Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1...

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Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure

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Transcript of Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1...

Page 1: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Ch. 7 Diagrams

Cell Structure

Page 2: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.2 10 m

1 m

0.1 m

1 cm

1 mm

100 m

10 m

1 m

100 nm

10 nm

1 nm

0.1 nm Atoms

Small molecules

Lipids

Proteins

Ribosomes

VirusesSmallest bacteria

Mitochondrion

Most bacteriaNucleus

Most plant andanimal cells

Human egg

Frog egg

Chicken egg

Length of somenerve andmuscle cells

Human height

Un

aid

ed e

ye

Lig

ht

mic

rosc

op

y

Ele

ctro

n m

icro

sco

py

Super-resolution

microscopy

Page 3: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Brightfield(unstained specimen)

Brightfield(stained specimen)

50

m

Confocal

Differential-interference-contrast (Nomarski)

Fluorescence

10 m

Deconvolution

Super-resolution

Scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM)

Transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM)

Cross sectionof cilium

Longitudinal sectionof cilium

Cilia

Electron Microscopy (EM)

1

m1

0

m5

0

m

2 m

2 m

Light Microscopy (LM)

Phase-contrast

Figure 6.3

Page 4: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Differentialcentrifugation

Centrifuged at1,000 g

(1,000 times theforce of gravity)

for 10 min Supernatantpoured intonext tube

20 min

60 minPellet rich innuclei andcellular debris

3 hr

Pellet rich inmitochondria(and chloro-plasts if cellsare from a plant)

Pellet rich in“microsomes”

Pellet rich inribosomes

20,000 g

80,000 g

150,000 g

TECHNIQUE (cont.)Figure 6.4b

Page 5: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Fimbriae

Bacterialchromosome

A typicalrod-shapedbacterium

(a)

Nucleoid

Ribosomes

Plasmamembrane

Cell wall

Capsule

Flagella A thin sectionthrough thebacterium Bacilluscoagulans (TEM)

(b)

0.5 m

Figure 6.5

Page 6: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.6

Outside of cell

Inside of cell0.1 m

(a) TEM of a plasmamembrane

Hydrophilicregion

Hydrophobicregion

Hydrophilicregion

Carbohydrate side chains

ProteinsPhospholipid

(b) Structure of the plasma membrane

Page 7: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Surface area increases whiletotal volume remains constant

Total surface area[sum of the surface areas(height width) of all boxsides number of boxes]

Total volume[height width length number of boxes]

Surface-to-volume(S-to-V) ratio[surface area volume]

1

5

6 150 750

1

1251251

1.26 6

Figure 6.7

Page 8: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.8a

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

RoughER

SmoothER

Nuclearenvelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Plasmamembrane

Ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

LysosomeMitochondrion

Peroxisome

Microvilli

MicrotubulesIntermediate filaments

Microfilaments

Centrosome

CYTOSKELETON:

Flagellum NUCLEUS

Page 9: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

NUCLEUS

Nuclearenvelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Golgiapparatus

Mitochondrion

Peroxisome

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

Wall of adjacent cell

Plasmodesmata

Chloroplast

Microtubules

Intermediatefilaments

Microfilaments

CYTOSKELETON

Central vacuole

Ribosomes

Smoothendoplasmicreticulum

Roughendoplasmic

reticulum

Figure 6.8c

Page 10: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Nucleus

Rough ER

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Nuclear envelope:

Inner membrane

Outer membrane

Nuclear pore

Chromatin

Ribosome

Porecomplex

Close-upof nuclearenvelope

Figure 6.9a

Page 11: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.10

0.25 m

Free ribosomes in cytosol

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Ribosomes bound to ER

Largesubunit

Smallsubunit

Diagram of a ribosomeTEM showing ER andribosomes

Page 12: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.11 Smooth ER

Rough ER

ER lumen

CisternaeRibosomes

Smooth ERTransport vesicle

Transitional ER

Rough ER 200 nm

Nuclearenvelope

Page 13: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.13

Nucleus

Lysosome

1 m

Digestiveenzymes

Digestion

Food vacuole

LysosomePlasma membrane

(a) Phagocytosis

Vesicle containingtwo damagedorganelles

1 m

Mitochondrionfragment

Peroxisomefragment

(b) Autophagy

Peroxisome

VesicleMitochondrion

Lysosome

Digestion

Page 14: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.14

Central vacuole

Cytosol

Nucleus

Cell wall

Chloroplast

Centralvacuole

5 m

Page 15: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

NucleusEndoplasmicreticulum

Nuclear envelope

Ancestor ofeukaryotic cells(host cell)

