Final Print(Sunfatamonium)

8/13/2019 Final Print(Sunfatamonium)

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n cng ngh GVHD:PGS.TS Nguyn Vn Thng

Trang 1

MC LC

LI MU ............................................................................................................ 3

CHNG 1. TNG QUAN ..................................................................... ................. 41.1. Gii thiu vNH3.............................................. ................................................ 4

1.1.1. Lch spht hin v sdng amoniac ......................................................... 4

1.1.2. Ngun pht sinh ammoniac ......................................................................... 4

1.1.3. Mt stnh cht c bn ca amoniac ........................................................... 5

1.2. Gii thiu phn sunphat m (NH4)2SO4............................................................ 7

1.2.1. Tnh cht ca Sunfat amon ...................................... .......................... .......... 7

1.2.2. C sha l qu trnh sn xut Sunfat amon (NH4)2SO4bng phng php

bo ha H2SO4tkh cc ..................................................................... ................. 8

CHNG 2. DY CHUYN CNG NGHQU TRNH SN XUT ............... 9

2.1. S cng nghsn xut Sunfat amon .............................................................. 9

2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng nghsn xut Sunfat amon .................................. 10

CHNG 3.THNG BO HA .......................................................................... 12

3.1. M TS CNG NGH................................................................ ........ 12

3.2. CU TO V NGUYN L LM VIC ...................................................... 12

CHNG 4.TNH TON THNG BO HA ................................................... 154.1. Cn bng vt cht thng bo ha ..................................................................... 15

4.2. Cn bng nhit lng thng bo ha ................................................................ 18

CHNG 5.CN BNG NHIT THNG BO HA ....................................... 22

5.1. Xc nh kch thc c bn ca thng bo ha .............................................. .. 22

5.2. Tnh bdy thit b.......................................................................................... 23

5.3. Tnh kch thc np v y thit bthng bo ha ........................................... 24

CHNG 6. MY GIA NHIT KH CC .................................................. ......... 28

6.1. ngha v cu to ........................................................................................... 28

CHNG 7. TNH TON MY GIA NHIT ...................................................... 29

7.1. Cn bng nhit ................................................................ ................................. 29

7.2. Tnh kch thc c bn ca my gia nhit ........................................................ 30

CHNG 8. MY LI TM LIN TC DNG CHO SUNFAT AMONI ........... 34

CHNG 9.MY SY SUNFAT AMONI .................................................. ......... 36


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9.1. Cu trc my sy bng ti rung ................................................................ ........ 36

9.2. CN BNG VT CHT ................................................................. ............... 37

9.3. Tnh ton nhit................................................................................................. 38

9.4. Cn bng nhit ca qu trnh sy ..................................................................... 40KT LUN .............................................................................................................. 41

TI LIU THAM KHO ....................................................................................... 43


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Trang 3

LI MUKh cc l kh thu c tcc l luyn than sau khi loi bnc ngng c

cha mt lng ln kh amoniac, hydrocarbon benzene, hydrosunfua, kh

methanec gi tr rt cao c bit l amoniac l mt nguyn liu qu sn xutphn bn. C rt nhiu bin php thu hi amoniac sn xut phan bn nh: Sunfat

amoni, Amoni clorua, Amoni nitrat, URE, Amoni phosphate.. nhng bng phng

php bo haH2SO4 tkh cc ta c ththu hi c hu ht lng amoniac c ln

trong kh cc dng Sunfat amon, l mt loi phn bn qu thch hp cho cc loi cy

trng lu nm nh: c ph, h tiu, ch.. Do mt c im quan trng ca loi phn

ny l c cha cm v mt hm lng ln lu hunh rt tt cho cy trng m t loi

phn bn no c c. Qua cho ta thy tnh thc tin ca ti ny i vi x hi

hin nay.

V vy nhm chng em nghin cu ti: Thu hi NH3bng phng php

bo ha H2SO4 tkh cc l phng php sn xut Sunfat amon bng kh cc v

acid sunfuric


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CHNG 1. TNG QUAN

1.1. Gii thiu vNH3

1.1.1. Lch spht hin v sdng amoniac

Ngi Roman xa tm thy mui amoni clorua ti n th thn Jupiter ti xLibi c v gi mui l mui Amun ( salt of Amun).Trong mt tc phm c,

Caius Plinius Secundus (hay cn gi l Pliny the Elder) c nhc n tn mt loi

mui c gi l Hammoniacus (hammoniacus sal, hay cn gi l sal ammoniac).

Vo Th k th 8, cc nh gi kim thut Arp bit n sal ammoniac. Sau vo

Th k 13, Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) v cc nh gi kim thut chu u cng nhc

n tn mui ny. Vo thi k Trung th k, nhng ngi th nhum bit dng

mui sal ammoniac (cn c gi l nc tiu ln men) lm i mu cc loithuc nhum c ngun gc tho mc. Vo Th k 15, Basilius Valentinus ch ra

rng c th thu c amoniac bng cc cho kim tc dng vi sal ammoniac. Sau

loi mui ny c iu ch bng cch chng (nhit phn) sng v mng gia sc,

sau trung ha dch ct cha cacbonat thu c vi axit clohyric (HCl).

Ln u tin amoniac dng kh do Joseph Priestley phn lp vo nm 1774 v

c ng t tn l khng kh kim (alkaline air). Tuy nhin ngi u tin thu

c cht kh ny l nh gi kim thut Basil Valentine. 11 nm sau, Claude Louis

Berthollet xc nh c thnh phn phn t ca amoniac l NH3.

Fritz Haber v Carl Bosch l nhng ngi pht hin quy trnh sn xut

amoniac vo nm 1909. Cng trnh ny c ng k pht minh vo nm 1910.

Ngi c l nhng ngi u tin trn th gii s dng amoniac quy m

cng nghip trong thi ki chin thgii ln thI sau khi bphong ta mt ngun

natri nitrat tChil. Khi amoniac c c ngi c dng sn xut thuc n

phc vchin tranh.

