIZURESSeizures are triggered by the excessive electrical activity within the brain that results in uncontrolled muscles con-

vulsions throughout the body.

Seizures happen without warning, the victim can lose control of their bowel or bladder and may vomit.

DO NOT:cc Try to restrain the person’s movements. cc Put anything in the victim’s mouth.

DO: Call 9-1-1cc Move away dangerous objects .cc Put soft padding like a pillow or a jacket under the victim’s head. cc Remove eyeglasses.cc Loosen tight clothing around the neck to ease breathing. cc Time the length of the seizure.cc Ensure the victim’s airway remains open by putting them in

the recovery position.cc Check for Medical jewelry. cc CALL 9-1-1 if the seizure lasts longer than five minutes.

21

ASTHMAWhat is Asthma?Asthma is a medical condition that affects the airways – the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. When

someone has an asthma attack, these tubes become narrowed, making it difficult to breathe in and out.

Examples of Asthma Triggers:Grass, smoke, pets, dust mites, mold, pollution, physical exercise, cold weather, high humidity, food.

Signs and Symptoms of an Asthma Attack:Wheezing, difficulty breathing, and speaking, dry, persistent cough, fear or anxiety, gray-blue or ashen skin or changing levels or responsiveness.

22

ASTHMA (continued)

Call 9-1-1cc Give the victim their medication if applicable.cc Remove the inhaler cap.cc Shake the inhaler several times.cc Connect the spacer (if needed). cc Help the victim place the inhaler or spacer end in their

mouth.cc Help the victim press the applicator with the medication

for about 10 seconds.cc Use the inhaler again if needed.

Action plan from the CDC.GOV https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/public/lung/asthma_

actplan.pdf

Listen to the Sounds of Asthma https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Asth-

ma+Breath+Sounds&&view=de-

tail&mid=E2009C11B671DD82E723E2009C11B671D-

D82E723&rvsmid=411C79074FDFE

23

ORAL INJURIESDental injuriesIf lips, teeth, or gums are bleeding or a tooth has been knocked out, you will want to apply direct pressure with a

sterile cloth to stop the bleeding. Children with a mouth injury that may have broken, loose, or knocked out teeth

can be a choking hazard, especially for young children. If a toddler loses a baby tooth, there will be some blood,

and this is normal.

Steps After Losing a Toothcc Apply pressure to stop the bleeding at the tooth socketcc Rinse the tooth in water and put it in a cup of whole milkcc Immediately take the tooth to a dentist or emergency department.cc Hold the tooth by the crown, not the root (the part that was in the gums) if it was

a permanent tooth, there might be ligaments on the tooth that will help reattach

it.

If a tooth is avulsed or knocked out, make sure it is a permanent tooth (primary teeth should not be replanted).

cc Keep the person calm.cc Find the tooth and pick it up by the crown (the white part). Avoid touching the root.cc If the tooth is dirty, wash it briefly (10 seconds) under cold running water and reposition it. Try to encourage the

patient/parent to replant the tooth. Bite on a handkerchief to hold it in position.cc If this is not possible, place the tooth in a suitable storage medium, (e.g., a glass of milk or a special storage

container for avulsed teeth if available (e.g., Hanks balanced storage medium or saline). The tooth can also be

transported in the mouth, keeping it between the molars and the inside of the cheek. If the patient is very young,

he/she could swallow the tooth- therefore, it is advisable to get the patient to spit in a container and place the

tooth in it. Avoid storage in water! Seek immediate emergency dental treatment.

24

ANIMAL & HUMAN BITESAnimal and human bites may cause puncture wounds, cuts, scrapes, or crushing injuries.

Most animal and human bites cause minor injuries, and home treatment is usually all that is needed to care for the

wound.

What to do if you have been bittenIf you have been bitten by an animal or another person:

cc Clean the wound with large amounts of warm or room temperature water with soap. Wash wound for at least

2 minutescc Control Bleeding. If you cannot stop the bleeding, CALL 9-1-1cc Cover the wound with a sterile dressing and bandagecc Seek Medical attention cc Do not try to catch the animal, but note its appearance and describe it to the medical professional.cc Watch for infection

25

EYE INJURIESAny kind of injury or trauma to the eyes should be taken seriously. Prompt medical attention for eye problems can save your vision and prevent further complications. Eye injuries

can range from irritation to an object in the eye. Eye injuries may happen when a direct hit or punch to the eye or

the side of the head.

