Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

10
Female pelvic anatomy

Transcript of Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

Page 1: Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

Female pelvic anatomy

Page 2: Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

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The Lig. Infudibulo‐pelvicum

contains

the ovarian

vessels, lymphatics

and 

nerves

(1) 

The two

uterine

tubes

(2) lie on each

side

of the uterus in the upper

margin 

of the broad ligament (3) 

(mesosalpinx).

The internal

iliac

atery

devides

into

an 

anterior

and posterior

trunk. The 

anterior

trunk branches

in the 

superior

and inferior

vesical

artery, 

the middle

rectal

artery

, the vaginal 

artery

(4), the obturator

artery

and 

uterine

artery

(5).

The uterine

veins

form a plexus

in the 

parametrium

below

the uterine

arteries, draining

into

the internal

iliac

veins

The Lig. Infudibulo‐pelvicum

contains

the ovarian

vessels, lymphatics

and 

nerves

(1) 

The two

uterine

tubes

(2) lie on each

side

of the uterus in the upper

margin 

of the broad ligament (3) 

(mesosalpinx).

The internal

iliac

atery

devides

into

an 

anterior

and posterior

trunk. The 

anterior

trunk branches

in the 

superior

and inferior

vesical

artery, 

the middle

rectal

artery

, the vaginal 

artery

(4), the obturator

artery

and 

uterine

artery

(5).

The uterine

veins

form a plexus

in the 

parametrium

below

the uterine

arteries, draining

into

the internal

iliac

veins

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Page 3: Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

The broad ligament (1) is a double

fold

of 

peritoneum

extendingfrom

the uterus 

towards

the pelvic

side‐

wall

(2).

The hilum

of the ovary

arises

from its

posterior

surface

(3). 

Between

the leaves

of this fold, the uterine

and ovarian

blood

vessels

form an 

anastomotic

loop.

The ovarian

ligament connects

the cornu

of 

the uterus to the medial pole

of the ovary

(4).

The cardinal

ligaments (5+6) provide 

support to the internal

genital organ and 

consists

of connective

tissue

around

the 

vessels

and nerve

plexuses

They

are fused

with the fascia

surrounding

the cervix

and upper

part of the vagina (7).

The broad ligament (1) is a double

fold

of 

peritoneum

extendingfrom

the uterus 

towards

the pelvic

side‐

wall

(2).

The hilum

of the ovary

arises

from its

posterior

surface

(3). 

Between

the leaves

of this fold, the uterine

and ovarian

blood

vessels

form an 

anastomotic

loop.

The ovarian

ligament connects

the cornu

of 

the uterus to the medial pole

of the ovary

(4).

The cardinal

ligaments (5+6) provide 

support to the internal

genital organ and 

consists

of connective

tissue

around

the 

vessels

and nerve

plexuses

They

are fused

with the fascia

surrounding

the cervix

and upper

part of the vagina (7).

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Page 4: Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

The main

blood

supply

of the uterus is 

from the uterine

arteries. Each

passes

medially

in the base

of the broad 

ligament above

the ureter, and ascends

along

the lateral aspect

of the uterus

The descending

ureters

(1+2) are narrow

muscular

tubes

which

cross into

the 

pelvis

close

to the bifurcation

of the 

common

iliac

arteries. They

lie 

immediately

under the peritoneum.

Approaching

the bladder, the ureters

pass medially

in front of the upper

vagina, and enter

the bladder base

obliquely

at the upper

angles

of the 

trigone. 

The main

blood

supply

of the uterus is 

from the uterine

arteries. Each

passes

medially

in the base

of the broad 

ligament above

the ureter, and ascends

along

the lateral aspect

of the uterus

The descending

ureters

(1+2) are narrow

muscular

tubes

which

cross into

the 

pelvis

close

to the bifurcation

of the 

common

iliac

arteries. They

lie 

immediately

under the peritoneum.

Approaching

the bladder, the ureters

pass medially

in front of the upper

vagina, and enter

the bladder base

obliquely

at the upper

angles

of the 

trigone. 

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Page 5: Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

The endometrium

(1)  is the 

epithelial

lining

of the cavity. The 

surface

consists

of a single

layer

of 

columnar

ciliated

cells.

Picture shows an intracavitär

myom 

(3)

The smooth

muscle

fibres

of the 

uterine

wall

form the Myometrium

(2), a myoma

located

in this layer

is  

called

a intramural

myoma

(4)

The posterior

surface

of the uterus is 

completely

covered

by peritoneum. 

Anteriorly

the peritoneum

is 

reflected

off

the uterus at a much

higher

level

A myoma

located

directly

under the 

peritoneum

is 

called

subserös 

one

(5)

The endometrium

(1)  is the 

epithelial

lining

of the cavity. The 

surface

consists

of a single

layer

of 

columnar

ciliated

cells.

