Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas …...Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas...

Final Energy Consumption and

Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo

(FY 2014)

March 2017

Bureau of Environment

Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Contents

1 Tokyo in the World .................................................................................................. 1

2 Final Energy Consumption ....................................................................................... 2

2.1 Concepts for Calculation ................................................................................................................ 2

2.2 Final Energy Consumption ............................................................................................................. 3

2.2.1 Entire Tokyo ........................................................................................................................... 3

2.2.2 Industrial Sector ...................................................................................................................... 6

2.2.3 Commercial Sector .................................................................................................................. 9

2.2.4 Residential Sector ................................................................................................................. 12

2.2.5 Transport Sector .................................................................................................................... 17

3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............................................................................. 20

3.1 Concepts for Calculation .............................................................................................................. 20

3.1.1 Basic Matters ........................................................................................................................ 20

3.1.2 Categorization of GHGs ........................................................................................................ 20

3.1.3 CO2 Emission Factor for Electricity ........................................................................................ 21

3.1.4 Scope of Calculation.............................................................................................................. 21

3.2 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions .................................................................................................. 22

3.2.1 Entire Tokyo ......................................................................................................................... 22

3.3 CO2 Emissions (Variable Cases) ................................................................................................... 24

3.3.1 Entire Tokyo ......................................................................................................................... 24

3.4 CO2 Emissions (Fixed Cases) ....................................................................................................... 28

3.4.1 Entire Tokyo ......................................................................................................................... 28

3.4.2 [Reference] Trends in Each Sector .......................................................................................... 31

3.5 Other GHG Emissions ................................................................................................................. 33

3.5.1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 33

3.5.2 CH4 ...................................................................................................................................... 35

3.5.3 N2O ..................................................................................................................................... 35

3.5.4 HFCs and Three Other Types ................................................................................................. 36

4 Reference Materials ............................................................................................... 37

[Material 1] Calculation Methods for Final Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions (Overview) ......... 37

[Material 2] Trends in Final Energy Consumption in Tokyo and Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in Tokyo ...... 40

[Material 3] Greenhouse Gas Reduction Target and Energy Reduction Target in Tokyo .......................... 41

5 Figures and Tables ................................................................................................. 42

Note: Values in this report have been rounded, and the sum of indicated values may not agree with the indicated total.

1 Tokyo in the World

1

9,135

5,176

2,020

1,468

1,189

723

568

556

555

507

476

437

437

431

408

374

320

307

286

279

250

244

232

221

148

143

97

96

87

68

66

61

45

45

43

40

38

37

35

35

China

USA

India

Russia

Japan

Germany

South Korea

Iran

Canada

Saudi Arabia

Brazil

South Africa

Indonesia

Mexico

UK

Australia

Italy

Turkey

France

Poland

Taiwan

Thailand

Spain

Malaysia

Netherlands

Vietnam

Czech

Philippines

Belgium

Romania

Greece

Austria

Singapore

Finland

Portugal

Hungary

Switzerland

Sweden

Norway

Denmark

Unit: M tons

1 Tokyo in the World

Figure 1-1 indicates energy-derived CO2 emissions in major countries.

Japan emits the fifth largest quantity after China, USA, India and Russia, accounting for 3.7% of the global

emissions.

Energy-derived CO2 emissions in Tokyo account for 5.1% of domestic emissions. This is considered to be

approximately equivalent to the amount of one country, such as Austria, Greece, etc. (GHG emissions in Tokyo

account for 4.9% of domestic emissions.)

Figure 1-1 Energy-derived CO2 emissions by country (2014)

Note: The figure indicates the 20 largest emitters, from China (1st place) to Poland (20th place), and other selected major countries.

Sources: IEA, "CO2 Emissions From Fuel Combustion Highlights (2016 Edition)", and Ministry of the Environment, "Energy-derived

CO2 Emissions in the World"

Tokyo: 60.6 M tons

* The 15 EU states represent the EU membership at

the time of UNFCCC-COP3 (Kyoto Conference).

Final Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tokyo

2

2 Final Energy Consumption

2.1 Concepts for Calculation

This chapter clarifies the state of energy consumption as the main cause of CO2 emissions in Tokyo.

Figure 2-1 indicates the flow of energy in Japan. First, the primary energy supply of petroleum, coal, natural gas,

etc., is undertaken through domestic production or importation. By way of the power generation/conversion

sectors (power plants, petroleum refineries, etc.), final energy consumption is undertaken by final demand

sectors.

In this survey, energy consumption excluding the losses in power generation, transmission, distribution, etc. on

the final demand sectors (industrial/commercial/residential/transport sectors) (i.e. final energy consumption) in

Tokyo is calculated.

For the calculation methods for final energy consumption, an overview is indicated in Reference Material 1

(pages 37 to 39).

Figure 2-1 Domestic Energy Balance and Flow (Overview) (FY 2014)

Table 2-1 Heat conversion factors used in this survey (FY 2014) (Unit: GJ/Specific unit)

Fuel Specific

unit

Heat

conversion

factor

Remarks

Electricity MWh 3.6 Secondary energy conversion

City gas 1000 m3 45.0 See materials of Tokyo Gas

Other fuels

(gasoline, kerosene, light oil, LPG, etc.)

See the energy balance table, Agency for Natural Resources

and Energy, "Comprehensive Energy Statistics"

Note: Secondary energy conversion is conducted for electricity, from the perspective of calculating final energy consumption,

excluding losses in power generation, transmission, distribution, etc.

Unit：1015

J

Domestic supply of primary energy

20,059

Nuclear power

generation

Hydropower/Renewable and

Recovered Energy

0

1,572

Natural gas

5,063

Petroleum

8,306

Coal

5,117

Crude oil 7,396

357

301

Crude oil 6,818

General coal 215

Energy conversion/conversion loss

▲ 6,500

Coal for blast furnace blowing/cement burning 431

Petroleum products 25

Coal 1,668

Renewable and Recovered Energy 5

Final energy consumption 13,558

Private consumption/loss during

transmission/distribution 294

Electricity 986

1,937

City gas 417


Others 16

Consumer

residential

Gasoline 1,451

1,881

Light oil 126

Jet fuel oil 126

LPG/electricity 178

Transport

(passengers)

Gasoline 315

1,244

Light oil 790

Heavy oil 140

Transport

(freight)

8,497

Industrial/

Consumer commercial

Renewable and

Recovered Energy 30

Electricity 2,377

City gas 705

Natural gas 64

Petroleum products 2,969

Steam for private

generation/Heat 746

Coal (products) 1,606

Production of coal products

Petroleum products 1,689

Conversion sector

input/consumption 124

Conversion sector input/consumption 514

Nuclear power 0

Hydropower/Renewable and Recovered Energy 843

City gas 125

Natural gas 3,169

Petroleum 761

Coal 2,589

Commercial power generation

Power generation

loss 4,324

Electricity 3,163

Hydropower/Renewable and Recovered Energy 357

Natural gas/City gas 290

Petroleum 347 Coal 431

Electricity 559

Power generation

loss 865

Private power generation

Natural gas 1,682


City gas

City gas 1,747

Crude oil for

refining7,158

Steam 119

Residential

kerosene/LPG 517

Transportation gasoline 1,766

Transportation light oil 916

Other transportation

fuels 375

Heavy oil for industry

Steam for private generation/District heat supply

Steam for private generation 849

Heat 23

Conversion loss 212

Hydropower 691

Renewable and Recovered Energy 882

Import LNG 4,952

Domestic Natural gas 111

Material naphtha /LPG

Petroleum 297

Coal 252Natural gas・City gas 209 Others 325

(Total input 7,487) (Total output 3,163)

（Total input 1,424) (Total output 559)


(Total input 1,083) (Total output 871)


Petroleum refining/Petroleum chemistry


843

3,169

NGL/condensate 340 Conversion sector

input/consumption1,550

Material coal 1,261

1,682

Crude oil 266

31

Material coal 1,468

Coal products 82

Heavy oil for power

generation 842


Conversion sector

input/consumption 622

General coal/hard coal 3,567

General coal 2,395

Source: Agency for Natural

Resources and Energy,

"Energy White Paper 2016"

2．Final Energy Consumption

3

2.2 Final Energy Consumption

2.2.1 Entire Tokyo

▼ The final energy consumption in Tokyo in FY 2014 stood at 646 PJ, which was 19% reduction from 801 PJ in FY

2000, and 1.5% reduction from 656 PJ in FY 2013.

▼ Respective increase rates vs. FY 2000 for the industrial, commercial, and transport sectors stood at -45%, -6.0%, and

-40%, while consumption in the residential sector increased by +2.8%.

▼ Since FY 2000, a decrease in gasoline and other fuel oils has substantially contributed to overall reduction in final

energy consumption. Although electricity consumption had been an increasing trend, the behavior of power

conservation took root in FY 2011 and after, and power consumption has remained at slightly lower than in FY 2000

since then.

Table 2-2 Final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo, and increases up to FY 2014 Final energy consumption (PJ) Increase rate (%)

FY

2000

FY

2005

FY

2010

FY

2011

FY

2012

FY

2013

FY

2014

Vs.

2000

Vs.

2010

Vs.

2013

Industrial sector 97 79 70 61 60 56 53 - 45% - 24% - 4.6%

Commercial sector 245 274 260 233 237 237 231 -6.0% - 11% -2.6%

Residential sector 202 217 221 212 212 209 208 2.8% - 6.1% -0.6%

Transport sector 257 218 172 168 161 154 154 - 40% - 10% 0.1%

Final consumption

sectors total 801 788 723 674 670 656 646 - 19% - 11% -1.5%

Note 1: The residential sector does not include fuel consumption by family cars, which is included in the transport sector.

Note 2: In the transport sector, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and

airlines includes service in Tokyo.

Table 2-3 Final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo, and increases up to FY 2014

Final energy consumption (PJ) Increase rate (%)

FY

2000

FY

2005

FY

2010

FY

2011

FY

2012

FY

2013

FY

2014

Vs.

2000

Vs.

2010

Vs.

2013

Electricity 296 316 323 290 293 293 285 - 3.7% -12% -2.9%

City gas 187 211 197 188 188 184 181 - 3.0% - 7.8% - 1.7%

LPG 32 26 19 21 17 17 21 - 36% 9.0% 24%

Fuel oil 284 235 183 174 171 161 158 - 44% - 14% -1.4%

Other 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 - 79% 165% 26%

Total 801 788 723 674 670 656 646 - 19% - 11% - 1.5%

Note: Fuel oils: gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil A/B/C, and jet fuel; Other: oil coke, coal coke, natural gas, etc.

Figure 2-2 Final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo (FY 2014)

Electricity 18

Electricity

151Electricity

101

Electricity 15

City gas 17

City gas

75

City gas

89

LPG 0.6

LPG 10

LPG 10Fuel oil 18

Fuel oil 4

Fuel oil 8

Fuel oil

129Other

0.1

Other

0.3

53

231

208

154

0

50

100

150

200

250

Industrial sector Commercial sector Residential sector Transport sector

（PJ）

LPG

0.4


4

2.2.1-1 Final Energy Consumption by Sector in Entire Tokyo

In the composition in FY 2014, the commercial sector took up the largest share (36%), followed by the

residential sector (32%), transport sector (24%), and industrial sector (8%).