Examples Of Eye Injuriescc A ball or other object directly hits the eye.cc A high-speed object, such as a BB gun pellet hits the eye.cc A stick or other sharp object punctures the eye.cc A small object, such as a piece of dirt, gets in the eye.

Signs/Symptomscc Pain redness, itching, swelling, burning, cc bleeding, debris, or a large object punctures the eye.

26

EYE INJURIES (continued)

Steps To Take After An Eye Injurycc DO NOT rub the eyes. cc Rinse the affected eye with water until debris is removed.cc If the debris is still in the eye cover both eyes and see medical attention.

Chemical Injuriescc A chemical injury to the eye can be caused by a work-related accident or by common household products, such

as cleaning solutions, garden chemicals, solvents, or other types of chemicals. Fumes and aerosols can also

cause chemical burns.cc With acid burns, the haze on the cornea often clears, and there is a good chance of recovery.cc However, alkaline substances -- such as lime, lye, commercial drain cleaners, and sodium hydroxide found in

refrigeration equipment -- may cause permanent damage to the cornea. Damage may occur, even with prompt

treatment. It is important to flush out the eye with clean water or salt water (saline) while seeking urgent medical

care.

Severe Eye Care If the object is in the eye, DO NOT remove, call 9-1-1.

27

NOSEBLEEDSNosebleeds affect all ages but commonly occur in younger children and older adults.

Signscc Blood coming out of the nostrilscc Blood might be dripping down the victim’s throat; this may

cause the victim to get sick.

Steps to Stop a Nosebleed:cc Have the person sit up straight with their head tilted forward.cc Pinch the nose right below the bridgecc Pinch the nose for at least 10 minutes cc Tell the victim to spit out any excess blood from their mouth cc If bleeding doesn’t slow down, apply pressure directly above

the upper lip.

DO NOTcc Put their head back as the victim may swallow a large amount

of blood. You want to see how much blood they might be

losing.cc Applying ice on the back of the neck is not effective.cc Stick gauze in the nose.

28

ABDOMINAL/STOMACH PAINAdult Signs cc Sudden, severe intolerable pain or awakening from sleep.cc Pain that begins in the general area of the central abdomen and

later moves to the right. Fever, sweating, black or bloody stools or

blood in the urine.cc Pregnancy vaginal bleeding.cc Difficulty breathing or vomiting.

Signs in Young Childrencc Pain that occurs suddenly stops and returns without warning.cc Pain accompanied by red or purple jelly-like stool or blood or

mucus in stool.cc Greenish brown vomit.cc A swollen abdomen that feels hard.cc Hard lump in the lower abdomen.

CALL 9-1-1

29

MEASLESMeasles virus causes symptoms that can include fever, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes, commonly followed by a rash that covers the whole body.

Measles can lead to ear infections, diarrhea, and infection of the lungs (pneumonia) 

Symptoms. One of the most frustrating aspects of the measles virus for parents and caretakers is that, at first, it

often appears to be nothing serious. For about 1-5 days before the telltale rash appears, measles usually causes

symptoms like those of a cold or flu. These early symptoms usually arise anywhere from 7–21 days after exposure

to an infected person and include:

cc Sore throatcc Hacking coughcc Sneezingcc Runny nosecc Swollen lymph nodescc Red, runny eyescc Sensitivity to lightcc More rarely, diarrheacc General malaisecc Note: A person with measles can still spread the disease during this early stage

30

MEASLESContact a doctor immediately if you or someone you know has measles. Because measles is highly contagious,

it is important to notify your doctor as soon as you suspect you (or someone you know) has it. Although measles is

not responsive to antibiotics, your doctor still needs to diagnose your disease, monitor your symptoms, and may

even need to treat secondary infections caused by the virus. Most treatment for measles itself is supportive — that

is, it’s designed to keep your symptoms manageable so that you can get better naturally

Don’t show up unannounced at your doctor’s office with a case of the measles. Always phone ahead. Because

measles is so contagious, your doctor may not want measles patients to be near the other patients, especially if

they are very young or their immune systems are weakened. Your doctor may, for instance, advise you to use a

separate entrance or to wear a mask into the office.