1.1.2. Ngun pht sinh ammoniac

Hin nay ngoi ngun NH3nhn to (cc nh my sn xut phn ure hoc cc

nh my chuyn sn xut amoniac lng), trong tnhin cng c mt lng nhNH3

tn ti trong kh quyn do thng xuyn hp cht ny c to ra t cc qu trnh

phn hy cc vt liu ha c c ngun gc ng, thc vt.


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Trong nc ma,nc bin ngi ta cng pht hin thy c NH3 v cc mui

amoni. Hot ng ca ni la cng l ngun sinh ra mui amoni(nh amoni clorua

NH4Cl v amoni sunfat (NH4)2SO4). Ti mt svng khong cha s a,ngi ta cng

thy c cc tinh thamoni bicacbonat NH4HCO3. Cc hot ng sinh ha hng ngyca ngi v ng vt cng l ngun sinh ra NH3.

1.1.3.Mt stnh cht c bn ca amoniac

1.1.3.1. Tnh cht vt l ca amoniac

Kh NH3l mt cht kh khng mu,c mi rt kh chu v nhhn khng kh.

Amoniac ha lng -34 oC v ha rn - 78 oC. L mt kh tan rt nhiu trong nc:

1 lit nc 200 oC ha tan c 800 lit ammoniac

moniac lng l mt dung mi tt ha tan ch nhiu cht v l mt trong

nhng dung mi ion ha quan trng nht. N c thha tan cc kim loi kim, kim

th, t him to ra cc dung dch kim loi, dn in v c cha cc ion solvat ha.

1.1.3.2. Tnh cht ha hc ca amoniac

Tnh baz yu Tc dng vi nc

Khi tan trong nc, mt phn nhcc phn tamoniac kt hp vi ion H+ca

nc, to thnh ion amoniac (NH4+) v ion hiroxit (OH):

NH3+H2ONH4++OH

on OHlm cho dung dch c tnh baz, tuy nhin so vi dung dch km mnh

(th dNaOH) cng nng , th nng ion OHdo NH3to thnh nhhn nhiu.

Trong dung dch, amoniac l mt baz yu: 25oC, hng sphn li baz Kb=1,8.105.

Dung dch amoniac lm cho phenolphtalein tkhng mu chuyn sang mu hng, qu

tm chuyn sang mu xanh. Li dng tnh cht ny ngi ta dng giy qutm m

nhn ra kh amoniac.

Tc dng vi axitAmoniac (dng kh cng nh dung dch) kt hp ddng vi axit to thnh mui

amoni.

Th d: 2NH3+H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

NH3+H+NH+4


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Khi t hai bnh mnt ng dung dch HCl c v NH3c gn nhau th thy

c "khi" mu trng to thnh. "Khi" l nhng ht nhli ti ca tinh thmui amoni

clorua (NH4Cl). Mui ny c to thnh do kh amoniac v kh hiro clorua ha hp

vi nhau:NH3(k)+HCl(k)NH4Cl(r)

Phn ng ny cng c sdng nhn ra kh amoniac.

Tc dng vi dung dch muiDung dch amoniac c khnng lm kt ta nhiu hiroxit kim loi khi tc dng

vi dung dch mui ca chng.

Th d:

Al3++3NH3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3NH4+

Khnng to phcDung dch amoniac c khnng ha tan hiroxit hay mui t tan ca mt s kim

loi, to thnh cc dung dch phc cht.

Th d:

Cu(OH)2+4NH3[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2

Cu(OH)2+4NH3[Cu(NH3)4]2++2OH

(xanh thm)

S to thnh cc ion phc [Cu(NH3)4]2+,[Ag(NH3)2]+... xy ra do cc phn t

amoniac kt hp vi cc ion Cu2+... bng cc lin kt cho - nhn gia cp electron

cha sdng ca nguyn tnit vi obitan trng ca ion kim loi.

Tnh kh Tc dng vi oxi

Khi t trong kh oxi, amoniac chy vi ngn la mu vng, to ra kh nit v

hi nc.4NH3+3O2 2N2+ 6H2O

Khi t amoniac trong oxi khng kh c mt cht xc tc th to ra kh NO v nc:

4NH3+5O2 4NO + 6H2O


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Tc dng vi cloDn kh NH3vo bnh cha kh clo, NH3tbc chy to ra ngn la c "khi"

trng.

2NH3+3Cl2N2+ 6HCl"Khi" trng l nhng ht NH4Cl sinh ra do kh HCl va to thnh ha hp vi NH3.

Tc dng vi oxit kim loiKhi un nng, NH3c thkhmt soxit kim loi thnh kim loi , chng hn

NH3khCuO mu en to ra Cu mu , nc v kh N2.

2NH3+ 3CuO 3Cu + N2O + 3H2O

1.1.3.3. ng dng ca ammoniac

Amoniac c sdng sn xut axit nitric; cc loi phn m ur (NH2)2CO,

NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4,...; iu chhirazin (N2H4) lm nhin liu cho tn la. Amoniac

lng c dng lm cht gy lnh trong my lnh.

1.2. Gii thiu phn sunphat m (NH4)2SO4

1.2.1. Tnh cht ca Sunfat amon

(NH4)2SO4l mt mui c dng tinh thmn mu trng ng hoc xm xanh, d

tan trong nc, nhng khng tan trong etanol v aceton, c tnh ht m, c mi nc

tiu (NH3). Trong dung dch nc, (NH4)2SO4b thy phn v cho mi trng axit.

Ngnh cng nghip sn xut (NH4)2SO4l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip quan

trng di vi mt t nc nng nghip nh nc ta. ng dng quan trng nht ca

(NH4)2SO4l lm phn bn, ngoi ra n cn c nhiu ng dng khc nh lm thuc

dit c, ph gia thc phm, cht chng chy, cht bo qun g, cht lm kt ta

protein... (NH4)2SO4 c iu chtamoniac v axit sunfuric.