As for sectoral trends in the composition since FY 2000, the commercial sector and the residential sector indicate

an increasing trend, while the industrial sector has been showing a decreasing trend. The transport sector has

been decreasing until around FY 2010, and thereafter it is almost the same level.

Figure 2-3 Trends in final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo

Figure 2-4 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo

Transport

sector

32.1%

Transport

sector

27.7%

Transport

sector

23.7%

Transport

sector

23.5%

Transport

sector

23.9%

Residential

sector

25.2%

Residential

sector

27.5%

Residential

sector

30.6%

Residential

sector

31.9%

Residential

sector

32.2%

Commercial

sector

30.6%

Commercial

sector

34.7%

Commercial

sector

35.9%

Commercial

sector

36.1%

Commercial

sector

35.7%

Industrial

sector 12.0%

Industrial

sector 10.1%

Industrial

sector 9.7%

Industrial

sector 8.5%

Industrial

sector 8.3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014

（801PJ）（656PJ）（646PJ）（788PJ）（723PJ）

696 731 740 740 754 762

767 775 788 786 801 786 803 773 777 788 763 761 736 721 723

674 670 656 646

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014

（PJ）

(FY）

Transport sector

（154PJ）

Residential sector

（208PJ）

Commercial sector

（231PJ）

Industrial sector

（53PJ）

Three-year moving average


5

2.2.1-2 Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in Entire Tokyo

In the fuel type composition in FY 2014, electricity took up the largest share (44%), followed by city gas (28%)

and fuel oil (25%).

While the share of electricity temporarily decreased after the Great East Japan Earthquake due to the effect of

power conservation, its share in FY 2013 recovered to the level of the FY 2010. In the meantime, the share of

city gas has been slowly increasing.

Figure 2-5 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo

Figure 2-6 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo

696 731 740 740 754

762 767 775 788 786 801 786 803 773 777 788 763 761

736 721 723

674 670 656 646

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（PJ）

（FY）

Other（0.4PJ）

Fuel oil（158PJ）

ＬＰＧ（21PJ）

City gas（181PJ）

Electricity（285PJ）

Electricity

36.9%

Electricity

40.1%

Electricity

44.7%

Electricity

44.7%Electricity

44.1%

City gas

23.3%

City gas

26.8%

City gas

27.2%

City gas

28.1%City gas

28.1%

Fuel oil

35.5%

Fuel oil

29.8%

Fuel oil

25.4%

Fuel oil

24.5%Fuel oil

24.5%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014

（801PJ）（656PJ）（646PJ）

LPG

3.2%

Other<0.1％

LPG4.1%

LPG

2.6%

Other<0.1％Other0.2％

（788PJ）

Other<0.1％

LPG

3.3%

LPG

2.7%

Other<0.1％

（723PJ）


6

2.2.2 Industrial Sector

▼ The final energy consumption in the industrial sector in FY 2014 stood at 53 PJ, which was 45% reduction from 97

PJ in FY 2000, and 4.6% reduction from 56 PJ in FY 2013.

▼ Final energy consumption in the industrial sector has been decreasing since FY 1990.

2.2.2-1 Final energy consumption by trade in the industrial sector

In the trade composition in FY 2014, manufacturing took up the largest share (71%), followed by construction

(26%), agriculture, forestry and fishery (3%), and mining (< 1%).

Final energy consumption has been continuously decreasing in manufacturing, which accounts for approximately

70% of the industrial sector.

Figure 2-7 Final energy consumption by trade in the industrial sector

Figure 2-8 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by trade in the industrial sector

Manufacturing

80.1% Manufacturing

74.5% Manufacturing

66.8%

Manufacturing

71.3%Manufacturing

70.6%

Construction

17.2% Construction

22.7% Construction

30.2%

Construction

25.8%Construction

26.1%

Mining,

0.4%Mining

0.3%

Mining,

0.3%

Mining

0.4%Mining

0.4%

Agriculture,forestry

and fisheries

2.3%


and fisheries

2.5%


and fisheries,

2.7%


and fisheries,

2.6%


and fisheries,

2.8%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014

（97PJ）（56PJ）（53PJ）（79PJ）（70PJ）

Manufacturing

(38PJ)

Construction(14PJ)

Mining(0.2PJ)

Agriculture, forestry

and fisheries(2PJ)

129 133

126 117

113 109

105 101 102

99 97 87

87 78

78 79 74 75

67 63

70 61 60

56 53

0

50

100

150

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（PJ）

(FY）



7

2.2.2-2 Final Energy Consumption by fuel type in the Industrial Sector

In the fuel type composition in FY 2014, electricity took up the largest share (34%), followed by fuel oil (33%)

and city gas (32%).

Compared to FY 2000, the share of fuel oil has been decreasing, indicating progress in the conversion from fuel

oils to electricity and city gas.

Figure 2-9 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial sector

Figure 2-10 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial sector

129 133

126

117 113

109 105

101 102 99 97

87 87

78 78 79 74 75

67 63

70

61 60 56 53

0

50

100

150

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（PJ）

(FY）

Fuel oil（18PJ）

City gas(17PJ）


LPG（0.4PJ）

Other（0.1PJ）

Electricity

28.6%Electricity

30.3%

Electricity

31.1%

Electricity

34.3%

Electricity

34.0%

City gas

28.7%

City gas

32.9%City gas

30.5%

City gas

32.3%City gas

31.8%

LPG

2.1%

LPG

1.3%LPG

0.7%

LPG

0.7%LPG

0.7%

Fuel oil

38.7%

Fuel oil

35.2%Fuel oil

37.5%

Fuel oil

32.6%Fuel oi

33.3%

Other 1.8% Other 0.4% Other 0.2%Other 0.2% Other 0.2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014

（97PJ）（56PJ）（53PJ）（79PJ）（70PJ）


8

2.2.2-3 Factor Analysis in the Industrial Sector

The Indices of Industrial Production (IIP)* for respective trade affect final energy consumption in manufacturing,

the main trade in the industrial sector.

Since FY 1990, IIP increase rates have been generally declining in manufacturing in Tokyo until about FY 2009,

but there is a tendency of a slight recovery from FY 2010.

In comparison with the nationwide IIP increase rates, the rates in Tokyo became smaller in FY 1994, and the gap

with nationwide rates has become substantial since around FY 1998. The rate in Tokyo has been similar to that of

the nationwide since FY 2008.

* The Indices of Industrial Production (IIP) are a systematic representation of various activities related to production, shipment, and

inventory of domestic business sites that produce mining and industrial products. The IIP used here refers to production indices

weighted by added value, which is calculated for 176 items (487 items for nationwide indices), based on the dynamic statistics of

production, the Census of Manufacturers, etc.

Figure 2-11 IIP increases in manufacturing in Tokyo

Figure 2-12 Comparison of IIP between Tokyo and Japan

Note: IIP figures are weighted by added value.

Source: Tokyo: Prepared from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (hereinafter referred to as "TMG"), "Tokyo Industrial Indices"

Japan: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan "EDMC/Energy Economics

Statistics Summary"

Japan

Tokyo

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

(FY 1990=100)

（FY）

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 （FY）

Steel industry

Chemical industry

Ceramics industry

Paper pulps

Food products and

cigarettesTextile industry

Nonferrous metal

miningMetal machinery

Other industries

Entire manufacturing

(FY 1990=100)


9

2.2.3 Commercial Sector

▼ The final energy consumption in the commercial sector in FY 2014 stood at 231 PJ, which was 6.0% reduction from

245 PJ in FY 2000, and 2.6% reduction from 237PJ in FY 2013.

▼ Final energy consumption in the commercial sector has been increasing since FY 1990, but took a downturn with a

peak at around FY 2007.

2.2.3-1 Final Energy Consumption by Building Application in the Commercial Sector

In the building application composition in FY 2014, office buildings took up the largest share (60%). Other

applications included restaurants (9%), schools (8%), hotels (6%), etc.

Since FY 2000, the share of office buildings has been rising. This indicates the structural characteristics of Tokyo,

where the corporate head office buildings, tenant buildings, etc., are accumulated.

Figure 2-13 Trends in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial sector

Figure 2-14 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial sector

53.9% 53.1%58.2% 59.3% 59.8%

1.5% 1.6%

1.3% 1.1%

Department stores

1.1%

<0.1% <0.1%

<0.1%

Other wholesalers

and retailers

2.7%

<0.1%

3.5% 3.8%

3.0% 2.7%

Other product

retailers

<0.1%

8.7% 9.5%8.7% 8.6% 8.6%

5.4% 6.0%5.5% 5.6% 5.6%

6.9% 7.0%7.0% 7.4% 7.5%6.0% 5.3%4.9% 4.9% 4.8%

14.0% 13.8% 11.4% 10.4% 9.9%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014

Hotels

Restaurants

Schools

Hospitals and medical

facilities

（245PJ）（260PJ）（231PJ）(274PJ）（237PJ）

Other services

（245PJ）（260PJ）（231PJ）(274PJ）（237PJ）

Office buildings

182

191 193 196210 216 218

224234 238

245 246 255 253265

274 267 273 269 255 260233 237 237

231

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（PJ）

（FY）

Other services（23PJ）

Hotels（13PJ）Restaurants（20PJ）Other wholesalers and

retailers（6PJ）

Other product retailers

（0.1PJ）

Department stores（3PJ）

Office buildings（138PJ）

Schools（17PJ）

Hospitals and medical

facilities（11PJ）



10

2.2.3-2 Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Commercial Sector

In the fuel type composition in FY 2014, electricity (66%) and city gas (33%) combined accounted for 98% of

the entire commercial sector.

Since FY 2000, the share of fuel oil has been decreasing, indicating progress in the conversion from fuel oils to

electricity and city gas.

Figure 2-15 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial sector

Figure 2-16 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial sector

182191 193 196

210 216 218224

234 238245 246

255 253265

274267

273 269255 260

233 237 237 231

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（PJ）

(FY）

Kerosene（2PJ）

ＬＰＧ（1PJ）

City gas（75PJ）


Heavy oil A（1PJ）

Electricity

63.5%Electricity

62.9%

Electricity

65.7%Electricity

65.0%

Electricity

65.5%

City gas

30.3%

City gas

33.5%

City gas

32.8%City gas

33.1%

City gas

32.7%

LPG

1.6%

LPG

0.8%

LPG

0.3%

LPG

0.3%

LPG

0.3%

Heavy oil A

3.1%

Heavy oil A

1.5%

Heavy oil A

0.5%Heavy oil A

0.7%Heavy oil A

0.6%

Kerosene

1.5%

Kerosene

1.3%

Kerosene

0.7%Kerosene

0.9%

Kerosene

0.9%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014

（245PJ）（237PJ）（231PJ）（274PJ）（260PJ）


11

2.2.3-3 Factor Analysis in the Commercial Sector

The total floor area by building application is an index that affects final energy consumption in the commercial

sector.

Since FY 1990, the total floor area has been increasing in the commercial sector. While the total floor area in the

commercial sector is generally increasing across Japan, the remarkably high rate of office buildings is

characteristic in Tokyo.

The total floor area of office buildings in Tokyo has been steadily increasing since FY 1990.