If a case of measles is confirmed, your doctor will notify the health department. The department will contact you

directly to get more information since their goal is to track measles cases and prevent the virus from spreading.

31

WHOOPING COUGHwhooping coughA contagious bacterial infection that causes a range of

illnesses, from mild cough to severe disease 

Who is most at risk for whooping cough? The highest incidence is in infants, and they’re also

at greatest risk for complications if they develop the

disease. In fact, the great majority of fatal cases in the

country each year are in infants less than 6 months of

age, especially if they’re too young to have received

their first vaccination.

Signs or Symptomscc Begins with cold-like signs or symptoms.cc Coughing that may progress to severe coughing,

which may causecc Vomiting while coughingcc Loss of breath; difficulty catching breathcc Cyanosis (ie, blueness)cc Whooping (ie, high-pitched crowing) sound when

inhaling after a period of coughing (may not occur in

very young children).

cc Coughing persists for weeks to months.cc Fever is usually absent or minimal.

Symptoms more severe in infants(those ≤12 months of age).

Infants younger than 6 months may develop complica-

tions and often require hospitalization.

How is whooping cough treatedIt’s a bacterial infection, so it can be treated with anti-biotics, usually erythromycin or a family of antibiotics

like erythromycin. Erythromycin is taken for 2 weeks

Over-the-counter cough medicines are not recommended

and don’t really help

32

TRAUMATIC INJURIES

c Shock

c Bleeding

c Wound Care

c Tourniquets

c Broken Bones

c Sprains & Strains

c Head & Spine Injuries

c Concussions

33

SHOCKShock is a life-threatening condition resulting in inadequate perfusion throughout the body and body system.

Signs and symptoms of shock are any combinations of the following:cc Anxiety, restlessness, weakness, and/or dizziness cc Decreased alertness cc A rapid, weak pulse cc Cool, clammy skin cc Rapid, shallow breathing cc Pale skin with bluish lips and fingernails cc Extreme thirst and dry mouth cc Fatigue cc Chest pain cc Nausea and/or vomiting cc Unconsciousness

Make sure the victim is breathing, if not breathing start rescue breaths. Give 1 breath every 5 seconds, for two minutes.

WHAT TO DOcc Make sure the scene is safe.cc Call 9-1-1. cc Lie the person down on a flat surface.cc Elevate feet if nothing is broken 6-12 inches.cc If the person bleeds, vomits, or drools from his/her mouth, turn the head to the side to allow fluids to drain.cc Keep the person warm.cc DO NOT FEED OR ALLOW THEM TO DRINK ANYTHING.

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SHOCK (continued)

cc Septic shock results from bacteria multiplying in the blood and releasing toxins. Common causes of this are

pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin infections (cellulitis), intra-abdominal infections (such as a ruptured

appendix), and meningitis. cc Anaphylactic shock is a type of severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction. Causes include allergy to insect

stings, medicines, or foods (nuts, berries, seafood), etc.cc Cardiogenic shock happens when the heart is damaged and unable to supply sufficient blood to the body. This

can be the end result of a heart attack or congestive heart failure.cc Hypovolemic shock is caused by severe blood and fluid loss, such as from traumatic bodily injury, which makes

the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body, or severe anemia where there is not enough blood to carry

oxygen through the body. cc Neurogenic shock is caused by spinal cord injury, usually as a result of a traumatic accident or injury

WHAT TO DOcc Make sure the scene is safe.cc Call 9-1-1. cc Lie the person down on a flat surface.cc Elevate feet if nothing is broken 6-12 inches.cc If the person bleeds, vomits, or drools from his/her mouth, turn the head to the side to allow fluids to drain.cc Keep the person warm.cc DO NOT FEED OR ALLOW THEM TO DRINK ANYTHING

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BLEEDINGIn General:cc Check the scene and make sure it is safe. Call 9-1-1.cc Minimize contact with someone’s blood, exercise your PPE.cc Ask if you can help.