Cn gi l phn SA.sunphat m c cha 20-21% N nguyn cht.Trong phn ny

cn c 29% lu hunh(S).

Khi lng ring 1.77g/cm3,tnc=1400C. nhit 2180C bphn hy mt phnto thnh cc mui acid, khi t nng n 513 oC th b thy phn hon ton thnh

ammoniac v H2SO4.

Phn ny dtan trong nc, khng vn cc.Thng trng thi ti,ri, dbo

qun, dsdng.


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CHNG 2. DY CHUYN CNG NGHQU TRNH SN XUT

2.1. S cng nghsn xut Sunfat amon


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2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng nghsn xut Sunfat amonKh cc (NH3, H2S, hi nc, hydrocacbon, Benzene) c lc bi my lc

in loi bcc ht bi c kch thc nhsau c nn v a vo thit bgia

nhit kh cc (1). Kh cc c gia nhit ln n 60 700C bng hi nc trch pha

sau tuc bin hi p sut t3 4 atm. Sau khi c gia nhit, kh cc i vo thng

trung ha (2).

Axit sunfuric 78% t thng cao v (8) v hi amoniac t thng tun hon ca

thp sa vi cng c np vo thng trung ha. Trong thng trung ha, amoniac s

phn ng vi axt sunfuric to ra sunfat amon theo phn ng (*) di y:

2NH3(k) + H2SO4dd (NH4)2SO4dd + Q (*)

Phn ng (*) l phn ng trung ha v ta nhit. Nhit ca thng trung ha

c duy tr mc 580C.

Bn cnh phn ng chnh hnh thnh sunfat amon (*) nh trn, trong thng trung

ha cn xy ra phn ng phgia axt sunfuric vi cc hp cht pyridin to nn

sunfat pyridin theo phn ng (**) bn di:

CnH2n-5N +H2SO4=CnH2n-5N.H2SO4 (**)

Nng axt trong thng trung ha c khng chmc 6 8%.

Kh khng ngng i ra khi thng trung ha cha khong 3g ammoniac/100 m3

kh ny c a vo thng thu hi s(3) thu hi axt sunfuric bcun theo. Saukhi i qua thng thu hi s(3), kh cc i qua my lm lnh cui cng lm ngui

kh n 25 300C trc khi i vo cm thu hi Benzene.

Dch sau phn ng trong thng trung ha cha tinh thsunfat amon, axt sunfuric

v nc c bm n thng cha tinh thsunfat amon (9). Trong thng cha tinh th

sunfat amon (9), sunfat amon c lng v tch ra y thng, dung dch cn li chy

trn qua ca thot gn ming thng v thot ra ngoi. Dng dch ny mt phn c

hi lu li thng trung ha v mt phn a i trung ha piridin.to ra nng ng u trong thng bo ha th ngi ta tun hon lin tc

dung dch nc ci. Dung dch nc ci bo ha s c chy vo thng tun hon

(4). Ty n c trli thng bo ha bng bm chu acid cng sut 20 40 m3/h.

Phn nhtrn sto thnh nha v c chy trn qua thng dung dch cha nc


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ci (6). Ti y, nha sc khv a ra ngoi, phn nc ci sc bm (7)

bm tun hon li thng bo ha.

Chu trnh c tun hon bm (8) sbm nhng tinh thsunfat cln v dung

dich nc ci ln thng cha tinh th(9), tinh thlng xung cn dung dch nc ci trn mt phn s a i qua thng trung ha kh pyridine, phn cn li chy

xung thng bo ha. Tinh th sunfat amon tch ra y thng cha (9) c a

xung my ly tm (10) n bng ti (11) sau i vo my sy (12) sy kh.

Khng kh nng c sdng sy kh sunfat amon.


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CHNG 3.THNG BO HA

3.1. M TS CNG NGH

Hnh 1: Thng bo ha

3.2. CU TO V NGUYN L LM VICHnh 1: m t thng bo ho, trong cu to c m t thng thu hi pha trong.

Thng bo ho ny c hp thu hi bn trong. Do thng bo ho kiu ny c hp thu

hi tit din ln nn t mt mt dung dch nc ci. Thc cht qu trnh ny lm vic

thng bo ho nh sau: kh cc a vo thng bo ho theo ng ng dn kh thng

ng trung tm. V ng kt thc vng phn phi kh ngm trong vng nc ci.


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vng ny c nhng mi cho phn phi nm nghing, ton bdng kh phn phi

u vo vng nc ci nhmi cho y, to thnh dng chuyn ng tng so vi

vng trn trung tm.

Hnh 2. Bphn phn phi kh thng bo ha

Hnh 2: m tbphn phn phi kh c chto tthp chu axit. Kh cc cho

qua mi cho ca vng phn phi kh s tip xc ng u vi dung dch nc ci

axit, kt quammoniac tkh cc thu c gn nh hon ton.

Kh cc i ra tvng phn phi vo vng nc ci lm cho dung dch nc ci

quay trn. Do , c khnng khuy trn dung dch axit v lm ng du dung dich

axit theo chiu cao thng bo ho.

Khi i qua vng phn phi kh v sc qua cht lng, kh cc sc nng ln

pha trn theo phng thng ng pha trn thng bo ho vi tc khng ln

khong 0.7m/s v i qua khe hp ni khng gian pha trn thng bo ho vi hp thu

hi s3 ( Hnh 1 ). Tc kh trong lkhe khong 35m/s.


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Khi i vo khng gian hp thu hi, kh t ngt mt tc cn 0.7m/s do c

khnng lng ng nhng git axit.

Thng axit ti bng nc mt cch gin on qua vi phun s4 t trn np

hp thu hi thng bo ho theo hnh trn.Nc phun vo khng gian ca my thu hi s ra nhng git axit bn ln v

tinh thsunfat amoni ty hnh nn ca hp thu hi qua ng ng 12 trvthng

bo ho.

Kh cc gii phng khi nhng git axit i ra tthng bo ho qua ng thot s2

i din theo ng knh.


