First Aid

First Aid At Work Commercial Training

Candidates will be able to:> State the principles and aims of first aid> State your responsibility as a first aider> State the action to take at an emergency incident> Demonstrate an awareness of safety issues

Learning outcomes

Being a first aider and first aid equipment

Candidates will be able to:

> Briefly outline the structure and function of the respiratory and circulatory systems

> State some causes of hypoxia

> Outline the theory behind Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

> Demonstrate the treatment for a conscious casualty who is choking

> Demonstrate the treatment for an unconscious casualty who is known to have choked

Resuscitation

Learning outcomes

Management of blood loss


> State how blood is circulated around the body

> State the definition of shock

> State & demonstrate how to control serious external bleeding

> State & demonstrate how to treat a person with internal bleeding

> State & demonstrate how they would treat a casualty suffering from shock

Learning outcomes


> Explain what is meant by Mechanism of Injury

> Demonstrate the correct management of a conscious casualty

> Demonstrate the correct management of an unconscious casualty, to include Primary and Secondary Survey

> Demonstrate how to place an acting unconscious casualty in the Recovery Position from their back, front and side and state the reasons behind your actions

> Describe the after care required for all of the above

Unconsciousness

Learning outcomes


> State the causes of burns and scalds

> Demonstrate the general treatment for burns & scalds

> Describe the treatment for a corrosive burn to the eye

Burns

Learning outcomes


> State the purpose of the skeleton

> Describe what is meant by the term fracture

> State the causes of fractures

> State the types of fractures

> Describe the signs and symptoms of a fracture

> Treat fractures of different bones

> Differentiate between a sprain and a strain

> Outline the treatment of a sprain and a strain

Fractures

Learning outcomes


> Describe what is meant by the term minor illness

> List the minor illnesses

> Describe the signs and symptoms of some minor illnesses

> Show the treatment for a minor illness

Minor injuries & medical conditions

Learning outcomes

1. Ensure that you always act within your own limitations

and advise the trainer if you are unable to undertake any

practical activity

2. Ensure that you understand what is expected of you

during the practical sessions and demonstrations – if in

doubt ask!

Health & safety

We are committed to ensuring that you enjoy your learning

experience and can undertake it in a safe environment.

To ensure this, it is vital that you follow the instructions given

by the trainer

3. When acting as a casualty it is vital that you relax, and stop the activity if, at any time, you feel you are at risk, feel any pain or discomfort

4. Observe your colleagues when they are undertaking practical activities and stop the activity if you feel they are at risk

Health & safety

1. Preserve life

Aims of first aid

2. Limit worsening of the condition

3. Promote recovery

Assess

Airway

Breathing

Chest Compressions

Control Bleeding

Aims of first aid

1. Preserve life

Examination of the casualty

Make diagnosis

Give priority to seriously injured

Treat multiple injuries in order of priority

Consider possibility of secondary condition

2. Limit the worsening of the condition

Aims of first aid

Relieve discomfort, pain or anxiety

Reassure

Get medical aid

3. Promote recovery

Aims of first aid

Safety

Assess

Diagnose

Treat

After Care

Report

Responsibilities of the first aider

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Secondary survey

History

Symptoms Signs

External clues

Mechanics of injury

> Wash your hands

> Wear disposable gloves

> Use a yellow 'clinical waste' bag for used dressings

> Wear waterproof dressings over cuts and grazes

> Use purpose made cleaning agents for cleaning up body fluid spillages

> If you regularly deal with bodily fluids, ask your doctor about Hepatitis B vaccinations

Basic hygiene

> Easily identifiable waterproof box

> 20 individually wrapped sterile adhesive dressings (plasters) assorted sizes

> 6 medium sterile dressings

> 2 large sterile dressings

> 2 sterile eye pads

> 6 triangular bandages

> 6 safety pins

> Disposable gloves

First aid kit contents(HSE suggested)