Mild Bleedingcc Clean wound with room temperature water and pat dry. cc Add a sterile dressing on the wound.

Severe bleeding, Call 9-1-1 cc Add a sterile dressing.cc Apply pressure, if bleeding continues, apply more dressing and more pressure.cc Lift body limb above the heart.cc Treat for shock.

Internal Bleeding, Call 9-1-1 cc A significant blow can create injury and bleeding inside the body. This is especially true for organs in the chest

and abdomen. Internal bleeding can be difficult to detect. cc Treat for shock.

IMPALED OBJECTcc Do not remove the object, Call 9-1-1.cc Keep in Place.cc Treat for Shock.

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BLEEDING (continued)

Amputationcc Call 9-1-1.cc Control the bleeding.cc Do not wash.cc Wrap the severed part in a dry sterile dressing or clean cloth. cc Care for the patient.cc Treat for shock.cc Place the amputation in a sealable plastic bag.cc DO NOT PUT AMPUTATION DIRECTLY ON ICE.

If bleeding continues on a limbcc Apply a commercial tourniquet. If not available, use an improvised one insteadcc Snugly place compressing band a few inches above the injury. Twist handle and tighten band until bleeding stopscc Secure handle in place

Consider a tourniquetcc Use of a tourniquet is suggested only when life-threatening bleeding exists, and standard First Aid procedures fail.cc Generally, a tourniquet is applied about 2-3 inches above the wound. It should be released frequently to allow

for distal reperfusion.cc When using a commercial tourniquet always read the manufacturers directions!

Watch how to apply a tourniquet

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=How+to+Apply+a+Tourniquet+Properly&&view=detail&mid= 17C015CAD05649A0D8AB17C015CAD05649A0D8AB&&FORM=VRDGAR

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BONE INJURIESSprains/Strains A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament. Ligaments are tissues that connect bones at a joint. Falling, twisting, or

getting hit can all cause a sprain. Ankle and wrist sprains are common. Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising,

and being unable to move your joint. You might feel a pop or tear when the injury happens.

A strain is a stretched or torn muscle or tendon. Tendons are tissues that connect muscle to bone. Twisting or pulling

these tissues can cause a strain. Strains can happen suddenly or develop over time. Back and hamstring muscle

strains are common. Many people get strains playing sports. Symptoms include pain, muscle spasms, swelling, and

trouble moving a muscle.

What to do:cc Make sure the scene is safe.cc Get the first aid kit.cc Wear PPE.cc Cover any open wound with a clean dressing.cc Put a towel on top of the injured body part, place a bag of ice and water

on top of the towel over the injury area. Place for up to 20 minutes.

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BONE INJURIES (continued)

RICEREST the Pain as your body’s signal that something is wrong. As soon as you’re hurt, stop your activity, and rest as

much as possible.

ICE injury with a  cold gel pack  or a plastic bag filled with ice, but do not apply a bag of ice directly to the skin.

Instead, wrap the bag of ice in a towel or make sure there is some layer of material between the ice and the skin. 

COMPRESS an injury. Compression of an injured or painful ankle, knee, or wrist helps to reduce the swelling, such

as an ACE bandage.

ELEVATE an injured extremity above heart level.

The primary goal of R.I.C.E. is to bring pain and swelling under control as quickly as possible.

Broken Bones

Signs and symptoms:

signs of pain, swollen around the injured area, loss of function,

bruising around the area, and deformity.

Dislocations And Fracturescc Immobilize the area using pillow, jackets, blanketscc Support the area to prevent movementcc Stop bleedingcc Active the call 9-1-1.cc Treat for Shock

(R.I.C.E.)

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OPEN (COMPOUND) FRACTUREWhat to docc Control Bleeding.cc Regardless of the location of the wound, the first and most important step in first aid

for a compound fracture is to stop the bleeding. cc Using the cleanest material available, place it over the wound and apply gentle

pressure with your hand for 2-3 minutes before removing the makeshift bandage to

see how much the bleeding has reduced or if it has stopped.