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CHNG 4: TNH TON THNG BO HA

4.1 Cn bng vt cht thng bo haBng 1: Kh cc tmy gia nhit vo thng bo ha:

Thnh phn Khi lng (kg/h) Thtch (Nm3

/h)Kh cc kh 19200 40000

Hi nc 1900 2369

Hydrocarbon Benzen 1220 321

H2S 592 389

NH3 292 385

Tng 23204 43464

Kh cc sau khi vo thng bo ha thc hin phn ng ha hc vi acid

sunfuric, mt phn cn li hi nc v NH3 i vo thp sa vi. Hi nc NH3khng

nhng i vo thpsa vi m cn i vo thit bkhpiridin.

lng NH3 t thit bkhpiridin v lng NH3 trong ct sa vi c

chia lm i trc khi i vo thit bgia nhit. Do , lng NH3bng lng NH3

ban u.

Bng 2: Thnh phn hi vo thng bo ha

Thnh phn Khi lng (kg/h) Thtch (Nm3/h)

NH3 35 46

H2S 10 7

Hi nc 310 387

Tng 355 440


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Bng 3: Kh a vo thng bo ha:


Kh cc kh 19200 40000

Hi nc 2210 2763Hydrocarbon Benzen 1220 321

H2S 592 390

NH3 327 432

Tng 23549 43906

Nng acid Sunfuric thng c ly trong khong t75-80 % nhng phn

ng t hiu sut cao nht ta ly nng acid H2SO4a vo thng bo ha la 78 %.2NH3+ H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

Tng lng acid Sunfuric tiu hao cho qu trnh l:

327.

.,=1208 (kg/h)

Monohidrat: 1208.0,78 = 942 (kg/h)

Nc: 266(kg/h)

Lng Sunfat amon to thnh sau phn ng:

328.

= 1269 (kg/h)

Tha nhn rng lng nc ra Sunfat amon bng 6 % lng (NH4)2SO4thu c.

Lng nc ra Sunfat amon:

0,06.1269 = 76 (kg/h)

Nc v dung dch nc ci tthit bkhpiridin sang:

Nc v dung dch nc ci bng lng nc i vo ct sa vi l 310 (kg/h)


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Bng 5: Tthng bo ha i ra:

Nc vo Kg/h

Hi nc 1900

NH3 310Acid 266

Nc ra Sunfat amon 76

Nc ci tthng bo ha 310

Tng 2862

Bng 6: Lng nc i ra tkh cc c xc nh tcn bng nc

Nc ra Kg/hSunfat amon (m 2 %) 25

Kh 2837

Tng 2862

Bng 7: Lng kh cc i ra tthng bo ha:


Kh cc 19200 40000

Hi nc 2838 3538

Hidrocarbon Benzen 1220 321

H2S 592 389

Tng 23850 44248

Sunfat amon sau khi li tm c m l 2 %, Khi trng lng thc t ca

Sunfat amon l:

1,02.1269 = 1294 (kg/h) v ca nc l 25 (kg/h)


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Bng 8: Da trn c stnh ton ta thit lp cn bng vt cht chung cho thng bo

ha:

Lng vo thng bo ha Kg/h Nm3/h

Kh cc 23204 42611NH3 355 441

H2SO4 1220 321

Nc ra Sunfat amon 76 95

Nc trong nc ci 310 388

Tng 25165 43856

Bng 9: Lng sn phm i ra thng bo haLng i ra thng bo ha Kg/h

Kh cc 23549

Sunfat amon 1294

Tng 24843

4.2 Cn bng nhit lng thng bo ha

Nhit vo

1. Lng nhit do kh cc mang vo tmy gia nhit.

Ta kh hiu nhit kh i vo tmy gia nhit l t,khi :

a, Nhit lng kh cc kh mang vo:

q1=19200.0,7.t = 13440t

vi tnhit kh cc kh:0,7(kcal/h)

b, Nhit lng hi nc mang vo:

q2=1900.(595+0,438.t) = 1130500+832t(kcal/h)

c, Nhit do hirocacbon benzene mang vo:

q3=1220.0,246.t = 300t(kcal/h)

d, Nhit do H2S mang vo:

q4=592.0,238.t = 41t(kcal/h)

e, Nhit do (NH4)2SO4mang vo:

q5=292.0,503.t=147t(kcal/h)


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Tng s: Q1=1130500+14860.t(kcal/h)

2. Nhit do hi NH3 v hi nc tct vi nhit hi bng 1000C:

a, Nhit do NH3mang vo:

q1=35.0,508.100=1778(kcal/h)b, Nhit do H2S mang vo:

q2=10.0,233.100=233(kcal/h)

c, Nhit do hi nc mang vo:

q3=310.(595+0,44.10)=185814(kcal/h)

Tng snhit do NH3v hi nc mang vo:

Q2=187825(kcal/h)

3. Nhit bi acid:

Q3=1220.0.45.20=10980(kcal/h)

Vi tnhit ca H2S0478%:0,45(kcal/kg.).

Nhit ca acid:200C

4. Nhit do dung dch nc ci mang vo trli thng bo ha.

Tha nhn dung dch nc ci bng 10 ln trng lng(NH4)2S04,ta thu c

dung dch c khi lng l 12690(kg/h)

Q4=12690.0,64.40=324864(kcal/h)

Vi 0,64 l tnhit dung dch nc ci, (kcal/kg.).

400l nhit dung dch nc ci.

5. Nhit do dung dch tun hon mang vo:

Q5=30000.0,64.56=1075200(kcal/h)

Vi 560l nhit dung dch tun hon.

6. Nhit ca phn ng ha hc gm nhit pha long,nhit trung ha, nhit kt

tinh.

a, Nhit trung ha c xc nh tnhit ca phn ng sau:2NH3+H2S04=(NH4)2S04

Nng lng ca: (NH4)2S04: 283700 (kcal/mol)

NH3 : 13000 (kcal/mol)

H2S04 : 210800(kcal/mol)

Hiu ng nhit trung ha:


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q1 = 283700-13000.2-210800 = 6900(kcal/mol H2S04).

b, Nhit kt tinh (nhit vo):

q2=2600(kcal/mol(NH4)2S04)

Vi q2l nhit kt tinh 1mol sunfat amonc, Nhit pha long t78 n 6%:

q3=17860.( )7983,17983,1 2

2

1

1

n

n

n

n

(kcal/mol H2S04).