Unconscious, head wound - workplace

Unconscious, head wound

Recovery position

The respiratory system

Insufficient oxygen reaching the body tissues

from the blood

Hypoxia

> Insufficient oxygen

> Airway obstruction

> Conditions affecting chest wall

> Impaired lung function

> Damage to brain or nerves that

control respiration

> Impaired oxygen uptake by the tissues

Causes of hypoxia

The circulatory system

The heart – blood flow

Blood vessels

Chain of survival

5. If not breathing, phone for help

6. Give chest compressions

7. 30:2 cycle

8. Continue with CPR until help arrives

Resuscitation - treatment

1. Check for danger

2. Check for a Response

3. Open the airway

4. Check for normal Breathing

1.Give five initial rescue breaths before starting chest compressions…then

2.Continue at the ratio of 30 compressions to 2 breaths

3. If you are on your own perform resuscitation for about 1 minute before going for help

4.Compress the chest by about one-third of its depth

Resuscitation - children and infants

Resuscitation - children and infants

For a baby under 1 year, use two fingers to compress the chest by about one third of

its depth

For a child over 1 year, use one or two hands, as

appropriate, to compress the chest by about one

third of its depth

Objects may cause either mild or severe airway obstruction. It is important to ask the conscious casualty ‘Are you choking?’

Choking

General signs of choking

> Attack occurs while eating

> Casualty may clutch his/her neck

Signs of MILD airway obstruction

Response to question ‘Are you choking?’

> Casualty speaks & answers ‘yes’

Other signs> Casualty is able to speak, cough, and breathe

Signs of SEVERE airway obstruction

Response to question ‘Are you choking?’

> Casualty unable to speak

> Casualty may respond by nodding

Other signs> Casualty is unable to breathe

> Breathing sounds wheezy> Attempts at coughing are silent> Casualty may be unconscious

1. Encourage coughing

2. Up to 5 back blows

3. Check Mouth

5. Check Mouth

4. Up to 5 abdominal thrusts

>Repeat sequence 3 times - 999/112 - Repeat sequence<

Choking - treatment

Choking - treatment

Assess severity

Severe airway obstruction(ineffective cough)

Mild airway obstruction(effective cough)

Unconscious> Start CPR

Conscious> 5 back blows

> 5 abdominal thrusts

Encourage coughContinue to check for

deterioration to ineffective cough or relief of obstruction

LaceratedIncised Graze

Bruise Puncture Gunshot

Types of wound

Laceration to fingers

Laceration to eye/face

Amputation of fingers

Puncture wound

1. Sit or lie down

2. Examine

3. Pressure

4. Elevate

Treatment of bleeding

Blood loss & shock - recognition

> History

> Pale skin

> Cool and moist skin

> Fast & weak pulse

> Fast & shallow breathing

> Nausea & vomiting

> Thirsty

> Anxious

> Level of response drops

Treat The Cause (if possible)

Protection from Shock

> Give reassurance > Protect from heat loss

> Get medical aid > Nil by mouth

> No Smoking

Blood loss & shock - treatment

Penetrating chest wound

SS

CC

AA

LL

DD

ize

ause

ge

ocation

epth

Severity of burns

Superficial Partial Full

Depth of burns

> All burns involving the feet, hands, face or genital area

> All burns that extend around a limb

> Superficial burns above 5%

> Partial thickness burns above 1%

> All full thickness burns

> Burns with a mixed pattern of depth

> If you are unsure about the extent or severity

> Children

Burns and scalds (when to go to hospital)

1. Cool the burn

4. Seek medical advice

3. Once cooled cover with a sterile dressing

2. Remove any clothing not sticking to the burn

Burns - treatment

Do NOT:

> Apply creams or lotions

> Burst blisters

> Place ice on the burn

> Remove clothing sticking to the burn

Burns - treatment

Impaired consciousness is a result of aninterruption of normal brain activityleading to a loss of awareness ofsurroundings

Impaired consciousness

> Check response and re-check the level of response. Initial assessment:

A --Alert

V --Response to Voice

P --Response to Pain

U --Unresponsiveness

Impaired consciousness - treatment

> Ensure the airway is open and clear

> Do they open spontaneously?

> Do they open to speech?

> Do they open to painful stimulus?

> Is the casualty unresponsive?

Level of responsiveness

Note the time and response of the eyes

> Does the casualty move on command?

> Does the casualty move in response to painful stimuli?



Note the following time and response to movement

> Is the response to a question or conversation normal?

> Is the casualty confused?

> Does the casualty use inappropriate words?

> Does the casualty make incomprehensible sounds?