Figure 2-17 Trends in total floor area by trade in Tokyo

Figure 2-18 Trends in total floor area by trade in Japan

Note: "Department stores" include large-scale retail stores and supermarkets.

Source: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan "EDMC/Energy Economics

Statistics Summary"

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（1,000㎡）

（FY）

Office buildings

Department stores

Wholesalers

and retailersRestaurants

Hotels

Schools

Hospitals

Other

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（1,000㎡）

（FY）

Office buildings

Department stores

Wholesalers

and retailersRestaurants

Hotels

Schools

Hospitals

Other


12

2.2.4 Residential Sector

▼ The final energy consumption in the residential sector in FY 2014 stood at 208 PJ, which was 2.8% increase from

202 PJ in FY 2000, and 0.6% decrease from 209 PJ in FY 2013.

▼ Final energy consumption in the residential sector has been increasing since FY 1990, but it tends to decline these

years.

2.2.4-1 Final Energy Consumption by Household Type in the Residential Sector

In the household type composition in FY 2014, multiple-person households accounted for 69%, while

single-person households made up 31%.

Since FY 2000, the share of single-person households has been increasing in final energy consumption,

indicating increase in aged single-person households, etc.

Figure 2-19 Trends in final energy consumption by household type in the residential sector

Figure 2-20 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by household type in the residential sector

Single-

person

households

24.0%

Single-

person

households

24.6%

Single-

person

households

29.9%

Single-

person

households

30.8%

Single-

person

households

30.6%

Multiple-

person

households

76.0%

Multiple-

person

households

75.4%

Multiple-

person

households

70.1%

Multiple-

person

households

69.2%

Multiple-

person

households

69.4%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014

（202PJ）（209PJ）（208PJ）（217PJ）（221PJ）

172178 182 188 185

192 189 185 192 195 202 200 207 202 203217

208 211 206 210221

212 212 209 208

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（PJ）

(FY）


Multiple-person

households（144PJ）

Single-person

households（64PJ）


13

2.2.4-2 Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Residential Sector

In the fuel type composition in FY 2014, electricity (48%) and city gas (43%) combined accounted for 91% of

the entire residential sector.

Although the share of electricity had been increasing since FY 2000, it decreased by 3.8 points from FY 2010

level in FY2014 because behavior of power conservation was established after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

In the meantime, the share of city gas extended 2.0 points from FY2010 level and the share of LPG extended 1.9

points from FY2010 in FY2014.

Figure 2-21 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential sector

Figure 2-22 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential sector

Electricity

47.8%

Electricity

47.8%

Electricity

52.2%Electricity

50.3%Electricity

48.4%

City gas

42.1%

City gas

43.1%

City gas

40.8%City gas

42.2%City gas

42.8%

LPG

4.2%

LPG

3.6%

LPG

2.8%ＬＰＧ

4.0%

LPG

4.7%

Kerosene

5.9%Kerosene

5.5%Kerosene

4.2%

Kerosene

3.6%Kerosene

4.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000年度 2005年度 2010年度 2013年度 2014年度

（202PJ）（209PJ）（208PJ）（217PJ）（221PJ）

172178 182 188 185

192 189 185 192 195 202 200 207 202 203

217208 211

206210

221212 212 209 208

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（PJ）

(FY）

Kerosene（8PJ）

ＬＰＧ（10PJ）

City gas（89PJ）



14

2.2.4-3 Factor Analysis in the Residential Sector

The number of households is an index that affects final energy consumption in the residential sector.

Since FY 1990, an increasing trend is more remarkable in single-person households than in multiple-person

households. In addition, the proportion of the number of single-person households in Tokyo is larger than in

Japan.

Figure 2-23 Trends in the number of households in Tokyo

Source: Prepared from Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (hereinafter referred to as "MIC"),

"Census Report" and TMG, "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook"

Figure 2-24 Comparison of the number of households between Tokyo and Japan

Source: Prepared from MIC, "Census Report" and TMG, "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook"

Single-

person

35.3%

Multiple-

person

64.7%

Single-

person

46.9%Multiple-

person

53.1%

Inner circle: FY 1990

Outer circle: FY 2014

Tokyo Japan

Single-person

households

Multiple-person

households

All households

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

（thousand

households)

（FY）

Single-

person 23.1%

Multiple-

person 76.9%

Single-

person 32.3%

Multiple-

person 67.7%






15

36.2 36.8 35.5 35.1

36.8

34.7 34.6 33.4 33.6

34.6

33.0 32.3

31.7

42.9 43.8

42.0 42.0 43.1

41.1 41.2

39.3 38.6

40.4

38.4 37.2

36.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

(GJ/household)

（FY）

44.6 GJ/household

34.3 GJ/household

31.3 GJ/household

37.3 GJ/household

Japan

Tokyo

The home appliance ownership rates are indices related to the shares of power consumption in the residential

sector.

In general, ownership rates of major home appliances have been increasing in Tokyo. Since FY 2000, the

ownership rates of room air conditioners, PCs, toilets with warm water bidet, clothes dryers, etc. have

remarkably increased, as it reflects the growing needs for the comfort and convenience of life.

Figure 2-25 Trends in the ownership rates of home appliances in Tokyo

Note: The values for color TVs indicate the total of 29" or larger and below 29" for up to FY 2003, and the total of

CRT and flat-screen (LCD, plasma, etc.) for FY 2004 and after.

The values may not be continuous for some appliances between FY 2003 and FY 2009, due to the review of

appliances in the source material.

Source: Prepared from MIC "National Consumption Survey" and Cabinet Office "Trends in Household Consumption"

Reference Data 1: Trends in energy consumption per household

Figure 2-26 Comparison of energy consumption per household in Tokyo with Japan

Source: Prepared from TMG, "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook" and MIC, "Population, demographics and

the number of households based on the Basic Resident Register"

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Room air conditioners

Color TVs

Electric refrigerators VTR

Clothes dryers

Microwave ovens

PCsOptical disc

players/recorders

Toilets with bidet

Electric carpets

（per 100 households）

（FY）


16

1,492

1,302

1,2011,159

1,0681,017

990947 963 945

919882 865 858 849

872845 846 844 837

600

700

800

900

1,000

1,100

1,200

1,300

1,400

1,500

1,600

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（kWh/in cooling and

heating season）

（FY）

Power consumption in cooling

and heating season

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（kWh/L）

（YR）

After JIS Revision

Annual power

consumption per

1liter (rated Capacity)

（kWh/L）

Reference Data 2: Progress of energy saving for household electrical appliances

(1) Air Conditioners

Figure 2-27 Progress of energy saving for air conditioners

Note: Simple average of the wall-mounted representative models with heating and cooling combined, cooling

capacity of 2.8kW, and energy-saving function

Source: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan

"EDMC/Energy Economics Statistics Summary"

(2) Electric Refrigerators

Figure 2-28 Progress of energy saving for electric refrigerators

Note: Average of the products from each company, corresponding to rated capacity of 401-450 liters since 2004

Source: Prepared from Energy Data and Modeling Center, the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan

"EDMC/Energy Economics Statistics Summary"


17

2.2.5 Transport Sector

▼ The final energy consumption in the transport sector in FY 2014 stood at 154 PJ, which was 40% reduction from 257

PJ in FY 2000, but almost no increase or decrease compared with that of the FY 2013.

▼ Final energy consumption in the transport sector has been decreasing since FY 2000.

2.2.5-1 Final Energy Consumption by Means of Transportation in the Transport Sector

In the composition in FY 2014 by means of transportation, road transportation took up the largest share (88%).

Other means included railways (10%), navigation (2%), and civil aviation (< 1%).

Road transportation accounts for approximately 90% of the transport sector. In addition to the decreased traffic in

Tokyo, road conditions have been improved, and performance of individual automobiles have been enhanced,

thereby improving the actual mileage, and leading to the continuous decrease in final energy consumption.

Figure 2-29 Trends in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport sector

Figure 2-30 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport sector

Road

transportation

92.3%

Road

transportation

91.2%

Road

transportation

89.3%

Road

transportation

88.4%

Road

transportation

88.4%

Railways 6.2% Railways 7.3% Railways 9.0% Railways 9.8% Railways 9.7%

Navigation

1.3%

Navigation

1.3%Navigation

1.4%

Navigation

1.6%

Navigation 1.6%Civil aviation 0.2% Civil aviation 0.2% Civil aviation 0.2% Civil aviation 0.3% Civil aviation 0.3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014

（257PJ）（154PJ）（154PJ）（218PJ）（172PJ）

Road

transportation

（136PJ）

Railways（15PJ）

Navigation（2PJ）

Civil aviation

（0.4PJ）

213

228239

239 245 244254

264 260 254 257 253 254 240 232

218214

202194 193

172168

161154 154

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

(PJ）

(FY）



18

2.2.5-2 Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type in the Transport Sector

In the fuel type composition in FY 2014, gasoline contained in fuel oil took up the largest share (57%), followed

by light oil (25%) and electricity (10%). Electricity includes the consumption by railroad.

Since FY 2005, the share of gasoline has been decreasing. The share of light oil consumed by diesel cars tended

to expand until FY 2013, but it decreased in FY 2014.

Figure 2-31 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport sector

Figure 2-32 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport sector

Electricity 6.2% Electricity 7.3% Electricity 9.0% Electricity 9.8% Electricity 9.7%

LPG 7.0% LPG 7.0% LPG 6.9% LPG 4.9% LPG 6.6%

Gasoline

57.6%

Gasoline

63.2%

Gasoline

61.2% Gasoline

57.0%

Gasoline

57.0%

Light oil

27.8%

Light oil

21.2%

Light oil

21.3% Light oil

26.5%

Light oil

24.8%

Jet fuel

0.2%

Jet fuel

0.2%

Jet fuel

0.2%

Jet fuel

0.3%

Jet fuel

0.3%

Other 1.2% Other 1.2% Other 1.3% Other 1.6% Other 1.6%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014（154PJ）（257PJ）（218PJ）（154PJ）（172PJ）

213

228239 239

245 244254

264 260254 257 253 254

240232

218 214202

194 193

172 168161

154 154

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

(PJ)

(FY)

Gasoline（88PJ）

Light oil（38PJ）


Jet fuel（0.4PJ）

Other（2PJ）

LPG（10PJ）


19

2.2.5-3 Factor Analysis in the Transport Sector

The number of registered vehicles and the traffic are indices that affect final energy consumption by road

transportation, the main means of transportation in the transport sector.

For the numbers of registered vehicle in Tokyo, those of passenger cars and light cars have been increasing,

while those of compact passenger cars and freight vehicles have been decreasing. The overall number remains

mostly at the same level, with a slight decrease.

The traffic of passenger vehicles in Tokyo had been increasing until FY 2000, and then took a downturn. In the

meantime, freight vehicles have been slowing decreasing since FY 1990.

Figure 2-33 Trends in the number of registered vehicles in Tokyo

Note: "Light cars" include light passenger cars and light freight cars.