If the bleeding has reduced, continue the same amount of pressure for another 2-3 minutes

and check again, repeating until it has stopped. However, if the bleeding has not reduced,

apply a greater amount of pressure for 2-3 minutes before checking. But, don’t be like

Superman and use so much force that you are causing further movement of the bone(s).

Cover the Wound

The next most important step in first aid of a compound fracture is preventing contami-

nation of the wound as much possible.

Do Not: Wash the wound with water of any kind. You do not want to introduce further

contaminants into the wound.

Do: Gently cover the wound with the cleanest material you can find. Many first aid kits come with sterile gauze. If

someone has some clean napkins or clean laundry from a diaper bag (you are at a playground, after all) those would

be good too.

Treat for Shock

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HEAD & SPINE INJURYA spinal cord injury — damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves at the end of the spinal canal (cauda equina)

— often causes permanent changes in strength, sensation and other body functions below the site of the injury

If you suspect that someone has a back or neck injury:DO NOT move the injured person — permanent paralysis and other serious complications may result

c Call 9-1-1c Keep the person still

c Place heavy towels on both sides of the neck or hold the head and neck to prevent them from moving until

emergency care arrives

c Provide basic first aid, such as stopping any bleeding and making the person comfortable, without moving the

head or neck

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HEAD & SPINE INJURY (continued)

Symptomscc Loss of movementcc Loss or altered sensation, including the ability to feel heat, cold and touchcc Loss of bowel or bladder controlcc Exaggerated reflex activities or spasmscc Changes in sexual function, sexual sensitivity and fertilitycc Pain or an intense stinging sensation caused by damage to the nerve fibers in

your spinal cordcc Difficulty breathing, coughing or clearing secretions from your lungscc Call 9-1-1

Emergency signs and symptomscc Emergency signs and symptoms of a spinal cord injury after an accident may

include:cc Extreme back pain or pressure in your neck, head or backcc Weakness, incoordination or paralysis in any part of your bodycc Numbness, tingling or loss of sensation in your hands, fingers, feet or toescc Loss of bladder or bowel controlcc Difficulty with balance and walkingcc Impaired breathing after injurycc An oddly positioned or twisted neck or backcc Call 9-1-1

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CONCUSSIONSA concussion is a type of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a bump, blow, or a jolt to the head. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull and can cause stretching and damage to the brain cells. This also may be known as a mild brain injury. Symptoms can last for days, weeks or even longer.

Common symptoms after a concussive traumatic brain injury are headaches, loss of memory (amnesia), and confusion. The amnesia usually involves forgetting the event that caused the concussion.

Signs and symptoms of a concussion may include:cc Headache or a feeling of pressure in the head.cc Temporary loss of consciousness.cc Confusion or feeling as if in a fog.cc Amnesia surrounding the traumatic event.cc Dizziness or “seeing stars.”cc Ringing in the ears.cc Nausea.cc Vomiting.cc Slurred speech.cc Delayed response to questions.cc Appearing dazed.cc Fatigued.

Concussions may be delayed for hours or days after an injury. Those symptoms are:cc Concentration and memory complaints.cc Irritability and other personality changes.cc Sensitivity to light and noise.cc Sleep disturbances.cc Psychological adjustment problems and depression.cc Disorders of taste and smell.

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CONCUSSIONS (continued)

Symptoms in ChildrenHead trauma is very common in young children. But concussions can be difficult to recognize in infants and toddlers because they can’t describe how they feel. Concussion clues may include:

Appearing dazed.

Listlessness and tiring easily.

Irritability and crankiness.

Loss of balance and unsteady walking.

Crying excessively.

Change in eating or sleeping patterns.

Lack of interest in favorite toys.

Seek emergency care for an adult or child who experiences a head injury and symptoms such as:Repeated vomiting

A loss of consciousness lasting longer than 30 seconds

A headache that gets worse over time

Changes in his or her behavior, such as irritability

Changes in physical coordination, such as stumbling or clumsiness

Confusion or disorientation, such as difficulty recognizing people or places

Slurred speech or other changes in speech

Symptoms that worsen over time

Large head bumps or bruises on areas other than the forehead in children, especially in infants under 12 months of age

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CONCUSSIONS (continued)

Other symptoms include:Seizures.

