Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small...

34
Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Protein s Ribosomes Viruse s Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion Nucleus Most bacteria Most plant and animal cells Frog egg Chicken egg Length of some nerve and muscle cells Human height Unaided eye Light microscope Electron microscope

Transcript of Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small...

Page 1: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-210 m

1 m

0.1 m

1 cm

1 mm

100 µm

10 µm

1 µm

100 nm

10 nm

1 nm

0.1 nm Atoms

Small molecules

Lipids

Proteins

Ribosomes

Viruses

Smallest bacteria

Mitochondrion

Nucleus

Most bacteria

Most plant and animal cells

Frog egg

Chicken egg

Length of some nerve and muscle cells

Human height

Un

aid

ed e

ye

Lig

ht

mic

rosc

op

e

Ele

ctro

n m

icro

sco

pe

Page 2: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-8Surface area increases while

total volume remains constant

5

11

6 150 750

125 1251

6 61.2

Total surface area

[Sum of the surface areas

(height width) of all

boxes

sides number of boxes]Total volume

[height width length number of boxes]

Surface-to-volume

(S-to-V) ratio

[surface area ÷ volume]

Page 3: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-6

Fimbriae

Nucleoid

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

Capsule

Flagella

Bacterialchromosome

(a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium

(b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)

0.5 µm

Page 4: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-9a

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Smooth ERRough ERFlagellum

Centrosome

CYTOSKELETON:

Microfilaments

Intermediatefilaments

Microtubules

Microvilli

Peroxisome

MitochondrionLysosome

Golgiapparatus

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Nuclearenvelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

NUCLEUS

Page 5: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-9b

NUCLEUS

Nuclear envelopeNucleolus

Chromatin

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Central vacuole

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

CYTO-SKELETON

Chloroplast

PlasmodesmataWall of adjacent cell

Cell wall

Plasma membrane

Peroxisome

Mitochondrion

Golgiapparatus

Page 6: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-20

Microtubule

Microfilaments0.25 µm

Page 7: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Table 6-1

10 µm 10 µm 10 µm

Column of tubulin dimers

Tubulin dimer

Actin subunit

25 nm

7 nm

Keratin proteins

Fibrous subunit (keratins coiled together)

8–12 nm

Page 8: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-32

Tight junction

0.5 µm

1 µmDesmosome

Gap junction

Extracellularmatrix

0.1 µm

Plasma membranesof adjacent cells

Spacebetweencells

Gapjunctions

Desmosome

Intermediatefilaments

Tight junction

Tight junctions preventfluid from movingacross a layer of cells

Page 9: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-3ab

(a) Brightfield (unstained specimen)

(b) Brightfield (stained specimen)

TECHNIQUE RESULTS

50 µm

Page 10: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-3cd

(c) Phase-contrast

(d) Differential-interference- contrast (Nomarski)

TECHNIQUE RESULTS

Page 11: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-3e

(e) Fluorescence

TECHNIQUE RESULTS

50 µm

Page 12: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-4

(a) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

TECHNIQUE RESULTS

(b) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Cilia

Longitudinalsection ofcilium

Cross sectionof cilium

1 µm

1 µm

Page 13: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-9a

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Smooth ERRough ERFlagellum

Centrosome

CYTOSKELETON:

Microfilaments

Intermediatefilaments

Microtubules

Microvilli

Peroxisome

MitochondrionLysosome

Golgiapparatus

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Nuclearenvelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

NUCLEUS

Page 14: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-10

NucleolusNucleus

Rough ER

Nuclear lamina (TEM)

Close-up of nuclear envelope

1 µm

1 µm

0.25 µm

Ribosome

Pore complex

Nuclear pore

Outer membraneInner membraneNuclear envelope:

Chromatin

Surface ofnuclear envelope

Pore complexes (TEM)

Page 15: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-12Smooth ER

Rough ER Nuclear envelope

Transitional ER

Rough ERSmooth ERTransport vesicle

RibosomesCisternaeER lumen

200 nm

Page 16: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-11

Cytosol

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Free ribosomes

Bound ribosomes

Large subunit

Small subunit

Diagram of a ribosomeTEM showing ER and ribosomes

0.5 µm

Page 17: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-12Smooth ER

Rough ER Nuclear envelope

Transitional ER

Rough ERSmooth ERTransport vesicle

RibosomesCisternaeER lumen

200 nm

Page 18: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-13

cis face(“receiving” side of Golgi apparatus) Cisternae

trans face(“shipping” side of Golgi apparatus)