Sources: TMG "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook"

Registered Vehicles Based on Materials of the Road Transport Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and

Tourism (hereinafter referred to as "MLIT"), March 2015 (Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association)

Figure 2-34 Trends in the traveling kilometers of vehicles in Tokyo

Note: Passenger vehicles: light passenger cars, compact passenger cars, passenger cars, and buses

Freight vehicles: light freight cars, compact freight cars, freight/passenger cars, freight cars, and special freight cars

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（M car kilometers）

Passenger vehicles

Freight vehicles

（FY）

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（1,000 cars）

（FY）

Freight cars Compact freight cars Passenger cars Compact passenger cars Light cars

Freight

vehicles

Passenger

vehicles

Light cars


20

3 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions

3.1 Concepts for Calculation

3.1.1 Basic Matters

This chapter clarifies the status of GHG emissions in Tokyo.

The scope of GHGs includes carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), dinitrogen oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons

(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). These seven types of

gas are defined in the Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures.

The GHGs other than CO2 (CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3) are referred to as "Other GHGs".

In this survey, the values are calculated based on the Ministry of the Environment, "Manual for Formulating

Action Plans (Regional Measures) for Municipal Governments against Global Warming". This manual describes

calculation methods for GHG emissions in each prefecture. Calculation methods used here reflect the actual

status in Tokyo more accurately, incorporating information and findings that have been uniquely collected by

TMG.

For the calculation methods for GHG emissions in this survey, an overview is indicated in Reference Material 1

(pages 37 to 39).

Table 3-1 GHGs and main source(s) of emission

GHG Global warming

potential Main source(s) of emission

CO2 Carbon dioxide 1 Combustion of fuel, incineration of waste, industrial process, etc.

CH4 Methane 25 Agriculture, waste, industrial process, combustion of fuel, leak from fuel, etc.

N2O Dinitrogen oxide 298 Agriculture, waste, industrial process, combustion of fuel, leak from fuel, etc.

HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons 124 to 14,800 Coolant, foaming agent, heat insulation material, aerosol and MDI, etc.

PFCs Perfluorocarbons 7,390 to 12,200 Solvents, manufacturing of semiconductors and LCDs, etc.

SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride 22,800 Electrical equipment using insulating gas, manufacturing of

semiconductors and LCDs, etc.

NF3 Nitrogen trifluoride 17,200 Leak from manufacturing of NF3, manufacturing of semiconductors and

LCDs, etc.

Note: The "Global Warming Potential (GWP)" is a factor of the extent of greenhouse effect of a GHG, indicated in proportion to the extent

of greenhouse effect of CO2. The values indicated here are based on the Fourth Assessment Report (2007) by the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

3.1.2 Categorization of GHGs

GHGs are categorized into CO2 and other GHGs. CO2 is further categorized into energy-derived CO2 emissions

and non-energy-derived CO2 emissions.

"Energy-derived CO2 emissions" refers to CO2 that are generated through final energy consumption of electricity,

etc. In this survey, non-energy-derived CO2 emissions include CO2 derived from incineration of waste.

Table 3-2 Categorization of carbon dioxides

Categorization Targeted sector

Energy-derived CO2 emissions

Final demand sectors * The amount of emission from the final energy consumption of respectively for the industrial,

commercial, residential, and transport sectors

Non-energy-derived CO2 emissions Waste sector * The amount of emission from the incineration of waste is calculated.


21

3.1.3 CO2 Emission Factor for Electricity

The CO2 emission factor for electricity changes every year, based on the power supply mix on the supply side.

In this survey, "variable cases" are calculated applying yearly emission factors for the purpose of incorporating

the influence of variation in power supply mix. At the same time, "fixed cases" are also calculated, fixating

emission factors in FY 2001 and later to the emission factor in FY 2000 for the purpose of excluding the

influence of variation in power supply mix.

For the calculation of variable cases, the yearly emission factor is used for General Electricity Utility, and the

yearly average emission factor is used for Power Producer and Suppliers (PPS). For the calculation of fixed cases,

the emission factor for General Electricity Utility and the average emission factor for PPS in FY 2001 and later

are fixated to the relevant factors in FY 2000 (General Electricity Utility: 0.328 kg-CO2/kWh, and PPS: 0.493

kg-CO2/kWh).

Table 3-3 CO2 emission factors for electricity used in this survey (Unit: kg-CO2/kWh)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 General Electricity Utility 0.380 0.385 0.390 0.367 0.378 0.358 0.336 0.335 0.315 0.326 0.328 0.317 0.381 PPS (average) 0.493 0.454 0.442 All power supplies in

Tokyo (average) 0.380 0.385 0.390 0.367 0.378 0.358 0.336 0.335 0.315 0.326 0.328 0.318 0.381

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

General Electricity Utility 0.461 0.381 0.368 0.339 0.425 0.418 0.384 0.375 0.464 0.525 0.531 0.505

PPS (average) 0.432 0.448 0.460 0.447 0.480 0.446 0.464 0.420 0.412 0.429 0.425 0.433

All power supplies in

Tokyo (average) 0.460 0.383 0.372 0.345 0.428 0.420 0.388 0.378 0.461 0.519 0.523 0.499

Note: "Average" refers to the weighted average calculated in this survey is used, based on emission factors and sold electricity of electricity

utilities that supply power in Tokyo.

Table 3-4 Categorized calculation methods based on CO2 emission factors for electricity

Classification Energy type Application of CO2 emission factors

Energy-derived CO2

emissions Electricity

Variable cases Yearly emission factors are applied

Fixed cases Emission factors in FY 2001 and later are fixated to the emission

factor in FY 2000

3.1.4 Scope of Calculation

Most agricultural, forestry and fishery products, industrial products, etc., that are supplied in Tokyo are produced

outside Tokyo, and therefore CO2 emissions from such activities occur outside Tokyo. Such CO2 emissions are

excluded from this survey.

CO2 emissions through power consumption are calculated using emission factors at sale, and include emissions

during power generation outside Tokyo (these emissions are allocated to the final demand sectors in accordance

with the amount of power consumption).

Figure 3-1 Image of GHG emissions in Tokyo


22

3.2 Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions

3.2.1 Entire Tokyo

▼ The total GHG emissions in FY 2014 stood at 67.2 million tons of CO2 equivalent. This is 8.2% increase from 62.1

million tons in FY 2000, and 4.1% reduction from 70.1 million tons in FY 2013.

Table 3-5 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Variable cases] (Unit: 10,000 t-CO2 eq)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

CO2 5,444 5,734 5,855 5,675 5,913 5,820 5,689 5,751 5,679 5,771 5,889 5,670 6,321 6,768 6,188 6,167 5,755 6,511 6,285 5,894 5,874 6,108 6,577 6,548 6,212

CH4 221 227 230 231 231 228 218 201 181 159 139 121 105 91 79 72 67 63 62 60 59 58 57 57 57

N2O 83 89 90 81 86 90 95 96 96 100 98 94 94 92 87 88 80 72 70 65 58 57 56 53 54

HFCs 32 47 60 68 68 75 81 89 100 109 119 137 167 198 224 253 280 316 347 392

PFCs 32 33 40 35 9 5 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SF6 11 13 14 11 5 4 6 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2

NF3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 5,748 6,049 6,174 5,988 6,230 6,214 6,096 6,163 6,070 6,112 6,209 5,975 6,616 7,056 6,465 6,448 6,042 6,816 6,618 6,245 6,246 6,506 7,009 7,007 6,716

Note: CO2 emissions are calculated in the variable cases, where yearly CO2 emission factors for electricity are applied.

Figure 3-2 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Variable cases]

Table 3-6 (Reference) Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Fixed cases] (Unit: 10,000 t-CO2 eq)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

CO2 5,444 5,734 5,855 5,675 5,913 5,820 5,689 5,751 5,679 5,771 5,889 5,760 5,884 5,712 5,760 5,847 5,686 5,693 5,557 5,448 5,513 5,110 5,102 5,060 4,975

CH4 221 227 230 231 231 228 218 201 181 159 139 121 105 91 79 72 67 63 62 60 59 58 57 57 57

N2O 83 89 90 81 86 90 95 96 96 100 98 94 94 92 87 88 80 72 70 65 58 57 56 53 54

HFCs 32 47 60 68 68 75 81 89 100 109 119 137 167 198 224 253 280 316 347 392

PFCs 32 33 40 35 9 5 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SF6 11 13 14 11 5 4 6 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2

NF3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 5,748 6,049 6,174 5,988 6,230 6,214 6,096 6,163 6,070 6,112 6,209 6,066 6,178 6,000 6,037 6,128 5,973 5,998 5,889 5,799 5,885 5,508 5,534 5,519 5,479

Note: CO2 emissions are calculated in the fixed cases, where CO2 emission factors for electricity for FY 2001 and after are fixed to the emission factor

in FY 2000.

5,748

6,0496,174

5,9886,230 6,214

6,096 6,163 6,070 6,112 6,2095,975

6,616

7,056

6,465 6,448

6,042

6,8166,618

6,245 6,2466,506

7,009 7,007

6,716

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY）

HFCｓ and three

other types

N2O

CH4

CO2

（10,000 t-CO2eq）


23

In the total GHG emissions, CO2 emissions account for 92.5% in FY 2014, which was 2.3-point reduction from

FY 2000, and 1.5-point reduction from FY 2010.

In comparison with the national shares by GHG in FY 2014, the share of 4 gases in Tokyo is larger than that in

Japan (Japan 3.1%, Tokyo 5.9%).

Tokyo Japan

Figure 3-3 Composition ratios by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan [Variable cases]

Source: Preliminary figures for Japan's GHG Emissions Data (FY 1990 - 2015), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan

Tokyo Japan

Figure 3-4 Increase rates by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan [Variable cases]

Note: The values in brackets respectively indicate increase in FY 2010 from FY 2000, and increase in FY 2014 from FY 2010.


CO2

94.8%CO2

94.0%CO2

92.5%

2.2%0.9%

1.6%

0.9%

1.3% 4.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2010 FY 2014

HFCs and three

other types 5.9%

N2O

0.8%

CH4

0.8%

67.16(Mt-CO2eq）62.46(Mt-CO2eq）62.09(Mt-CO2eq）

CO2

92.2%

CO2

93.2%

CO2

93.0%

2.7% 2.7%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2010 FY 2014

HFCs and three

other types 3.1%2.4%

1.7%

3.0%

2.1%N2O

1.5%

CH4

2.3%

1.30(Billion t-CO2eq） 1.36(Billion t-CO2eq）1.38(Billion t-CO2eq）

（+5.8%）-0.3%

CH４

（-4.1%）CH４

（-57.5%）

N2O

(-7.2%)N2O

(-40.9%)

HFCs and

three

other types

（+54.2%）

HFCs and

three

other types

(+206.0%)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

FY 2000 FY 2010 FY 2014

CO2

6,209

6,716

6,246

CO2

CO2

（10,000t-CO2eq）

（-4.8%）（+4.4%）

CH４

（-7.4%）CH４

（-8.0％）

N2O

(-23.1%)N2O

（-5.4％）

HFCs and

three

other types

(-25.3%)

HFCs and

three

other types

（+34.1％)

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

FY 2000 FY 2010 FY 2014

13.8

13.0

13.6

CO2 CO2

CO2

（100Mt-CO2eq）


24

3.3 CO2 Emissions (Variable Cases)

Variable cases: yearly CO2 emission factors for electricity are applied, for the purpose of incorporating the influence

of variation in power supply mix

3.3.1 Entire Tokyo

▼ The total CO2 emissions in FY 2014 stood at 62.1 million tons. This is 5.5% increase from 58.9 million tons in FY

2000, and 5.1% reduction from 65.5 million tons in the previous fiscal year.