Picture shows an intracavitär

myom 

(3)

The smooth

muscle

fibres

of the 

uterine

wall

form the Myometrium

(2), a myoma

located

in this layer

is  

called

a intramural

myoma

(4)

The posterior

surface

of the uterus is 

completely

covered

by peritoneum. 

Anteriorly

the peritoneum

is 

reflected

off

the uterus at a much

higher

level

A myoma

located

directly

under the 

peritoneum

is 

called

subserös 

one

(5)

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4

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Page 6: Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

The uterus is in the middle

of the pelvic

cavity

The uterus is mobile and moves

under 

pressure of the full bladder or full rectum

anteriorly. Increased

intra

abdominal 

pressure pushes

it downwards.

Under normal circumstances

the 

suspensory

part keeps

the uterus in

anteflexion

and anteversion

It is important

to distinguish

retroversion

from anteversion

before

introducing

a sond 

or similar

instrument into

the uterine

cavity, 

to avoid

perforation of the uterine

wall. 

The uterus is in the middle

of the pelvic

cavity

The uterus is mobile and moves

under 

pressure of the full bladder or full rectum

anteriorly. Increased

intra

abdominal 

pressure pushes

it downwards.

Under normal circumstances

the 

suspensory

part keeps

the uterus in

anteflexion

and anteversion

It is important

to distinguish

retroversion

from anteversion

before

introducing

a sond 

or similar

instrument into

the uterine

cavity, 

to avoid

perforation of the uterine

wall. 

Page 7: Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

Position of uterus:”Retroverted”: Tipped

backward

"Anteverted": Tipped

forward

Position of fundus:"Anteflexed": Fundus

is pointing

forward 

relative to the cervix

Retroflexed": Fundus

is pointing

backwards

relative to Cervix

The picture

shows the bimanual

palpation of an anteverted

and 

anteflexed

livmoder 

Position of uterus:”Retroverted”: Tipped

backward

"Anteverted": Tipped

forward

Position of fundus:"Anteflexed": Fundus

is pointing

forward 

relative to the cervixRetroflexed": Fundus

is pointing

backwards

relative to Cervix

The picture

shows the bimanual

palpation of an anteverted

and 

anteflexed

livmoder 

Page 8: Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

Picture 1:  First step of abdominal Hysterectomy: The round ligament is 

grasped

and divided

with ligation

or

electrocautery. After cutting

this 

ligament,

the posterior

leaf

of the broad ligament

(x) can

be incised

giving

access to the

retroperitoneal

space.

It is important

to identify

the ureter

in 

the Retroperitoneum.

Picture 2: The anterior

part of the broad 

ligament is cut

in order to reach

the    

vesico‐uterine

junction

(x1). At this 

point

the peritoneum

is incised

to free

the bladder. 

Picture 1:  First step of abdominal Hysterectomy: The round ligament is 

grasped

and divided

with ligation

or

electrocautery. After cutting

this 

ligament,

the posterior

leaf

of the broad ligament

(x) can

be incised

giving

access to the

retroperitoneal

space.

It is important

to identify

the ureter

in 

the Retroperitoneum.

Picture 2: The anterior

part of the broad 

ligament is cut

in order to reach

the    

vesico‐uterine

junction

(x1). At this 

point

the peritoneum

is incised

to free

the bladder. 

1

x

2x1

Page 9: Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

Laparoscopic

resection

of an 

intramural

myoma. 

In the picture

the serosa

of the      

uterus has already

been

incised

and gives view

over the myoma

lying

under the surface.

Subserös and intramural

myoma

can

be easily

removed

with a minimal 

invasiv

laparoscopic

operation 

Laparoscopic

resection

of an 

intramural

myoma. 

In the picture

the serosa

of the      

uterus has already

been

incised

and gives view

over the myoma

lying

under the surface.

Subserös and intramural

myoma

can

be easily

removed

with a minimal 

invasiv

laparoscopic

operation 

Page 10: Female pelvic anatomy - Lu

The term vulva generally

encompasses

all the external

female

genitalia, i.e. the mons pubis, the labia

majora

and minora, the clitoris, and 

the structures

within

the vestibule

the external

urinary

meatus

and the 

hymen. 

External

borders

of the vulva:

‐Anterior: The mons pubis

(x) 

‐Lateral: The labia

majora

‐Posterior: The perineum

Internal

border:

‐Hymenal

ring 

The term vulva generally

encompasses

all the external

female

genitalia, i.e. the mons pubis, the labia

majora

and minora, the clitoris, and 

the structures

within

the vestibule

the external

urinary

meatus

and the 

hymen. 

External

borders

of the vulva:

‐Anterior: The mons pubis

(x) 

‐Lateral: The labia

majora

‐Posterior: The perineum

Internal

border:

‐Hymenal

ring 

Perineum

x

mons pubis