Trong : n1: tsmol H2O/smol H2SO46%.

n2:smol H2SO478%.

n1= 3,856.18

98.94 ,n2= 54,1

78.18

98.22

Khi :

q3=17860( (9740)54,17983,1

54,1

3,857983,1

3,85

kcal/mol H2S04).

Lng nhit tng cng tha nhn:

q=46900+2600+9740=59240 (kcal/mol H2S04). hay

(kcal/mol(NH4)2S04)

Nhit cc phn ng ha hc sn xut 1269 H2SO4l:

Q6=59240. 5695121321269 (kcal/h).

Nhit vo tng cng thng bo ha l:

Qvo =3325701+14860t (kcal/h).

Nhit ra

1. Nhit mang ra khi kh cc t=600c.

a. Nhit lng do kh cc kh mang ra:

q1=19200.0,7.60=806400(kcal/h)

b. Nhit lng do hi nc mang ra:

q2=2837.(595+0,438.60)=1762571(kcal/h).

c. Nhit lng do hidrocacbon benzene mang ra:

q3=1220.0.246.60=18007(kcal/h).

d. Nhit lng do H2S mang ra:

q4=592.0,238.60=8453(kcal/h).


21/43


Trang 21

Nhit lng tng cng:

Q5=2595431(kcal/h).

2. Nhit mang ra bi nc ci v sunfat amoni:

Lng dung dch nc ci:12690+1294-76=13908(kcal/h).

Vi lng sunfat amoni 12690kg v dung dch 12559kg:

Q6=(12599.0,64+12690.0,34).60=507990(kcal/h).

3. Nhit lng mang ra do dung dch tun hon.

Q7=30000.0,64.60=1152000(kcal/h).

4. Nhit mt ra mi trng xung quanh.

Q8=F(tthanh-tkk)

Trong :

tthanh: Nhit ca thnh vng bo ha 500c

tkk: Nhit ca khng kh -200c

F: Din tch bmt ngoi,m2

: Hscp nhit,5(kcal/m2.h.)

Tha nhn F=260m2.khi :

Q9=5.260(50+20)=91000(kcal/h).

Tiu hao nhit lng tng cng:

Q=4346421(kcal/h).

Ta t Tvo=Tra:

Nhit ca kh i tmy gia nhit qua thng bo ha:

3325701+14860t=4365901(kcal), ng vi t=700c.

p sut hi ca hi nc i ra t thng bo ha vi p sut chung khi i ra my l

860mmHg:

860.tong

hoinuoc

V

V=860. 69

44248

3538 mmHg,ng vi im sng 450c

Nh vy ,kh i ra l qu nhit.


22/43


Trang 22

CHNG 5: CN BNG NHIT THNG BO HABng 10: Cn bng nhit thng bo ha

Thnh phn vo kcal/h

Nhit kh cc 2169214

Nhit do hi nc v NH3 187825

Nhit do axit 10980

Nhit do nc ci 324864

Nhit do dung dch tun hon 1075200

Nhit do phn ng ha hc 569512

Tng 4337595

Thnh phn ra kcal/h

Nhit do kh cc 2595431

Nhit do nc ci 507990

Nhit do dung dch tun hon 1152000

Nhit do mt mt ra mi trng 91000

Tng 4346421

5.1 Xc nh kch thc c bn ca thng bo ha

Thtch ca kh i ra tmy gia nhit v tct l:

V = [43464+(43906-43464)].273

343.

907

760= 46223(m3/h)

ng knh ng ng dn kh vo c xc nh da vo tc kh

12-15(m/s)

Ta chn 13,5(m/s).khi :

D =.3600

.4V = )(1007.13600.5,13.14,3

46223.4 m

ng knh ca ng dn kh trung tm trong thng bo ha,xc nh trn c stc

kh bng 2 ln nhhn,ngha l 6.75m/s.


23/43


24/43


Trang 24

Ta c:

1,5 094,05600

)112.(2.5,1

5600

).(2

aCS

95,15)112.(2

5600).(2 aCS

D

Suy ra:

1,5 95,15).(2

3,2094,0).(2

a

a

CS

D

D

L

D

CS

Ta c:

0,3. 075,0)5600

)112.(2(

3,201

10.05,2.3,0

).(2. 3

53

t

a

t

t

D

CSE

3,03,2 D

L075,0)

).(2( 3

t

a

t D

CSE

Nn tha iu kin bn thn.

5.3 Tnh kch thc np v y thit bthng bo ha

y v np thit bcng l nhng bphn quan trng ca thit bv thng

c chto cng loi vt liu vi thit bthp X18H10T.

y ta chn y v np thit bl hnh elip c gv c ni vi thn thp

bng cc bch.

1. Tnh cho np thit b:+chn np theo elip tiu chun

+chn np c g

+ng knh trong 5,2(m) c ng dn a dung dch 600mm

2. Tnh ton bdy np:+i vi elip tiu chun: ht/Dt=0,3 th ht=1,56(m),Rt=Dt=5,2(m)

+chn s bbdy thp bng 12mm

+xt ts: 46712

5600

t

t

D

R

Suy ra: 4,5144,85.7,0

10.05,2.15,0

.

.15,0 5

c

t

x

E

Trong : [ ].[]c


25/43


Trang 25

Tra bng ta c:

:hshiu chnh,ta chn =0,7

[ ] :ng sut cho php tiu chun,N/mm2,Ta chn [ 2/122] mmN .

Suy ra: [ 2/11009.122] mmNc .

Suy ra: 4,5144,85.7,0

10.05,2.15,0

.