▼ The CO2 emissions from electricity in FY 2014 increased by 16% from FY 2010, due to the deteriorated emission

factor after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Table 3-7 Total CO2 emissions by sector and increases up to FY 2014 in Tokyo [Variable cases] CO2 emissions (10,000 t-CO2) Increase rate (%)

FY

2000

FY

2005

FY

2010

FY

2011

FY

2012

FY

2013

FY

2014

Vs.

2000

vs.

2010

vs.

2013

Industrial sector 680 579 520 497 521 496 460 -32% - 11% -7.2%

Commercial sector 1,891 2,319 2,243 2,322 2,606 2,626 2,472 31% 10% -5.9%

Residential sector 1,434 1,652 1,748 1,912 2,091 2,084 1,965 37% 12% - 5.7%

Transport sector 1,765 1,518 1,206 1,219 1,198 1,170 1,157 - 34% - 4.1% -1.1%

Energy-derived CO2

emissions 5,769 6,067 5,718 5,951 6,417 6,377 6,055 5.0% 5.9% - 5.0%

Non-energy-derived CO2

emissions 120 100 156 157 161 171 157 30% 0.3% -8.5%

Total CO2 emissions 5,889 6,167 5,874 6,108 6,577 6,548 6,212 5.5% 5.8% - 5.1%

Note 1: The residential sector does not include emissions by family cars, which is included in the transport sector.

Note 2: In the transport sector, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines includes

service in Tokyo.

Table 3-8 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to FY 2014 in Tokyo [Variable cases]

CO2 emissions (10,000 t-CO2) Increase rate (%)

FY

2000

FY

2005

FY

2010

FY

2011

FY

2012

FY

2013

FY

2014

Vs.

2000

vs.

2010

vs.

2013

Electricity 2,698 3,268 3,392 3,719 4,230 4,261 3,946 46% 16% -7.4%

City gas 926 1,047 967 923 924 906 891 -3.8% -7.8% -1.7%

LPG 196 158 116 124 103 102 125 -36% 8.4% 24%

Fuel oil 1,930 1,592 1,241 1,180 1,156 1,106 1,091 -43% -12% -1.4%

Other 19 3 1 6 3 2 3 -87% 70% 20%

Energy-derived CO2

emissions 5,769 6,067 5,718 5,951 6,417 6,377 6,055 5.0% 5.9% - 5.0%


Figure 3-5 CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo (FY 2014) [Variable cases]

Electricity

250

Electricity

2,074Electricity

1,412 Electricity

210

City gas

84

City gas

370

City gas

437

LPG 2

LPG 4

LPG 58

LPG 61Fuel oil 124

Fuel oil 25

Fuel oil 58

Fuel oil

885

Other 1Other 1

Waste

460

2,472

1,965

1,157

157

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Industrial sector Commercial sector Residential sector Transport sector Other

（10,000t-CO２)


25

3.3.1-1 CO2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Sector, Total CO2 Emissions)

Combining energy-derived CO2 emissions (industrial, commercial, residential, and transport sectors) with

non-energy-derived CO2 emissions (others), trends and composition ratios by sector in total CO2 emissions are as

follows:

Figure 3-6 Trends in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Variable cases]

Figure 3-7 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Variable cases]

Note 1: "Other" indicates CO2 emissions from the incineration of waste.

Note 2: Tokyo does not count the "energy conversion sector" because Tokyo allocates CO2 emissions from the energy conversion sector to

the final demand sectors in accordance with the amount of power consumption.

Note 3: Tokyo does not count the "industrial process" due to the minimal CO2 emissions from the industrial process and its difficulty of

statistical grasp.

Other 2.0% Other 1.6% Other 2.7% Other 2.6% Other 2.5%

Transpor

sector

30.0%

Transpor

sector

24.6%

Transpor

sector

20.5%

Transpor

sector

17.9%

Transpor

sector

18.6%

Residential

sector

24.3%

Residential

sector

26.8%

Residential

sector

29.8%

Residential

sector

31.8%

Residential

sector

31.6%

Commercial

sector

32.1%

Commercial

sector

37.6%

Commercial

sector

38.2%

Commercial

sector

40.1%

Commercial

sector

39.8%

Industrial

sector 11.5%

Industrial

sector 9.4%

Industrial

sector 8.8%

Industrial

sector 7.6%

Industrial

sector 7.4%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014（58.89Mt-CO2）（65.48Mt-CO2）（62.12Mt-CO2）（61.67Mt-CO2）（58.74Mt-CO2）

Other

(1.57Mt-CO2)

Transport sector

(11.57Mt-CO2)

Residential sector

(19.65Mt-CO2)

Commercial sector

(24.72Mt-CO2)

Industrial sector

(4.60Mt-CO2)5,444

5,734 5,855 5,675

5,913 5,820 5,689

5,751

5,679

5,771 5,889

5,670

6,321

6,768

6,188 6,167 5,755

6,511 6,285

5,894 5,874 6,108

6,577 6,548 6,212

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY）

（10,000t-CO2）


26

In comparison with the national CO2 emission structure by sector in FY 2014, Tokyo has a smaller share of the

industrial sector (7.4% vs. 33% nationwide), and larger shares of the commercial sector (40% vs. 21%

nationwide) and the residential sector (32% vs. 15% nationwide).

Figure 3-8 Trends in CO2 emissions in Japan


Figure 3-9 Composition ratios in CO2 emissions in Japan


Other

0.1%

Other

0.1%

Other

0.1%

Other

<0.1%

Other

<0.1%

2.6% 2.4% 2.3% 2.2%

Waste

2.3%4.5% 4.1% 3.7% 3.5%

Industrial

process3.6%

Transport

sector

20.0%

Transport

sector

18.4%

Transport

sector

18.3%

Transport

sector

17.1%

Transport

sector

17.4%

Residential

sector

12.7%

Residential

sector

13.8%

Residential

sector

14.3%

Residential

sector

15.4%

Residential

sector

15.1%

Commercial

sector

16.5%

Commercial

sector

18.3%

Commercial

sector

18.0%

Commercial

sector

21.2%

Commercial

sector

20.9%

Industrial

sector

36.6%

Industrial

sector

35.0%

Industrial

sector

34.1%

Industrial

sector

32.9%

Industrial

sector

33.3%

7.0% 7.9% 9.1% 7.5%

Energy conversion sector 7.4%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014

（1.27Billion t-CO2）（1.31Billion t-CO2）（1.31Billion t-CO2）（1.27Billion t-CO2）（1.21Billion t-CO2）

Waste(29Mt-CO2)

Industrial process(46Mt-CO2)

Transport sector(220Mt-CO2)

Residential sector

(191Mt-CO2)

Commercial sector

(264Mt-CO2)

Industrial sector

(421Mt-CO2)

Energy conversion

sector（93Mt-CO2）1,156 1,164 1,175 1,168

1,229 1,242 1,255 1,253 1,218

1,253 1,274 1,257 1,294 1,299 1,298 1,306 1,285

1,320

1,236

1,163 1,213

1,262 1,296 1,312

1,266

Other（1Mt-CO2）0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（Mt-CO2）

（FY）


27

3.3.1-2 CO2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Fuel Type, Energy-derived CO2 Emissions)

Trends and composition ratios by fuel type in energy-derived CO2 emissions are as follows:

Figure 3-10 Trends in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases]

Figure 3-11 Composition ratios in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases]


Electricity

46.8%

Electricity

53.9%

Electricity

59.3%

Electricity

66.8%Electricity

65.2%

City gas

16.1%

City gas

17.3%

City gas

16.9%

City gas

14.2%City gas

14.7%

LPG

3.4%

LPG

2.6%

LPG

2.0%

LPG

1.6%

LPG

2.1%

Fuel oil

33.5%

Fuel oil

26.2%

Fuel oil

21.7%

Fuel oil

17.3%Fuel oil

18.0%

Other 0.3% Other <0.1% Other <0.1% Other <0.1% Other <0.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014

（57.69Mt-CO2）（60.67Mt-CO2）（63.77Mt-CO2）（60.55Mt-CO2）（57.18Mt-CO2）

Electricity(39.46Mt-CO2)

City gas(8.91Mt-CO2)

LPG(1.25Mt-CO2)

Fuel oil(10.91Mｔ-CO2)

Other(0.03Mｔ-CO2）

5,3415,625 5,718

5,542

5,7795,685

5,553 5,623 5,565 5,644

5,769

5,569

6,219

6,646

6,093 6,067

5,656

6,4016,158

5,752 5,7185,951

6,417 6,3776,055

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY）

（10,000t-CO2）


28

3.4 CO2 Emissions (Fixed Cases)

Fixed cases: CO2 emission factors for electricity in FY 2001 and later are fixated to the emission factor in FY 2000,

for the purpose of excluding the influence of variation in power supply mix

3.4.1 Entire Tokyo

▼ The total CO2 emissions in FY 2014 stood at 49.8 million tons. This is 16% reduction from 58.9 million tons in FY

2000, and 1.7% reduction from 50.6 million tons in the previous fiscal year.

▼ The CO2 emissions from electricity in FY 2014 decreased by 11% from FY 2010, due to the exclusion of influence

of the deteriorated emission factor after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Table 3-9 Total CO2 emissions by sector and increases up to FY 2014 in Tokyo [Fixed cases] CO2 emissions (10,000 t-CO2) Increase rate (%) FY

2000

FY

2005

FY

2010

FY

2011

FY

2012

FY

2013

FY

2014

Vs.

2000

vs.

2010

vs.

2013

Industrial sector 680 553 495 430 426 402 385 - 43% - 22% - 4.2%

Commercial sector 1,891 2,158 2,078 1,849 1,888 1,910 1,880 -0.6% - 9.6% -1.6%

Residential sector 1,434 1,536 1,597 1,510 1,512 1,492 1,471 2.6% - 7.9% - 1.4%

Transport sector 1,765 1,501 1,186 1,163 1,115 1,085 1,084 - 39% - 8.7% - 0.2%

Energy-derived

CO2 emissions 5,769 5,748 5,357 4,952 4,941 4,889 4,819 - 16% -10% - 1.4%

Non-energy-derived

CO2 emissions 120 100 156 157 161 171 157 30% 0.3% -8.5%

Total CO2 emissions 5,889 5,847 5,513 5,110 5,102 5,060 4,975 - 16% - 9.8% - 1.7%

Note 1: The residential sector does not include emissions by family cars, which is included in the transport sector.

Note 2: In the transport sector, the scope of calculation for automobiles includes traffic in Tokyo, while that for railway, vessels, and airlines

includes service in Tokyo.

Table 3-10 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to FY 2014 in Tokyo [Fixed cases]

CO2 emissions (10,000 t-CO2) Increase rate (%)

FY

2000

FY

2005

FY

2010

FY

2011

FY

2012

FY

2013

FY

2014

Vs.

2000

vs.

2010

vs.

