10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids...

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10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Protein s Ribosomes Viruse s Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion Nucleus Most bacteria Most plant and animal cells Frog egg Chicken egg Length of some nerve and muscle cells Human height Unaided eye Light microscope Electron microscope 1

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Transcript of 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids...

Page 1: 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion.

10 m

1 m

0.1 m

1 cm

1 mm

100 µm

10 µm

1 µm

100 nm

10 nm

1 nm

0.1 nm Atoms

Small molecules

Lipids

Proteins

Ribosomes

Viruses

Smallest bacteria

Mitochondrion

Nucleus

Most bacteria

Most plant and animal cells

Frog egg

Chicken egg

Length of some nerve and muscle cells

Human height

Un

aid

ed e

ye

Lig

ht

mic

rosc

op

e

Ele

ctro

n m

icro

sco

pe

1

Page 2: 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion.

Fimbriae

Nucleoid

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

Capsule

Flagella

Bacterialchromosome

(a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium

(b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)

0.5 µm

2

Page 3: 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion.

TEM of a plasmamembrane

(a)

(b) Structure of the plasma membrane

Outside of cell

Inside ofcell 0.1 µm

Hydrophilicregion

Hydrophobicregion

Hydrophilicregion Phospholipid Proteins

Carbohydrate side chain

3

Page 4: 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion.

Surface area increases whiletotal volume remains constant

5

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6 150 750

125 1251

6 61.2

Total surface area

[Sum of the surface areas

(height width) of all boxes

sides number of boxes]

Total volume

[height width length number of boxes]

Surface-to-volume

(S-to-V) ratio

[surface area ÷ volume]

4

Page 5: 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Smooth ERRough ERFlagellum

Centrosome

CYTOSKELETON:

Microfilaments

Intermediatefilaments

Microtubules

Microvilli

Peroxisome

MitochondrionLysosome

Golgiapparatus

Ribosomes

Plasma membrane

Nuclearenvelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

NUCLEUS

5

Page 6: 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion.

NUCLEUS

Nuclear envelopeNucleolus

Chromatin

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Central vacuole

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

CYTO-SKELETON

Chloroplast

PlasmodesmataWall of adjacent cell

Cell wall

Plasma membrane

Peroxisome

Mitochondrion

Golgiapparatus

6

Page 7: 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion.

Central vacuole

Cytosol

Central vacuole

Nucleus

Cell wall

Chloroplast

5 µm

7

Page 8: 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion.

Smooth ER

Nucleus

Rough ER

Plasma membrane

cis Golgi

trans Golgi

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Page 9: 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion.

Free ribosomesin the mitochondrial matrix

Intermembrane space

Outer membrane

Inner membraneCristae

Matrix

0.1 µm

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Page 10: 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion.

Ribosomes

Thylakoid

Stroma

Granum

Inner and outer membranes

1 µm

10

Page 11: 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion.

5 µm

Direction of swimming

(a) Motion of flagella

Direction of organism’s movement

Power stroke Recovery stroke

(b) Motion of cilia15 µm

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