Engulfing of oxygen-using nonphotosyntheticprokaryote, whichbecomes a mitochondrion

Mitochondrion

Nonphotosyntheticeukaryote

Mitochondrion

At leastone cell

Photosynthetic eukaryote

Engulfing ofphotosyntheticprokaryote

Chloroplast

Figure 6.16

Page 16: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.17

Intermembrane space

Outermembrane

DNA

Innermembrane

Cristae

Matrix

Freeribosomesin themitochondrialmatrix

(a) Diagram and TEM of mitochondrion (b) Network of mitochondria in a protistcell (LM)

0.1 m

MitochondrialDNA

Nuclear DNA

Mitochondria

10 m

Page 17: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.18a

RibosomesStroma

Inner and outermembranes

Granum

1 mIntermembrane spaceThylakoid

(a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast

DNA

Page 18: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Column of tubulin dimers

Tubulin dimer

25 nm

Actin subunit

7 nm

Keratin proteins

812 nm

Fibrous subunit (keratinscoiled together)

10 m 10 m 5 m

Table 6.1

Page 19: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Centrosome

Longitudinalsection ofone centriole

Centrioles

Microtubule

0.25 m

Microtubules Cross sectionof the other centriole

Figure 6.22

Page 20: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Direction of swimming

(b) Motion of cilia

Direction of organism’s movement

Power stroke Recovery stroke

(a) Motion of flagella5 m

15 m

Figure 6.23

Page 21: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Cilia and Flagella Right-click slide / select “Play”

Page 22: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Microtubules

Plasmamembrane

Basal body

Longitudinal sectionof motile cilium

(a)0.5 m 0.1 m

0.1 m

(b) Cross section ofmotile cilium

Outer microtubuledoubletDynein proteins

CentralmicrotubuleRadialspoke

Cross-linkingproteins betweenouter doublets

Plasma membrane

Triplet

(c) Cross section ofbasal body

Figure 6.24

Page 23: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.25 Microtubuledoublets

Dynein protein

ATP

(a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement

Cross-linking proteinsbetween outer doublets

ATP

Anchoragein cell

(b) Effect of cross-linking proteins

(c) Wavelike motion

1

2

3

Page 24: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.27

Muscle cell

Actinfilament

Myosin

Myosin

filament

head

(a) Myosin motors in muscle cell contraction

0.5 m

100 m

Cortex (outer cytoplasm):gel with actin network

Inner cytoplasm: solwith actin subunits

(b) Amoeboid movement

Extendingpseudopodium

30 m(c) Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells

Chloroplast

Page 25: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.30

EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDCollagen

Fibronectin

Plasmamembrane

Micro-filaments

CYTOPLASM

Integrins

Proteoglycancomplex

Polysaccharidemolecule

Carbo-hydrates

Coreprotein

Proteoglycanmolecule

Proteoglycan complex

Page 26: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Tight Junctions Right-click slide / select “Play”

Page 27: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Desmosomes Right-click slide / select “Play”

Page 28: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: Gap JunctionsRight-click slide / select “Play”

Page 29: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.32

Tight junctions preventfluid from movingacross a layer of cells

Tight junction

Tight junction

TEM0.5 m

TEM1 m

TE

M0.1 m

ExtracellularmatrixPlasma membranes

of adjacent cells

Spacebetween cells

Ions or smallmolecules

Desmosome

Intermediatefilaments

Gapjunction

Page 30: Ch. 7 Diagrams Cell Structure. Figure 6.2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins.

Figure 6.UN01

Nucleus

(ER)

(Nuclearenvelope)


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3.4. Molecular motors ~ 10 nm ~ 100 nm ~ 10 m ~ mm.

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Coven In m,nm

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UNFIGURE 0.1.. FIGURE 1.1. Dimensions of some example cells. 1 mm = 10 −3 m; 1 µm = 10 −6 m; 1 nm = 10 −9 m.

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Slide # Goutam Koley Electronic characterization of dislocations MorphologyPotential 0.1 V /Div 10 nm /Div Surf. Potential G. Koley and M. G. Spencer,

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