2013

Electricity 2,698 2,948 3,031 2,720 2,755 2,773 2,709 0.4% - 11% -2.3%

City gas 926 1,047 967 923 924 906 891 - 3.8% - 7.8% - 1.7%

LPG 196 158 116 124 103 102 125 - 36% 8.4% 24%

Fuel oil 1,930 1,592 1,241 1,180 1,156 1,106 1,091 - 43% - 12% - 1.4%

Other 19 3 1 6 3 2 3 - 87% 70% 20%

Energy-derived

CO2 emissions 5,769 5,748 5,357 4,952 4,941 4,889 4,819 - 16% -10% - 1.4%


Figure 3-12 CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo (FY 2014) [Fixed cases]

Electricity 175

Electricity

1,481Electricity

917Electricity

137City gas

83

City gas

370

City gas

437

LPG 2

LPG 4

LPG 58

LPG 61Fuel oil

124

Fuel oil 25

Fuel oil 58

Fuel oil

885

Other 1

Other 1

Waste

385

1,880

1,471

1,084

157

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Industrial sector Commercial sector Residential sector Transport sector Other

（10,000t-CO２)


29

3.4.1-1 CO2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Sector, Total CO2 Emissions)

Combining energy-derived CO2 emissions (industrial, commercial, residential, and transport sectors) with

non-energy-derived CO2 emissions (others), trends and composition ratios by sector in total CO2 emissions are as

follows:

Figure 3-13 Trends in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Fixed cases]

Figure 3-14 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Fixed cases]

Note 1: "Other" indicates CO2 emissions from the incineration of waste.

Note 2: Tokyo does not count the "energy conversion sector" because Tokyo allocates CO2 emissions from the energy conversion sector to

the final demand sectors in accordance with the amount of power consumption.

Note 3: Tokyo does not count the "industrial process" due to the minimal CO2 emissions from the industrial process and its difficulty of

statistical grasp.

Other

2.0%Other

1.7%

Other

2.8%

Other

3.4%Other

3.1%

Transport

sector

30.0%

Transport

sector

25.7%

Transport

sector

21.5%

Transport

sector

21.4%

Transport

sector

21.8%

Residential

sector

24.3%

Residential

sector

26.3%

Residential

sector

29.0%

Residential

sector

29.5%

Residential

sector

29.6%

Commercial

sector

32.1%

Commercial

sector

36.9%

Commercial

sector

37.7%

Commercial

sector

37.8%

Commercial

sector

37.8%

Industrial

sector 11.5%

Industrial

sector 9.4%

Industrial

sector 9.0%

Industrial

sector 7.9%

Industrial

sector 7.7%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014


Other(1.57Mt-CO2)

Transport sector

(10.84Mt-CO2)

Residential sector

(14.71Mt-CO2)

Commercial sector

(18.80Mt-CO2)

Industrial

sector(3.85Mt-CO2)

5,444

5,734 5,855

5,675

5,913 5,820 5,689

5,751 5,679 5,771 5,889 5,760 5,884

5,712 5,760 5,847 5,686 5,693

5,557 5,448

5,513

5,110 5,102 5,060 4,975

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY）

（10,000t-CO2）* CO2 emission factor for electricity is

fixated to the value in FY 2000 for calculation.


30

3.4.1-2 CO2 Emissions in Entire Tokyo (by Fuel Type, Energy-derived CO2 Emissions)

Trends and composition ratios by fuel type in energy-derived CO2 emissions are as follows:

Figure 3-15 Trends in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Fixed cases]

Figure 3-16 Composition ratios in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Fixed cases]


Electricity

46.8%

Electricity

51.3%

Electricity

56.6%

Electricity

56.7%Electricity

56.2%

City gas

16.1%

City gas

18.2%

City gas

18.0%

City gas

18.5%City gas

18.5%LPG

3.4%

LPG

2.7%

LPG

2.2%

LPG

2.1%

LPG

2.6%

Fuel oil

33.5%

Fuel oil

27.7%

Fuel oil

23.2%

Fuel oil

22.6%

Fuel oil

22.6%

Other 0.3% Other <0.1% Other <0.1% Other <0.1% Other <0.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2014


Electricity

(27.09Mt-CO2)

City gas(8.91Mt-CO2)

LPG(1.25Mt-CO2)

Fuel oil(10.91Mt-CO2)

Other(0.03Mt-CO2)

5,3415,625

5,718

5,542

5,7795,685 5,553 5,623 5,565 5,644

5,769

5,660

5,782

5,590 5,6665,748

5,587 5,5835,429

5,306 5,357

4,952 4,941 4,889 4,819

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY）

（10,000t-CO2） * CO2 emission factor for electricity is



31

3.4.2 [Reference] Trends in Each Sector

3.4.2-1 Industrial Sector

Trends in CO2 emissions (fixed cases) in the industrial sector are as follows:

Figure 3-17 Trends in CO2 emissions in the industrial sector [Fixed cases]

3.4.2-2 Commercial Sector

Trends in CO2 emissions (fixed cases) in the commercial sector are as follows:

Figure 3-18 Trends in CO2 emissions in the commercial sector [Fixed cases]

985 1,013

957

862 847 794

744 719 705 695 680

605 605

550 549 553

515 525 468

442

495

430 426 402 385

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY）

Other（0.01Mt-CO2）

Fuel oil（1.24Mt-CO2）

ＬＰＧ（0.02Mt-CO2）

City gas（0.83Mt-CO2）

Electricity（1.75Mt-CO2）

（10,000t-CO2）

1,5701,660 1,698

1,640

1,8061,7781,711 1,763 1,755

1,8241,8911,900 1,969 1,968

2,0802,158 2,127 2,163 2,150

2,030 2,078

1,849

1,888 1,910 1,880

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (FY）

Kerosene（0.14Mt-CO2）

Heavy oil A（0.11Mt-CO2)

ＬＰＧ（0.04Mt-CO2）

City gas（3.70Mt-CO2）

Electricity（14.81Mt-CO2）

（10,000t-CO2）

* CO2 emission factor for electricity is





32

3.4.2-3 Residential Sector

Trends in CO2 emissions (fixed cases) in the residential sector are as follows:

Figure 3-19 Trends in CO2 emissions in the residential sector [Fixed cases]

3.4.2-4 Transport Sector

Trends in CO2 emissions (fixed cases) in the transport sector are as follows:

Figure 3-20 Trends in CO2 emissions in the transport sector [Fixed cases]

1,485

1,5931,664 1,661

1,705 1,691

1,748 1,812 1,779 1,742 1,7651,736 1,745

1,6471,589

1,501 1,4721,393 1,339 1,329

1,186 1,1631,115 1,085 1,084

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（10,000t-CO2）

（FY）

Electricity

(1.37Mt-CO2)

LPG(0.61M-CO2)

Light oil(2.63M-CO2)

Gasoline(6.02Mt-CO2)

Jet fuel(0.03Mt-CO2)

Other(0.17Mt-CO2)

1,3011,359 1,4001,3791,421 1,422

1,350 1,3291,326

1,3831,434 1,418

1,4631,425

1,447

1,536

1,473 1,502 1,471 1,505

1,597

1,5101,512 1,492 1,471

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

（10,000t-CO2）

(FY）

Kerosene（0.58Mt-CO2）ＬＰＧ（0.58Mt-CO2）

City gas（4.37M-CO2）

Electricity(9.17Mt-CO2）






33

3.5 Other GHG Emissions

3.5.1 Overview

3.5.1-1 Trends in Other GHG Emissions

(Tokyo)

Other GHG emissions in FY 2014 stood at 5.0 million t-CO2eq, which was 57% increase from 3.2 million

t-CO2eq in FY 2000, and 35% increase from 3.7 million t-CO2eq in FY 2010.

HFCs increased by 60% from FY 2000 to FY 2005, 112% from FY 2005 to FY 2010, and 55% from FY 2010 to

FY 2014. This is because the substitution of HCFCs, which are regulated under the Montreal Protocol, by HFCs

has proceeded, and consequently emissions from the coolant use of HFCs have increased.

CH4 and NO2 have shown a downward trend since FY 2000.

(Japan)

Other GHG emissions in Japan in FY 2014 stood at 95.1 million t-CO2eq, which was 12% reduction from 108

million t-CO2eq in FY 2000, and 7.6% increase from 88.4 million t-CO2eq in FY 2010.

HFCs have declined by 44% from FY 2000 to FY 2005 due to a decrease in emissions of HFC-23, which is a

by-product in manufacturing specific freon HCFC-22. Since then, due to an increase in the use of CFC substitute

HFCs as a refrigerant application, it has increased by 82% from FY 2005 to FY 2010 and by 54% from FY 2010

to FY 2014.

CH4, NO2, PFCs and SF6 have shown a downward trend since FY 2000. On the other hand, NF3 has shown a

upward trend from FY 2000 to FY 2010, but in recent years there is a sign that starts to decrease.

Tokyo Japan

Figure 3-21 Increase rates by GHG (other GHGs) in Tokyo and in Japan

Note: The values in brackets respectively indicate increase in FY 2005 from FY 2000, increase in FY 2010 from FY 2005, and increase in

FY 2014 from FY 2010.

Source: Preliminary figures for Japan's GHG Emissions Data (FY 1990 – 2015), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan

ＣＨ4

(-6.4%)ＣＨ4

(-1.1%)ＣＨ₄

(-8.0%)

Ｎ2Ｏ

(-15.5%) Ｎ2Ｏ

(-9.0%) Ｎ₂Ｏ

(-5.4%)

ＨＦＣｓ

(-44.1%) ＨＦＣｓ

(+82.3%)

ＨＦＣｓ

(+53.6%)

ＰＦＣｓ

(-27.4%)ＰＦＣｓ

(-50.7%)

ＰＦＣｓ

(-20.9％)

ＳＦ6

(-28.1%)ＳＦ6

(-52.0%)

ＳＦ6

(-14.8%）

NＦ3

(+571.9%)NＦ3

(+9.6%)

NＦ₃

(-39.3%)

108

87.3 88.4

95.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2014

（Mt-CO2eq）

ＣＨ4

(-48.3%) ＣＨ4

(-17.8%)ＣＨ4

(-4.1%)

Ｎ2Ｏ

(-9.6%)Ｎ2Ｏ

(-34.6%) Ｎ2Ｏ

(-7.2%)

ＨＦＣｓ

(+59.9%)

ＨＦＣｓ

(+112.4%)

ＨＦＣｓ

(+54.6%)

ＰＦＣｓ

(-98.6%)

ＰＦＣｓ

(-62.6%)

ＰＦＣｓ

(-64.9%)

ＳＦ6

(-49.3%)

ＳＦ6

(+16.9%)

ＳＦ6

(±0.0%)

320

281

372

504

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

FY 2000 FY 2005 FY 2010 FY 2014

（10,000t-CO2eq）

NF₃

(-100.0%)


34

3.5.1-2 Composition Ratios in Other GHG Emissions

In Tokyo, HFCs accounted for 78% of other GHG emissions in FY 2014, followed by CH4 (11%), N2O (11%),

SF6 (0.4%), and PFCs (< 1%).

In Japan, HFCs accounted for 38% of other GHG emissions in FY 2014, followed by CH4 (34%), N2O (22%),

PFCs (3.5%), SF6 (2.2%), and NF3 (0.9%).