.15,0467

5

c

t

t

x

E

S

R

Hay 0,2 3,025,0 t

t

D

h

Ta c:)1(..7,6)(

..5).(

xRxCSE

RxCSE

t

c

tat

t

t

cat

= 30,1)7,01.(5600.4,85.7,0.7,6)112(10.05,2

5600.4,85.7,0.5)112.(10.05,25

5

[t

at

cnD

CSEK

..]

Trong :

x: Hsthp khng g

Kc: Phthuc vo ts:

250255)112.(2

5600

).(2 a

t

CS

D

Suy ra ta chn Kc=0,136

Ta c:

Kc=875. 064,0136,0.10.05,2

110.875.

5 c

t

t

c qE

[ .136,0.10.05,2.136,0.10.05,2.136,0] 55

t

a

t

a

t

a

tCnD

CS

D

CS

D

CSEK

2,05.105. 2/76,545600

112mmnN

[Pn]= 2/1523,0165,05600.30,1

)112.(76,54.2

.

]][.[2mmN

R

CS

t

an

Vy bdy np l:12mm.

Tnh bn cho l:


26/43


Trang 26

ng knh cho php khng cn tng knh:

dmax= 2.[ ]).().8,0)(

( aata CCSD

S

CS

= 2.[ ]1)112.(5600).8,012112

(

= 57,68mm

Trong :

Dt: ng knh trong np,Dt=5600mm

S: Bdy np,S=10mm.

Nh vy ta phi tng knh cho lthot hi.

3. Tnh cho y thit b:S lc cu to:+Chn y nn tiu chun Dt=5600mm

+Tnh ton:chn nn l hnh nn c g,gc y 2=600

+Chiu cao tng ca nn bng 4950mm.

4. Kim tra iu kin bn ca y:Chn bdy tnh ton y S=12mm

Lc tnh ton P nn y:

P = ( NPD nn 37833841523,0.)245600).(4().4(22

Trong :ta chn p sut tc dng ln y thit b:

Pn=0,1523N/mm2

Dn: ng knh ngoi thit b,mm

Lc nn chu trc cho php:

[P]= 2cos).(. atC CSEK

Vi:

Et:modul n hi ca vt liu lm y E=2,5.105N/mm2

KC:hsphthuc ts.

250254)112.(2

5600

).(2

a

t

CS

D

Tra bng,ta c KC=qc=0,136

Vy lc nn trc cho thp l:


27/43


Trang 27

[P]= N969338430cos)112(10.5,2.136,0. 225

Kim tra bdy y:

Theo cng thc 5.15 v 5.16,trang 99,[4].

88,056004950'

tDl

0,3

08,0)5600

112.2(.

3,201

10.05,2.3,0]

].[2[. 3

53

t

a

c

t

D

CSE

1,5.

5,254).(2

88,0'

09,0.2

a

t

tt

a

CS

D

D

l

D

CS

Theo cng thc 5.19,trang 99,[4],p sut tnh ton trong thit b:

[P]n=0,6949.E.t

a

t

at

D

CS

D

CS

L

D

..

'

2

= 0,649.2,05.105.0,08( )5600

112. 93,0

5600

112

Tha iu kin n nh.

Vy bdy y l 12mm

Trong :

c :gii hn chy ca vt liu nhit tnh ton,N/mm2

[ c ]=[ ] .nc=122.1,65=201,3

[ :] ng sut nn cho php tiu chun.suy ra[ c ]=122N/mm2

Nc.hsan ton,tra nc=1,65


28/43


Trang 28

CHNG 6:MY GIA NHIT KH CC

6.1 ngha v cu to

gia nhit cho kh cc trc khi a vo thng bo ha vi mc ch iu

khin qu trnh bc hi nc trong bthng bo ha,ngi ta lp t my.

Hnh 3. My gia nhit kh cc

Hnh 3. M tmy gia nhit kh cc gia nhit ng chm. N l mt loi chm

ng, kh cc chuyn ng trong ng. Hi nc 3-4 atm chuyn ng trong khong

khng gian gia cc ng(hi nc c sdng sau my tuabin hi).


29/43


Trang 29

CHNG 7.TNH TON MY GIA NHITBng 11: Kh cc tmy lc in sau c a qua my gia nhit:


Kh cc kh 19200 40000

Hi nc 1900 2369

Hydrocarbon Benzen 1220 321

H2S 592 389

NH3 292 385

Tng 23204 43464

Tha nhn nhit ca kh i vo my gia nhit kh cc l 500c v p sut kh vo

907mmHg.Theo cn bng nhit,kh phi gia nhit 700c tnh ton bmt un nng

ca my gia nhit.Ta tha nhn dng i ra l 800c m bo lm vic trong trng

hp c ssai lch vi chcng nghip.

7.1. Cn bng nhit

Nhit vo

1. Nhit kh cc:a.Kh cc kh:

q1=19200.0,7.50=67200(kcal/h).

b. Hi nc:

q2=1900.(595+0,438.50)=1172110(kcal/h).

c. Cc hidrocacbon benzene:

q3=1220.0,246.50=15006(kcal/h).

d. H2S:

q4=592.0,238.50=7045(kcal/h).

e. Sunfat amoni:q5=292.0,503.50=7344(kcal/h).

Tng nhit:

Q1=q1+ q2 + q3 + q4+ q5=1873505(kcal/h).

2. Nhit do hi t cung cp,Q2.Tng nhit mang vo:


30/43


Trang 30

Qvo=Q2+1873505(kcal/h).

Nhit ra

1. Nhit mang ra khi my gia nhit 800C:a, Nhit mang ra do kh cc kh:

q1=19200.0,7.80=1075200(kcal/h).

b, Nhit mang ra do hi nc:

q2=1900(595+0,438.80)=1197076(kcal/h).

c, Nhit mang ra do hidrocacbon benzene:

q3=1220.0,246.80=24009(kcal/h).

d, Nhit mang ra do H2S:

q4=592.0,238.80=11272(kcal/h).

e, Nhit mang ra do NH3:

q5=292.0,503.80=11750(kcal/h).