Vision or eye disturbances, such as pupils that are bigger

than normal (dilated pupils) or pupils of unequal sizes.

Lasting or recurrent dizziness.

Obvious difficulty with mental function or physical coor-

dination.

Symptoms that worsen over time.

Large head bumps or bruises on areas other than the

forehead in children, especially in infants under 12

months of age.

Here is a list of videos and PDF forms to help you with head injuries.https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/resources/videos.html

https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/basics/concussion_

symptoms.html

https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/providers/training/index.html

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ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCYc Bites & Sting

c Burns & Electric Injuries

c Hypothermia (Cold)

c Hyperthermia (Heat)

c Poison Emergency

46

BUG BITESSpider And Tick BitesBites and stings from insects are usually not severe and

cause only minor swelling, redness pain, and itching. In

general, you can care for bites and stings by washing the

area with soap and water.

Do not: Suck or lick the blood off or out of a spider,

mosquito, or tick bite.

Bee Stings: Make sure you remove the stinger with

something flat and dull that won’t squeeze more venom

into the person. An edge of a credit card works nicely. If

the person has an EpiPen get ready to use it.

Signs Of a Venomous Spider Bite:cc Severe pain at the site of the bite.cc Muscle cramps.cc Swelling.cc Headache.cc Fever.cc Vomiting.cc Seizures.cc Lack of responsiveness.

Tick Bitescc Remove the tick by grasping it close to the skin with

tweezers and pulling very gently to “tent” the skin

until the tick lets go. Avoid pulling hard or jerking. cc Keep the tick for identification. cc Wash the area with soap and water.cc Seek medical attention if a rash appears around the

site or the person has a fever, chills, joint pain, or

flu-like symptoms.

Spider BitesUsing a black Sharpie, draw a circle around the bite. This

will allow you to see how much swelling will happen. You

may need to seek medical attention!

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BURNSFirst-degree Burns: A first-degree burn may cause the skin to be red and painful and produce mild swelling.

cc Treatments for a mild first-degree burn generally include:cc Gently clean the wound with lukewarm water.cc Do not put ice directly on the skin. cc Treat the skin with an Aloe Vera cream or an antibiotic ointment. cc To protect the burned area, you can put a dry gauze bandage over the burn.cc Keep the wound clean!

Second-degree Burns: A second-degree burn is more severe because the damage extends beyond the top layer of skin. This type of burn causes the skin to blister and become extremely red and sore.

cc Treatments for a mild second-degree burn generally include:cc Stopping the burning by removing the heat source.cc Removing all jewelry. cc Running the skin under cool water for 15 minutes or longer. cc Do not put ice on the burn without tissue between the burn and the skin.cc Putting a nonstick, loose dressing over the burn to protect the area.cc Keeping the dressing clean.cc Keeping blisters intact; this reduces pain and improves the healing process.

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BURNS (continued)

Third-degree Burns: A third-degree burn is the most severe form of trauma. The injury extends very deep into the skin. The affected area appears very dark or extremely white. Due to the destruction of nerves in this type of burn, the person usually doesn’t feel pain. This type of burn may be fatal if it’s not treated correctly. Third-degree burns are always considered to be a major injury. Treatments for a third-degree burn generally include:

cc Immediately call 9-1-1.cc Attempt to make the person safe from additional burns or injury.cc Evaluate the person for breathing and a pulse.cc Remove any tight clothing, jewelry, or belts from the burned areas as they may swell rapidly.cc Elevate any burned areas above the heart if possible.cc Cover burned skin with a cool, wet cloth.

ELECTRICAL BURNScc Check the scene and call 9-1-1. cc Do not go near the person until the power is turned off.cc Get ready to do CPR.cc Treat for Shock.

CHEMICAL BURNS cc Call 9-1-1. cc Remove the cause of the burn. Flush the chemical off the skin with cool ( Not too cold) water.cc Remove any tight clothing, jewelry or belts from the burned areas as they may swell rapidly.