Compared to the nationwide composition ratios of other GHG emissions in FY 2014, Tokyo sees a larger share of

HFCs, and accordingly smaller shares of the other gases.

Tokyo Japan

Figure 3-22 Composition ratios of other GHG emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2014)


3.5.1-3 Shares of Other GHG Emissions in Japan

Other GHG emissions in FY 2014 in Tokyo account for approximately 5.3% in Japan.

By the type of gas, Tokyo takes up the largest share in Japan with HFCs (11%), followed by N2O (2.5%) and

CH4 (1.8%). Tokyo's shares are minimal for PFCs, SF6, and NF3.

Table 3-11 Comparison of other GHG emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2014) (Unit: 10,000 t-CO2 eq)

Tokyo Japan vs. Japan

CH4 57 3,194 1.8%

N2O 54 2,110 2.5%

HFCs 392 3,578 10.9%

PFCs 0 336 0.0%

SF6 2 207 1.0%

NF3 0 83 0.0%

Total 504 9,508 5.3%

Source: Preliminary figures for Japan's GHG Emissions Data (FY

1990 - 2015), Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan

ＨＦＣｓ

37.6%

ＣＨ₄

33.6%

Ｎ₂Ｏ

22.2%

ＰＦＣｓ

3.5%

ＳＦ₆

2.2%NＦ₃

0.9%

ＨＦＣｓ

77.7%

ＣＨ₄

11.2%

Ｎ₂Ｏ

10.6%

ＳＦ₆

0.4%

ＰＦＣｓ

<0.1%


35

Agriculture

75.4%

Waste

17.0%

Combustion

of fuels 4.9%

Leak from

fuels 2.5%

Industrial

process

0.1%

3.5.2 CH4

The composition ratios of CH4 emissions in Tokyo and in Japan in FY 2014 are indicated below.

In Tokyo, 95% of CH4 emissions are derived from waste. "Waste" mainly refers to emissions from landfill sites

(inner and outer central breakwater landfill sites) and from sewage treatment.

Figure 3-23 Composition ratios of CH4 emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2014)


3.5.3 N2O

The composition ratios of N2O emissions in Tokyo and in Japan in FY 2014 are indicated below.

In Tokyo, 81% of N2O emissions are derived from waste. "Waste" mainly refers to emissions from the

incineration of waste (general/industrial) and sewage treatment.


Figure 3-24 Composition ratios of N2O emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2014)

Tokyo Japan

Japan Tokyo

Agriculture

0.9%

Waste

94.9%

Combustion

of fuels

4.2%

Waste

80.6%

Combustion

of fuels

16.7%

Agriculture

1.6%

Anesthesia

1.1%

Agriculture

48.3%

Combustion

of fuels and

Leak from

fuels

28.8%

Waste

14.8%

Industrial

process

8.1%


36

3.5.4 HFCs and Three Other Types

The composition ratios of HFCs and three other types of emissions in Tokyo and in Japan in FY 2014 are

indicated below.

In Tokyo, 92% of the emissions of these four gases are HFCs derived from coolants. "Coolants" mainly refers to

emissions at the time of production, use, disposal of freezers and air conditioners for business use, household air

conditioners, car air conditioners, etc.

Unlike in the emission composition of entire Japan, "Manufacturing of semiconductors and LCDs", "Leak from

manufacturing of HFCs and three other types", and "Metal production", etc. are excluded from the emission

statistics of Tokyo, because the relevant factories are considered to be very rare in Tokyo.

The addition of NF3 to the list of GHGs was stipulated in the Partial Amendment to the Act on Promotion of

Global Warming Countermeasures (Law No. 18, May 24, 2013) which took effect on April 1, 2015, but TMG

excluded NF3 from the emission statistics of Tokyo, because the relevant factories are considered to be very rare

in Tokyo.

Tokyo Japan

Figure 3-25 Composition ratios of HFCs and three other types of emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2014)


Coolants （HFCs）

77.4%

Foaming agent, Heat

insulation material

（HFCs）

5.6%

Manufacturing of

semiconductors and

LCDs

（HFCs,PFCs,SF₆,NF₃）

5.6%

Solvents （HFCs,PFCs）

3.9%

Leak from manufacturing

gases

（HFCs,PFCs,SF₆,NF₃）

2.2%

Particle accelerators （SF₆)

2.0%

Electrical equipment

using insulating gas

（ＳＦ₆）

1.4%

Aerosol and MDI

（HFCs）

1.2%

Metal production

（HFCs,PFCs,SF₆）

0.4%

By-product of HFC23

during production of

HCFC22 （HFCs）

<0.1%Fire protection

(HFCs）

<0.1%

Coolants （HFCs）

91.7%

Foaming agent,

Heat insulation

material （HFCs）

5.7%

Aerosol and MDI

（HFCs）

2.1%

Electrical equipment

using insulating gas

（SF6）

0.5%

Fire protection

(HFCs）

<0.1%

Solvents （PFCs）

<0.1%

4 Reference Materials

37


[Material 1] Calculation Methods for Final Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions (Overview)

(1) Final energy consumption and energy-derived CO2 emissions

Fuel consumption and energy consumption are estimated by sectors based on statistical data, etc., and CO2 emissions

are calculated by multiplying the consumption by the emission factor.

Sectors Calculation methods (overview) Key statistical data, etc.

Industrial secto

r

Agriculture,

forestry and

fishery

Estimated based on utility cost (electricity/kerosene) per

farming household, fuel cost (heavy oil A) per fishing

management body, etc.

MAFF "Agricultural Management

Statistics Report"

MAFF "MAFF Statistics"

Mining Estimated based on national mining energy consumption,

fuel and electricity cost rates in Japan and in Tokyo, etc. Agency for Natural Resources and

Energy "Comprehensive Energy

Statistics"

MIC "Economic Census: Activity

Survey"

Construction National fuel consumption in the construction industry is

allocated in accordance with the construction sales rates in

Japan and in Tokyo.

Agency for Natural Resources and

Energy "Comprehensive Energy

Statistics"

MLIT "Comprehensive Statistical

Yearbook for Construction"

Manufactur-

ing

Energy consumption is estimated based on energy data for

business sites in Tokyo, product shipment amount by

trade, etc.

Consumption for the entire manufacturing industry is

estimated based on energy consumption at soot

emitting facilities.

Composition of energy consumption by trade is

estimated based on product shipment amount by trade,

etc.

TMG "Soot Emission Survey

Report"

TMG "Industry in Tokyo:

Industrial Statistics"

METI "Petroleum Consumption

Structure Statistics"

Consumptions of electricity and city gas by the entire

manufacturing industry are identified based on the

contract type on the supply side.

TMG "Tokyo Statistical Yearbook"

Sales data in Tokyo as provided by

electricity utilities and gas utilities

Consu

mer secto

r Commercial Energy consumption is estimated by multiplying the

energy consumption basic unit for each building

application of business sites in Tokyo by the total floor

area.

Total floor area for each building application is

calculated based on national statistical materials.

The national average energy consumption basic unit for

each building application has been adjusted in

accordance with the actual status in Tokyo.

Energy consumption composition for each building

application is estimated based on data reported by

large-scale business sites under the Tokyo Metropolitan

Ordinance.

MIC "Summary Record of Prices

for Fixed Assets"

Institute of Local Finance "Public

Facility Status Survey"

(Sources for total floor area data)

The Institute of Energy

Economics, Japan "Energy

Economics Statistics Summary"

TMG "Global Warming Corrective

Measures Plan"


commercial sector are identified based on the contract

type on the supply side.





38


Consu

mer secto

r

Residential Energy consumption is estimated based on survey

materials concerning household spending, etc.

Consumptions of kerosene and LPG for all households

are estimated based on fuel spending per household

(single- or multiple-person households), unit prices for

fuels, etc.

* Gasoline and other fuels used for family cars are

included in the transport sector.

TMG "Living Standards of Tokyo

Metropolitan Citizens (Tokyo

Livelihood Analysis Report)"

MIC "Household Economy

Annual Report"


residential sector are identified based on the contract

type on the supply side.




Tran

sport secto

r

Road

Transportation

Traffic and CO2 emissions by car type and by fuel type

are estimated based on measurement data provided by

TMG.

* The scope of calculation only includes traffic in Tokyo.

TMG "Traffic and CO2 emissions

by car type and by fuel type"

Railways (Passengers) The basic unit is calculated based on the

power consumption and passenger kilometers of each

railway company. The emissions are estimated by

multiplying the basic unit by the passenger kilometers in

Tokyo.

(Freight) The national power consumption is allocated in

accordance with the transportation tons in Japan and in

Tokyo.

* The scope of calculation only includes transportation in

Tokyo.


MLIT "Railway Statistical

Yearbook"

Navigation (Passengers) The national fuel consumption is allocated in

accordance with the passengers in Japan and in Tokyo.

(Freight) The national fuel consumption is allocated in

accordance with the transportation tons in Japan and in

Tokyo.

* The scope of calculation only includes navigation in

Tokyo. The values for navigation outside Tokyo (from

other parts of Japan to Tokyo, or from Tokyo to other

parts of Japan) are calculated for reference.

MLIT "Coastal Vessel

Transportation Statistics"

MLIT "Passenger Regional

Fluidity Survey"

MLIT "Freight Regional Fluidity

Survey"

Civil Aviation Fuel consumptions at airports are counted.

* The scope of calculation only includes navigation in

Tokyo. The values for navigation outside Tokyo (from

other parts of Japan to Tokyo, or from Tokyo to other

parts of Japan) are calculated for reference.

MLIT "Airport Management

Status Record"

MLIT "Air Transportation

Statistical Yearbook"


39

(2) Non-energy-derived CO2 emissions

CO2 emissions are calculated by multiplying the incineration of waste (on a dried basis) by the emission factor.


Waste secto

r

General waste The incinerated amounts (on a dried basis) for waste

plastics and synthetic fiber dust are estimated based on the

incinerated amount (on a wet basis) in the Tokyo wards

area and in the Tama area, the composition ratios of waste,

the water content, etc., according to materials provided by

cleaning factories and other sources.

Clean Authority of TOKYO 23

Cities "Cleaning Service Annual

Report" and "Survey Report on

the Properties of Waste Delivered

to Cleaning Factories"

The Institute for Tokyo Municipal

Research, "Tama Area Waste

Status Survey"

Industrial

waste

The incineration amounts of waste oil and waste plastics

are estimated based on materials concerning the treatment

of industrial waste.

TMG "Survey Report on Changes

over Time in Industrial Waste"

TMG "Performance Report on

Industrial Waste Treatment "

(3) Other GHGs

Emissions are estimated based on statistical materials prepared by TMG and the national government.


Methane (CH4) The main source of emission is the gas generated from

waste landfill sites. The emissions at inner and outer

central breakwater landfill sites are estimated using a

model that assumes a state of the successive resolution of

the waste.

TMG "Survey Results on the

Effective Use of Landfill Gas

(LFG) (March, 2004)"

Dinitrogen oxide

(N2O)

The main sources of emission are the incineration of

waste (general/industrial), sewage treatment at sewage

plants, and automobile driving. Emissions are estimated

based on statistical materials prepared by TMG and the

national government.