Nhit tng cng kh cc mang ra:

Q3=2319307(kcal/h).

2.Nhit mt ra mi trng l 5% so vi lng truyn nhit l,lng nhit truyn l:

Q=2319307-1873505=445802(kcal/h).

Do vy

Q4=0,05. 44580=22290(kcal/h).

Tng tiu hao nhit l:

Q=2341597(kcal/h).

Cn bng nhit lng ra v vo l:

Q2=2341597-1873505=468092(kcal/h).

Tha nhn hi t c p sut 3atm v nhit 132,90C.Nhit ngng tl

518,1(kcal/kg).Tiu hao lng hi t:

1,518

468092 903(kg/h)

7.2. Tnh kch thc c bn ca my gia nhit

Thtch trung bnh kh i vo my gia nhit:

V=43464. 45091907

760.

273

)27365(

(m3/h)

Chn tc kh l 13,5(m/s);khi tit din cn thit ca ng:


31/43


Trang 31

S = )(928,05,13.3600

45091 2m

ng knh ng 51/57 mm th sng cn thit l:

n= 454)051,0.(785,0928,0

2 ng.

Nu ta tha nhn 11 hnh lc gic th c 439 ng.Tc thc tca kh:

97,13)051,0.(785,0.439.3600

450912 (m/s)

V Re=1000.z

d

nht kh kh(zck) nhit trung bnh 650C=0,0138 v znc=0,012

nht ca kh cc t 650

C:

OH

OHOH

ck

ckck

ka

ka

Z

M

z

M

z

M

2

22 ...100

Mck=10,75;ck= %76,8843464

100.38580 , 24,11

2OH %

86003012,0

18.24,11

0138,0

75,10.76,88.100

ka

ka

z

M

Khi lng phn tca kh m:

Mka= 56,11100

18.24,1175,10.76,88

nht kh m:

Zka= 0134,086003

56,11.100

Khi lng kh cc m:

497,0760

907.

)27365(

273.

4,22

56,11

(Kg/m3)

Trong :

Re=1000. 264250134,0

497,0.051,0.97,131000

kaz

d

dn nhit kh cc kh 650C = 0,12(kcal/m.h.);


32/43


Trang 32

Hi nc = 0,018(kcal/m.h.)

Kh cc m: = 0,8876.0,12+0,1124.0,018=0,1085(kcal/m.h.)

Tnhit kh cc kh = 0,7(kcal/kg.)

Hi nc = 0,438(kcal/kg.)Tnhit kh m:

C= 676,0190019200

438,0.19007,0.19200

(kcal/kg.)

V :

Pr=3,6. 3,01085,0

0134,0.676,0.6,3

zC

Ta c:

Nu=0,023Re0,8Pr0,4=0,023.(26425)0,8.(0,3)0,4=48,9Hscp nhit ring phn ttng n kh:

03,104051,0

1085,0.9,48

dNu

T

(kcal/m2.h.);

Tha nhn hscp nhit thi nc ngng tn thnh 10000 (kcal/m2.h.);

Hstruyn nhit tng cng:

K= 67,85

001,003,104

1

50

003,0

10000

11

111

1

1

Tn

(kcal/m2.h.);

V 001,01

1

:nhit trca cn bn.

Hiu snhit trung bnh logarit khi nhit hi l 132,90C:

132,90hoi

khi 132,90

500 800

08,66

9,52

9,82lg3,2

9,529,82

cpt

Bmt nhit i hi:

F= )(828,66.67,85

468092

.2m

tK

Q

cp


33/43


Trang 33

Chiu di my gia nhit:

L= )(2,1439.051,0.14,3

82

.. m

nd

F

ng knh my gia nhit:

D=2.(x.t+ )

Vi x l shnh lc gic ( Hnh 3 )

t l bc ng di 74 mm

l khong cch ca ng.

Khi :

D = 2.(11.0.074+0,057)=1,74m.


34/43


Trang 34

CHNG 8. MY LI TM LIN TC DNG CHO SUNFAT AMONI

Cu trc thit bgn gng, hot ng lin tc, n gin, dkim tra, tiu hao

nng lng khng nhiu, nng sut ln, cht lng sunfat amoni cao hn. V l do nhvy nn my li tm lin tc c p dng nhiu trong sn xut. nhng cng vic lao

ng chn tay nng nhc ca nhng ngi cng nhn c thay thbng cc dng c

o lng v kim tra. Vi nh my cc c 4 hl, chcn 3 my li tm lin tc thay v

phi dng 6 ci, do gim c din tch lp t my li tm, ng thi cc thit b

dng cho sa cha cng gim i. Khi chuyn sang my li tm lin tc, chlm vic

ca thng bo ho cng tt hn v lin tc ly sn phm ra tthit b, sc hi cho

cng nhn thp v my li tm kn hn. My li tm c cu to t mt thng nm

ngang s1 v gn cht ln mt ci u phi ca trc. Trc ny c quay bi ng c

in.

Hnh 4: My li tm lin tc

Thng s1 ca my li tm c c l. trn p st ci thng l hai ci li dng

khe s2. Tinh th sunfat amoni snm li trn . Hn hp sunfat amoni cng vi

dung dch nc ci c a vo nn phn phi s3 ca my li tm. Ci nn ny

quay vng trn cng vi thng quay, trc chuyn ng do ng c. Hn hp chuyn


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36/43


Trang 36

CHNG 9.MY SY SUNFAT AMONI

9.1. Cu trc sy bng ti rung

Sunfat amoni c hm m khong 2%, do mui ca n c xu hng l dnhvi nhau. Khi n dnh vi nhau hay to hn th rt kh 36ang bn vo t. m

ca sunfat amoni cng ln th dnh cng cao. Thc t hm lng m ca sunfat

amoni nhhn 2% th hin tng ny khng xy ra. gim hm lng m t2%

xung 0.2% th phi sy trong my sy bng ti rung hoc sy trong my sy thng

quay. Trong hnh 5, my sybng ti rung l mt ci mng di v hp, mt trn ca n

chuyn ng rung tng tnh sn lc. Vt liu chuyn ng trn bmt n ging

nh ci sn phng. V vybngti schuyn ng ti lui.