TEM of Golgi apparatus

0.1 µm

Page 19: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-14

Nucleus 1 µm

Lysosome

Digestiveenzymes

Lysosome

Plasmamembrane

Food vacuole

(a) Phagocytosis

Digestion

(b) Autophagy

Peroxisome

Vesicle

Lysosome

Mitochondrion

Peroxisomefragment

Mitochondrionfragment

Vesicle containingtwo damaged organelles

1 µm

Digestion

Page 20: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-15

Central vacuole

Cytosol

Central vacuole

Nucleus

Cell wall

Chloroplast

5 µm

Page 21: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-16-1

Smooth ER

Nucleus

Rough ER

Plasma membrane

Page 22: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-16-2

Smooth ER

Nucleus

Rough ER

Plasma membrane

cis Golgi

trans Golgi

Page 23: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-16-3

Smooth ER

Nucleus

Rough ER

Plasma membrane

cis Golgi

trans Golgi

Page 24: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-14

Nucleus 1 µm

Lysosome

Digestiveenzymes

Lysosome

Plasmamembrane

Food vacuole

(a) Phagocytosis

Digestion

(b) Autophagy

Peroxisome

Vesicle

Lysosome

Mitochondrion

Peroxisomefragment

Mitochondrionfragment

Vesicle containingtwo damaged organelles

1 µm

Digestion

Page 25: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-9b

NUCLEUS

Nuclear envelopeNucleolus

Chromatin

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Central vacuole

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

CYTO-SKELETON

Chloroplast

PlasmodesmataWall of adjacent cell

Cell wall

Plasma membrane

Peroxisome

Mitochondrion

Golgiapparatus

Page 26: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-9a

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Smooth ERRough ERFlagellum

Centrosome

CYTOSKELETON:

Microfilaments

Intermediatefilaments

Microtubules

Microvilli

Peroxisome

MitochondrionLysosome

Golgiapparatus

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Nuclearenvelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

NUCLEUS

Page 27: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-17

Free ribosomesin the mitochondrial matrix

Intermembrane space

Outer membrane

Inner membraneCristae

Matrix

0.1 µm

Page 28: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-9b

NUCLEUS

Nuclear envelopeNucleolus

Chromatin

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Central vacuole

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

CYTO-SKELETON

Chloroplast

PlasmodesmataWall of adjacent cell

Cell wall

Plasma membrane

Peroxisome

Mitochondrion

Golgiapparatus

Page 29: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-18

Ribosomes

Thylakoid

Stroma

Granum

Inner and outer membranes

1 µm

Page 30: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-28

Secondary cell wall

Primary cell wall

Middle lamella

Central vacuoleCytosol

Plasma membrane

Plant cell walls

Plasmodesmata

1 µm

Page 31: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-24

0.1 µm

Triplet

(c) Cross section of basal body

(a) Longitudinal section of cilium

0.5 µm

Plasma membrane

Basal body

Microtubules

(b) Cross section of cilium

Plasma membrane

Outer microtubule doublet

Dynein proteins

Central microtubuleRadial spoke

Protein cross-linking outer doublets

0.1 µm

Page 32: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-25Microtubuledoublets

Dyneinprotein

ATP

ATP

(a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement

Cross-linking proteinsinside outer doublets

Anchoragein cell

(b) Effect of cross-linking proteins

1 3

2

(c) Wavelike motion

Page 33: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-23

5 µm

Direction of swimming

(a) Motion of flagella

Direction of organism’s movement

Power stroke Recovery stroke

(b) Motion of cilia15 µm

Page 34: Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria.

Fig. 6-22Centrosome

Microtubule

Centrioles

0.25 µm

Longitudinal section of one centriole

Microtubules Cross sectionof the other centriole


Nanophotonics - AMOLF€¦ · About length scales 4 1 m you and your labtable 100 µm thickness of a hair 10 µm smallest you can see 1 µm size of a cell 300 nm smallest you can

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