Ministry of the Environment

"Survey Results on General Waste

Treatment"

TMG "Survey Report on Changes

over Time in Industrial Waste"

TMG "Performance Report on

Industrial Waste Treatment "

HFCs and three

other types

(HFCs, PFCs, SF6,

and NF3)

The main source of emission is coolants (HFCs) that are

emitted during the production, use, and disposal of

freezers and air conditioners. National emissions are

allocated in accordance with shipment amounts in Japan

and in Tokyo.

* Also for HFCs that are derived from foaming agents,

aerosols, etc., and for SF6 that are derived from the use of

gas insulated transformers, etc., national emissions are

allocated in accordance with shipment amounts in Japan

and in Tokyo.

METI materials for the Working

Group for Countermeasures

against CFCs, Manufacturing

Industry Subcommittee, Industrial

Structure Council


40

[Material 2] Trends in Final Energy Consumption in Tokyo and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in

Tokyo

To realize a vigorous sustainable city, it is necessary to aim at a state where economic growth does not link

with increased energy/resource consumption ("decoupling").

EU includes decoupling in its policy targets under the 6th Environmental Action Plan (2002). International

arguments are also had at the sessions of OECD, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), etc.

Trends in the final energy consumption in Tokyo and the gross product in Tokyo indicate that the

decoupling has been in progress since FY 2001. TMG will farther promote smart energy and power

conservation which are coexistent with economic growth.

Sources: TMG "Prefectural Accounts of Tokyo"

Cabinet Office "System of National Accounts (GDP Statistics)"

Agency for Natural Resources and Energy "Energy Supply and Demand Performance"

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Trends in final energy consumption and the gross product

in Tokyo and in Japan

Final energy consumption in Tokyo Gross product in Tokyo

Final energy consumption in Japan Gross domestic product in Japan

With FY2001 as 100

Gross product in Tokyo

Fainal energy consumption in Tokyo

（FY）


41

[Material 3] Greenhouse Gas Reduction Target and Energy Reduction Target in Tokyo

For greenhouse gas emissions, TMG sets the reduction target as a medium-term transit point configuration

based on the reduced level of long-term required in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Fifth Assessment Report (October 2014), etc.

For energy consumption, TMG sets the energy saving target at a level necessary to achieve the greenhouse

gas reduction target.

Estimation results of greenhouse gas emissions (Unit: Mt-CO2 eq)

2000 2014

2030

（target）

vs. 2000 vs. 2000

Energy-derived CO2 emissions 57.7 60.6 5.0% 38.8 - 33%

Industrial and commercial sector 25.7 29.3 14% 20.1 - 22%

Industrial sector 6.8 4.6 - 32% 4.2 - 38%

Commercial sector 18.9 24.7 31% 16.0 - 15%

Residential sector 14.3 19.7 37% 11.1 - 23%

Transport sector 17.7 11.6 - 34% 7.6 - 57%

Other gases 4.4 6.6 50% 4.9 11%

Total GHG emissions 62.1 67.2 8.2% 43.7 - 30% Note 1: The CO2 emission factor for electricity in 2030 is 0.37kg-CO2/kWh which is a voluntary target value of electric power industry

based on the Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook by the Government (July 2015).

Note 2: Other gases: Non-energy-derived CO2 emissions, CH4, N2O, HFCs and three other types (HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3)

Estimation results of energy consumption (Unit: PJ)

2000 2014

2030

(target)

vs. 2000 vs. 2000

Industrial and commercial sector 342 284 - 17％ 246 - 28％

Industrial sector 97 53 - 45％ 57 - 41％

Commercial sector 245 231 - 6.0％ 189 - 23％

Residential sector 202 208 2.8％ 144 - 29％

Transport sector 257 154 - 40％ 105 - 59％

Total energy consumptions 801 646 - 19％ 495 - 38％

Reducing Tokyo’s greenhouse gas emissions by 30% from the year 2000 level by the year 2030

＜Targets by Sectors＞ by the year 2030

● Reduction by about 20% from the year 2000 level in the industrial and commercial sectors (about 20% reduction in the commercial sector)

● Reduction by about 20% from the year 2000 level in the residential sector

● Reduction by about 60% from the year 2000 level in the transport sector

Greenhouse gas reduction target

Reducing Tokyo’s energy consumption by 38% from the year 2000 level by the year 2030

＜Targets by Sectors＞ by the year 2030

● Reduction by about 30% from the year 2000 level in the industrial and commercial sectors (about 20% reduction in the commercial sector)

● Reduction by about 30% from the year 2000 level in the residential sector

● Reduction by about 60% from the year 2000 level in the transport sector

Energy reduction target


42

5 Figures and Tables

― Contents for Tables ―

Table 2-1 Heat conversion factors used in this survey (FY 2014) ............................................................................. 2

Table 2-2 Final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo, and increases up to FY 2014 ............................................... 3

Table 2-3 Final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo, and increases up to FY 2014 ........................................... 3

Table 3-1 GHGs and main source(s) of emission ................................................................................................. 20

Table 3-2 Categorization of carbon dioxides .................................................................................................... 20

Table 3-3 CO2 emission factors for electricity used in this survey .......................................................................... 21

Table 3-4 Categorized calculation methods based on CO2 emission factors for electricity ........................................ 21

Table 3-5 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Variable cases] ...................................................................... 22

Table 3-6 (Reference) Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Fixed cases] ........................................................ 22

Table 3-7 Total CO2 emissions by sector and increases up to FY 2014 in Tokyo [Variable cases] .............................. 24

Table 3-8 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to FY 2014 in Tokyo [Variable cases] ... 24

Table 3-9 Total CO2 emissions by sector and increases up to FY 2014 in Tokyo [Fixed cases] .................................. 28

Table 3-10 Total energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type and increases up to FY 2014 in Tokyo [Fixed cases]... 28

Table 3-11 Comparison of other GHG emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2014) ................................................. 34

5 Figures and Tables

43

― Figures ―

Figure 1-1 Energy-derived CO2 emissions by country (2014) ............................................................................... 1

Figure 2-1 Domestic Energy Balance and Flow (Overview) (FY 2014) ................................................................. 2

Figure 2-2 Final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo (FY 2014) ..................................................................... 3

Figure 2-3 Trends in final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo ....................................................................... 4

Figure 2-4 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by sector in Tokyo ...................................................... 4

Figure 2-5 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo ................................................................... 5

Figure 2-6 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in Tokyo .................................................. 5

Figure 2-7 Final energy consumption by trade in the industrial sector ................................................................... 6

Figure 2-8 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by trade in the industrial sector .................................... 6

Figure 2-9 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial sector ................................................ 7

Figure 2-10 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the industrial sector ............................. 7

Figure 2-11 IIP increases in manufacturing in Tokyo ........................................................................................... 8

Figure 2-12 Comparison of IIP between Tokyo and Japan ................................................................................... 8

Figure 2-13 Trends in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial sector ........................... 9

Figure 2-14 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by building application in the commercial sector ......... 9

Figure 2-15 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial sector ......................................... 10

Figure 2-16 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the commercial sector ....................... 10

Figure 2-17 Trends in total floor area by trade in Tokyo ..................................................................................... 11

Figure 2-18 Trends in total floor area by trade in Japan ...................................................................................... 11

Figure 2-19 Trends in final energy consumption by household type in the residential sector .................................. 12

Figure 2-20 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by household type in the residential sector ................ 12

Figure 2-21 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential sector ........................................... 13

Figure 2-22 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the residential sector ......................... 13

Figure 2-23 Trends in the number of households in Tokyo ................................................................................. 14

Figure 2-24 Comparison of the number of households between Tokyo and Japan ................................................. 14

Figure 2-25 Trends in the ownership rates of home appliances in Tokyo ............................................................. 15

Figure 2-26 Comparison of energy consumption per household in Tokyo with Japan ............................................ 15

Figure 2-27 Progress of energy saving for air conditioners ............................................................................... 16

Figure 2-28 Progress of energy saving for electric refrigerators ........................................................................ 16

Figure 2-29 Trends in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport sector ........................ 17

Figure 2-30 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by means of transportation in the transport sector ...... 17

Figure 2-31 Trends in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport sector ............................................. 18

Figure 2-32 Composition ratios in final energy consumption by fuel type in the transport sector ............................ 18

Figure 2-33 Trends in the number of registered vehicles in Tokyo ...................................................................... 19

Figure 2-34 Trends in the traveling kilometers of vehicles in Tokyo ................................................................... 19


44

Figure 3-1 Image of GHG emissions in Tokyo.................................................................................................. 21

Figure 3-2 Trends in total GHG emissions in Tokyo [Variable cases] .................................................................. 22

Figure 3-3 Composition ratios by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan [Variable cases] ................................................... 23

Figure 3-4 Increase rates by GHG in Tokyo and in Japan [Variable cases] ........................................................... 23

Figure 3-5 CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo (FY 2014) [Variable cases] ............................................................ 24

Figure 3-6 Trends in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Variable cases] ...................................................... 25

Figure 3-7 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Variable cases] .................................... 25

Figure 3-8 Trends in CO2 emissions in Japan ................................................................................................... 26

Figure 3-9 Composition ratios in CO2 emissions in Japan .................................................................................. 26

Figure 3-10 Trends in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases] ................................. 27

Figure 3-11 Composition ratios in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Variable cases] ............... 27

Figure 3-12 CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo (FY 2014) [Fixed cases] .............................................................. 28

Figure 3-13 Trends in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Fixed cases] ........................................................ 29

Figure 3-14 Composition ratios in total CO2 emissions by sector in Tokyo [Fixed cases] ...................................... 29

Figure 3-15 Trends in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Fixed cases] .................................... 30

Figure 3-16 Composition ratios in energy-derived CO2 emissions by fuel type in Tokyo [Fixed cases] ................... 30

Figure 3-17 Trends in CO2 emissions in the industrial sector [Fixed cases] .......................................................... 31

Figure 3-18 Trends in CO2 emissions in the commercial sector [Fixed cases] ...................................................... 31

Figure 3-19 Trends in CO2 emissions in the residential sector [Fixed cases] ........................................................ 32

Figure 3-20 Trends in CO2 emissions in the transport sector [Fixed cases] .......................................................... 32

Figure 3-21 Increase rates by GHG (other GHGs) in Tokyo and in Japan ............................................................ 33

Figure 3-22 Composition ratios of other GHG emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2014) ................................... 34

Figure 3-23 Composition ratios of CH4 emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2014) ............................................ 35

Figure 3-24 Composition ratios of N2O emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2014) ............................................ 35

Figure 3-25 Composition ratios of HFCs and three other types of emissions in Tokyo and in Japan (FY 2014) ........ 36


(FY 2014)

Issued in March, 2017

Edited/issued by: Planning Section, Climate Change and Energy Division,

Bureau of Environment, Tokyo Metropolitan Government

2-8-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN

163-8001

Tel: +81-3-5388-3486

Entrusted with: Sogo Environment Planning Co., Ltd.

KDX Monzen-nakacho Building, 1-14-1 Botan, Koto-ku,

Tokyo, JAPAN 135-0046

Tel: +81-3-5639-1951

For more details,

please visit the website of the Bureau of Environment

Tokyo Metropolitan Government at:

http://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/en/climate/index.html

(Comprehensive website on countermeasures against climate change, Tokyo)

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