Hnh 5. My sy bng ti rung

Khng kh nng c a vo mt trn ca bng ti sy cc tinh th sunfatamoni. Khng kh c a vo my sy bng qut gia nhit s b trong caloriphe.

Khng kh i qua khe ca tm v n trm ln tinh th sunfat amoni bo ho nc.

Khng kh nng lm gim hm m ca tinh th. Khng kh m i qua ca sphn b

trong sut chiu di ca my sy v c ht ra ngoi.


37/43


Trang 37

Bng 12: c tnh k thut ca my sy bng ti rung

Chiu di ca my 9000 mm

Chiu rng ca my 1000 mmCng sut ng c nhit 7Kw

Svng trn pht 970

Slc kp 340

Trng lng bang ti khng kng c

in

3500kg

9.2. Cn bng vt cht

Tnh ton vt cht- Sunfat m: 12694(kg/h)

- Sunfat kh: 1269(kg/h)

- Nc: 25(kg/h)

Tha nhn m ca sunfat sau khi sy l 0,2% lng hi nc thot ra l:

W=25- 5,22100

2,0.1269 (kg/h)

Tiu hao khng kh kh:

L=02

1000

dd (kg/h)

Vi: d0l hm m ca khng kh a vo caloriphe

d2l hm m ca khng kh ra khi my sy

khi :

i vi khng kh a vo

0 l p sut hi: d0 = 62200

00

.745

.

vi:

0 l m tng bo ha hi nc nhit vo ca khng kh,mmHg

Tha nhn: 0 =0,7 v t0=50

nhit 50th 0 =6,5mmHg


38/43


39/43


Trang 39

2. Nhit do sunfat mang ra:Q5=(0,25.1269+2,5).70=22382(kcal/h).

3. Nhit mt mt do mi trng 4% so vi nhit truyn trong khng kh:Q6=0,04.Q3

Tng tiu hao nhit:

Qtiu hao=73225+0,04.Q3(kcal/h).

Cn bng nhit vo v nhit ra:

14462+Q3=73225+0,04.Q3

Nhit cung cp cho caloriphe:

Q3=61211(kcal/h)

Ta thit lp cn bng nhit cho caloriphe:

L.i0+Q3=L.i1

Trong : Q3=L.(i1-i0)

V rng:

i1=0,24.t1+0,001.d0(595+0,47.t1)

Tha nhn nhit ca khng kh trong caloriphe t1=1200:

i1=0,24.120+0,001.3,78(595+0,47.120)=31,26(kcal/kg kh kh).

Khi :

Q3=2201.(31,26-3,46)=61187(kcal/h).

Trong trng hp khng khp,cn thit phi cho li gi tr 2 .

Tiu hao hi trong caloriphe l 61187(kcal/h).

Ta chn p sut ca hi t 4atm v nhit 142,90C:

72,1191,511

61187 (kg/h)

Vi nhit ngng thi l 511,1(kcal/kg).


40/43


41/43


Trang 41

KT LUN

Da vo cc kt qutnh ton trong bi ta c th la chn nhng thit bchnh

ph hp vi h thng a vo hot ng. Trong qu trnh hot ng m botnh an ton v n nh trong vn hnh, ta cn phi tnh n phn kim tra an ton h

thng v tnh tng ha cho hthng.hthng mi hot ng an ton v hiu qu

v ng yu cu t ra ca ngi thit k, tuy nhin trong qu trnh tnh ton,nhm em

khng th trnh by ton b ni dung ca phn ny m ch ch trng vo phn tnh

ton v thit khhng theo yu cu c giao.

Kt qutnh ton:

-Thng bo ha:

+Tiu hao nhit tng cng: 4365901(kcal/h).

+Nhit ca kh i t my gia nhit qua thng bo ha: 4365901(kcal/h).ng vi

t=700C

+p sut hi ca hi nc i ra tthng bo ha: 68,76mmHg, ng vi im sng

450C.

+Tit din chung: 18,6 (m2).

+ng knh: 5,2(m).

+Chiu cao thit b(khng knp v y thit b): 12m

+Chiu cao y thit b: 4950 mm

+Chiu cao np thit b: 1560 mm

-My gia nhit kh cc:

+Tng tiu hao nhit l: 2341597 (kcal/h).

+Hstruyn nhit tng cng: 85,67 (kcal/m2.h.).

+ng knh my gia nhit: 1,74 (m).

-My sy sunfat amoni+Tiu hoa khng kh kh: 2201 (kg/h).

+Nhit cung cp cho caloriphe: 61187 (kcal/h).

+Nhit ngng thi l:511,1 (kcal/kg).

Trong qu trnh tnh ton v thit k, tuy tnh n cc tn tht c bn ca h

thng nhng vn cha cp n nhng tn tht c thc, v c bqua qu


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Trang 42

trnh tnh ton c nhanh chng v n gin. Cho nn kt qutuy khng chnh xc

tuyt i nhng cng p ng c bn yu cu ca h thng. Mc d cgng rt

nhiu nhng do khnng c hn chnn chc chn khng thtrnh khi sai st. Rt

mong Qy Thy c ng gp v cho kin qu bu bi hon thin hn.


43/43


TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. KOROPTRANXKY.I.E-Tnh ton thit bthu hi thu hi cc sn phm cc

ha,NXB Luyn kim-1952[2]. Nhng vn lin quan n sdng amiac trong cng nghip-NXB H NI-

2008

[3]. Tp thtc gi. Stay qu trnh v thit btrong cng nghho cht v thc

phm. Tp 1,2. Nh xut bn khoa hc kthut-2005

[4]. Tnh ton, thit kcc chi tit thit bha cht v du kh, NXB Khoa hc v K

thut H Ni-2006

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