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HEAT CRAMPS & HEAT EXHAUSTIONHeat Cramps are painful, involuntary muscle spasms that usually occur during heavy exercise in hot environments. 

Heat Cramps Signs and Symptoms:Muscle pain, cramping, spasms, and heavy sweating.

If someone is suffering from heat cramps:cc Have the person stop the activity and sit quietly in a cool place.cc Give the person a sports drink or water.cc Have the person avoid strenuous activity for a few hours to

prevent progressions to heat exhaustion or heatstroke.cc If the person has abdominal cramps, continue to keep the person

resting in a comfortable position.cc For leg cramps, stretch the muscle by extending the leg and

flexing the ankle. Massage and ice the muscle. cc Seek medical attention for a person who has heart problems or is

on a low-sodium diet, or if cramps do not subside within an hour.

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HEAT CRAMPS & HEAT EXHAUSTION (continued)

Heat ExhaustionCan begin suddenly or over time, usually after working or playing in the heat, sweating heavily, or being dehydrated.

Signs and Symptoms: Heavy sweating, thirst, fatigue heat dizziness, vomiting headache, red checks, seizures, and extremely high body

temperature.

If someone is suffering from heat exhaustion:

cc Give them plenty of fluids, especially sports drinks, to replace lost salt.cc Remove any tight or unnecessary clothing.cc Apply other cooling measures such as fans or ice towels.

Heatstroke is a condition caused by your body overheating, usually as a result of prolonged exposure to or physical exertion in high temperatures.If someone is suffering from heatstroke:

cc Move the person out of the heat, have the victim lie down and remove shoes, socks, and loosen or remove their

clothes.cc Cool the person down with water, not cold water, wrap a wet towel around the victim’s neck and forehead.cc Give them water. Instruct them to drink slowly

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COLD/HEAT EMERGENCIESHYPOTHERMIA Hypothermia can occur whenever and wherever a person feels cold, including indoors. It can happen gradually or

quickly and become life threating.

Signs and Symptoms:Uncontrollable shivering (it can stop in severe cases) lethargy, confusion, drowsiness, irrational behavior, clumsy

movements, pale, ashen cool skin, slow breathing and in-and-out of responsiveness.

If someone is suffering from hypothermia:

Check responsiveness and breathing if having difficulties.

Call 9-1-1.

Provide CPR if needed.

Quickly move the victim out of the cold.

Remove any wet clothing.

Warm the victim with blankets or warm clothing. If the victim is far from medical care, use active rewarming by

putting the person near a heat source and putting warm water in containers against the skin.

DO NOT rub or massage the skin. Be gentle when handling the person.

Give warm (NOT HOT) drinks small sips to an alert victim who can easily swallow, but do not give them alcohol or

caffeine.

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COLD/HEAT EMERGENCIES (continued)

HYPERTHERMIAHyperthermia is a condition where an individual’s body temperature is elevated beyond normal due to failed ther-moregulation. The person’s body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates. When extreme temperature elevation occurs, it becomes a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment to prevent disability or death.

Signs and Symptoms:Uncontrollable shivering (it can stop in severe cases) lethargy, confusion, drowsiness, irrational behavior, clumsy movements, pale, ashen cool skin, slow breathing and in-and-out of responsiveness.

If someone is suffering from hypothermia:

cc Check responsiveness and breathing if having difficulties. cc Call 9-1-1 .cc Provide CPR if needed.cc Quickly move the victim out of the cold. cc Remove any wet clothing.cc Warm the victim with blankets or warm clothing.

If the victim is far from medical care, use active rewarming by putting the person near a heat source and putting warm water in containers against the skin.

DO NOT rub or massage the skin. Be gentle when handling the person.

Give warm (NOT HOT) drinks to an alert victim who can easily swallow, but do not give them alcohol or caffeine.

HERE IS A EXCELLENT POSTER TO HANG IN THE OFFICE https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/pdf/Heat_Related_Illness.pdf

53

POISONING EMERGENCYWhen to suspect poisoningIf you suspect poisoning, be alert for clues such as empty pill bottles or packages, scattered pills, and burns, stains,

and odors on the person or nearby objects. With a child, consider the possibility that he or she may have applied

medicated patches or swallowed a button battery.