Note the time and response to voice

FF

II

SS

HH

Causes of unconsciousness

ainting

mbalance of body heat

hock

ead injury SS

HH

AA

PP

EE

DD

troke

ypoxia

naphylaxis

oisoning

pilepsy

iabetes

> Pale skin

> Cold & clammy

> Slow pulse

> Brief loss of consciousness

Temporary reduction of blood to brain:

Fainting - recognition

> Reassure

> Check for any injuries

> Sit the casualty up gradually

Fainting - treatment

Compression

Pressure on the brain

Concussion

Shaking of the brain

Head injuries

Concussion Compression

Initial Brief period of impaired consciousness

Recent head injury with apparent recovery

Response Short term memory lossConfusion / irritability

Levels of response deteriorate

Headache Mild Severe

Skin Pale and clammy Flushed & dry

Breathing Shallow / normal Deep/noisy/slow

Pulse Rapid and weak Slow and strong

Eyes Normal pupils, reacting to light

One or both pupils dilated

Recovery? Yes but possible nausea or vomiting

No. Condition worsensPossible seizures

Headache

Confused Mental State

Signs Of Weakness Dribbling From Mouth

Slurred Speech

Loss Of Movement Unequal Pupils

Stroke

> Persistent chest pain

> Difficulty in breathing

> Irregular or unusually

fast or slow pulse

> Profuse sweating

> Moist, pale skin

Heart attack

Recognition:

Heart attack

> Position

> Dial 999/112

> Get AED if available

> Monitor

Treatment:

Hypoglycaemia

> Pale, cold skin

> Sweating

> Aggressive

> Unusual behaviour

> Acting as if drunk

> Muscle tremors

Recognition:

> Excessive sweating

> Recreational drug use, e.g. ecstasy

> Pale and clammy skin

> Rapid weakening pulse

> Overheating

> Hot, flushed dry skin

> Headache

> Full bounding pulse

> Slow, weakening pulse

HOT!

Extremes of body temperature

Heat exhaustion:

Heat-stroke:

> Abnormally low body temperature

> Cold, pale, dry skin

> Lethargy

> Slow, weakening pulse

COLD!

Extremes of body temperature

Hypothermia:

How poisons enter the body

> Call for ambulance

> Remember your own safety!

> Protect casualty’s airway

> Establish cause

> Monitor very closely

> Be ready to resuscitate

Poisons – generic treatment

the skeletonThe skeleton

the spineThe spine

Closed

Open

Complicated

Green Stick

Types of fracture

Fractures

LL

II

PP

oss of power

rregularity

ain

DD

UU

SS

TT

eformity

nnatural movement

welling or bruising

enderness

Fractured wrist

open fractureOpen fracture

Dislocated kneecap

Normal

Dislocated

> Provide support to the injured area

> Expose the site of the injury

> Treat any wounds

> Immobilize effectively

> Reassure and monitor

Fractures - treatment

Ambulance Imminent

Fractured leg

Ambulance Delayed

Fractured leg

Strains & sprains

Strains & sprains treatment

RR

II

CC

EE

est

ce

ompression

levation

Asthma

Possible signs & symptoms include:

> Twitching of the face

> Lip smacking

> Jerking of an individual limb

Epilepsy

Minor seizuresAlso know as ‘absence seizures’ or ‘petit mal’

The person may appear to be day dreaming and this may last just a few seconds before recovery

Major seizuresA major disturbance in the brain

Possible signs & symptoms include:

> Aura

> Tonic phase

> Clonic phase

> Recovery phase

A major seizure usually goes through this pattern

Epilepsy

Body temperature

Diabetes – low blood sugar

Low blood sugar

Onset

Levels of response

Skin

Breathing

Pulse

Other symptoms

Fast

Deteriorate rapidly

Pale, cold, sweaty

Shallow, rapid

Rapid

May be confused with drunkenness

Diabetes – high blood sugar

Low blood sugar High blood sugar

Onset Fast

Levels of response Deteriorate rapidly

Skin Pale, cold, sweaty

Breathing Shallow, rapid

Pulse Rapid

Other symptomsMay be confused with drunkenness

Slow

Deteriorate slowly

Dry, warm

Deep, sighing breaths

Rapid

Excessive urinationVery thirsty

HungerFruity smell on breath

RReporting of iinjuries, ddiseases and

ddangerous ooccurrences rregulations

R.I.D.D.O.R

Poisonous substances Substances liable to ignite spontaneously

Flammable substances

Radioactive substances Compressed gases Corrosive substances

Hazardous Substances

Hazardous substances

Are you complying

with the regulations?

First aid

What is your company's attitude to first aid?

First Aid

Documents

Transcript of First Aid