Poisoning signs and symptoms can mimic other conditions, such as seizure, alcohol intoxication, stroke, and insulin

reaction. Signs and symptoms of poisoning may include:

cc Burns or redness around the mouth and lips.cc Breath that smells like chemicals, such as gasoline or paint thinner.cc Vomiting.cc Difficulty breathing.cc Drowsiness.cc Confusion or other altered mental status.

Be ready to describe the person’s symptoms, age, weight, other medications he or she is taking, and any informa-

tion you have about the poison. Try to determine the amount ingested and how long since the person was exposed

to it. If possible, have on hand the pill bottle, medication package, or other suspect containers so you can refer to

its label when speaking with the poison control center.

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POISONING EMERGENCY (continued)

First AidCall 9-1-1 or your local emergency number immediately if the person is:

cc Drowsy or unconscious.cc Having difficulty breathing or has stopped breathing.cc Uncontrollably restless or agitated.cc Having seizures.

If the person is responsive, call Washington Poison Center at 1-800-222-1222.

Poisons can be swallowed, inhaled, absorbed or injected.Make sure the Scene is Safe before you remove the person from the toxic area. Don’t become another victim If

the person is unresponsive have someone call 9-1-1 and get the AED.

Check the scene and the person. Try to find out what poison was taken. Look for any containers and take them with

you to the phone.

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POISONOUS PLANTSPoisonous Plantscc Signs or symptoms associated with dermal contact with poisonous plants may include:cc Red rash within a few days of contactcc Possible bumps, patches, streaking, or weeping blisters (blister fluids are not contagious)cc Swellingcc Itching

TREATMENT

Mouthcc Remove any remaining portion of the plant, berry or mushroom.cc Save a piece of the plant or mushroom in a dry container for identification.cc Have the person wash out the mouth with water.cc Check for any irritation, swelling, or discoloration.

Skincc Remove contaminated clothing.cc Wash the skin thoroughly with soap and water.

Eyescc Wash hands with soap and water to avoid

further irritation to the eye.cc Rinse eyes with lukewarm tap water for 10-15 minutes.

DO NOT WAIT FOR SYMPTOMS TO APPEAR | CALL THE POISON CENTER IMMEDIATELYIf the person is unresponsive and breathing, call 9-1-1 and place them on their side. This position helps

keep the airway open and allows vomit to drain from the mouth. https://poisonhelp.hrsa.gov/what-can-you-do/emergency-checklist/index.html

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RESOURCES & REFERENCESPDF booklet on how to treating Childhood Emergencies and Illnesses

www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/8200/SeattleChildrensTreatingChildhoodEmergenciesAndIllnesses.pdf

American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/

Asthma & Allergy Foundation of America http://www.aafa.org/

Epilepsy Foundation Northwest http://www.epilepsynw.org/

Allegro Pediatric resources center http://www.allegropediatrics.com/patient-resources/education

Mental Health Hotline 866-789-1511 http://www.dshs.wa.gov/mental-health-and-addiction-services

National suicide prevention https://suicidepreventionlifeline.org

Hotline 1-800-273-8255

Center for Disease http://www.cdc.gov

Opioid resources list Substance Abuse & http://www.findtreatment.samhsa.gov/

mental health service

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CONGRATULATIONS In completing the First Aid Fundamental Course! To get your Certification card you must come to a classroom.

We look forward in meeting you. Be prepared for a test and lots of hands on practice

CALL or Text CARRIE for questions 425-941-0306

9121 151 AVE NE REDMONDWe are off of Willows and 90th street

You will see our sandwich board on your left

You also will see Chris German auto

Information in this booklet is not meant to replace First Aid In-struction. It is to be used as a guide for First Aid Training Course only!

**The instructions in this manual are no substitute for the direc-tions that a medical professional gives to a person or gives as a consultation on the scene of an emergency. When possible, it is best to consult a health care professional for specific advice during an emergency.**