EXPOSITION OF FAILING OF CIRCUIT BREAKER ENGAGED FOR … · investigation of a flashover occurrence...
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http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 42 [email protected]
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET)
Volume 11, Issue 6, August 2020, pp. 42-54, Article ID: IJEET_11_06_005
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijeet/issues.asp?JType=IJEET&VType=11&IType=6
ISSN Print: 0976-6545 and ISSN Online: 0976-6553
DOI: 10.34218/IJEET.11.6.2020.005
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
EXPOSITION OF FAILING OF CIRCUIT
BREAKER ENGAGED FOR SWITCHING OF
CAPACITOR USING SOFT COMPUTING
M. R. Salodkar
Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering, GH Raisoni College of Engineering &
Management, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
Dr. V. N. Ghate
Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering, Govt. College of Engineering,
Amravati, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
In several parts of power system, we may experience the pockets having low
voltage and low power factor problem due to more share of inductive load in total
load fed by the EHV sub-stations. In such pockets, the system strengthening can be
done by several ways such as addition of new transformer capacity, smoothing of load
curve by way of load management, maintaining LT-HT ratio etc. These measures may
require exuberant time. The measure that can be adopted for system improvement
within minimum time span is the installation of capacitor bank across the buses of
EHV sub- station which feeds power in low voltage and low power segment of grid.
The addition of capacitor bank in EHV-HV system, improves the power factor and
voltage considerably, thereby reducing reactive power burden of system. But the
switching of capacitor bank on an energized system will generally result in a transient
voltage and increases the possibility of failure of circuit breaker engaged for its
switching earlier than its specified operations. Practically many such occurrences
were noticed in EHV-HV substations where capacitor banks have failed during
switching and also before attaining their prescribed number of operations. With the
large scale development in Artificial Intelligence technology, sophisticated and
accurate soft computing technique are coming up. Hence, effort is taken to examine
the causes for failing of circuit breaker engaged for switching of capacitor bank using
soft computing approach. Prototype experimental model of 132/11KV Sub-station is
developed using MATLAB Simulink and circuit breaker failure analysis is done by
using soft computing algorithm.
Key words: Restrike, Shunt Capacitor, Current Transients, Circuit Breaker,
Overvoltage.
Exposition of Failing of Circuit Breaker Engaged for Switching of Capacitor using Soft
Computing
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/index.asp 43 [email protected]
Cite this Article: M. R. Salodkar and Dr. V. N. Ghate, Exposition of Failing of
Circuit Breaker Engaged for Switching of Capacitor using Soft Computing.
International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 11(6), 2020,
pp. 42-54.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/issues.asp?JType=IJEET&VType=11&IType=6
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, it has become a usual praxis to fix shunt capacitors at every voltage level of the
power system to ameliorate the power factor, voltage profile, the quality of electrical supply
and the efficient operation of the power system. Nearly, all electrical loads including domestic
user equipments are inductive. Because of down water table, the size of industries load and
agrarian load is also amplifying. These conditions are responsible for poor power factor and
huge reactive power flows though the transmission lines thereby occurring a voltage drop.
Due to this reason, in most of the areas low voltage satchels are found. To ameliorate the
power factor and for flat voltage profile appropriate power compensation is required to be
proposed at load end. Further, because of heavy increase in load, it has become very difficult
task to emphasize every consumer to confer a compensation device. Therefore, power supply
companies are forced to provide capacitor bank at the feeding substation at all voltage levels
including EHV. And now it is a common practice to provide a compensating device at the
feeding sub-station for ameliorating the system power factor. But the major issue with
compensating device i.e. capacitor bank is the failing of switching device i.e. circuit breaker
engaged for its switching [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7].
It is shared by power supply companies that circuit breaker failure occurs prior to its pre-
determined life. The life of circuit breaker is pre-determined in terms of normal switching
operations and operations on faults. Therefore, it is mandatory to ensure the standard
specifications of the circuit breaker employed for capacitor bank energizations.
Common factors for failure of circuit breaker are as under.
1.Due to ineffective medium in interrupting chamber.
2.Due to derangement of circuit breaker contacts owing to repeated capacitor bank operations.
3.Due to charging inrush problem of capacitor bank
4.Due to outrush problem owing to fault on bus or very near to supply bus.
5.Due to overvoltage (re-striking voltage).
We are aware that the state of art in electrical protection system is changing day by day.
Power handling companies are very much concerned about the protection of their systems and
especially regarding frequent failing of circuit breaker used for capacitor bank switching. It is
revealed that circuit breaker having standard normal specifications do not have similar
switching capacity for inductive and capacitive switching. Hence, an attempt is made to
simulate shunt capacitor switching actions connected to three phase power system using extra
high voltage circuit breaker with all normal standard specifications and to investigate
switching transients produced during switching. This is done to establish the specification
suitability of a circuit breaker employed for capacitor switching, so as to sort out the solution
of this problem and to ensure the shunt capacitor bank operation without vanity of circuit
breaker engaged for capacitor bank switching so that there may not be any problem to power
system, the stress on the power system can be minimized and MVA efficiency of transformer
is improved [8].
M. R. Salodkar and Dr. V. N. Ghate
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Owing to deregulation, the stability, reliability and availability of power systems ought to
be ameliorated in order to enhance the competition of electricity markets. To improve such
viewpoints, power systems must be operated with negligible weird conditions and conditions
must be removed forthwith and power supply must be resumed as early as possible using best
practices and standards laid down from time to time for achieving consumer satisfaction [9].
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The review of literature review carried out for publishing this paper is listed below. A
bottommost review of circuit breaker, capacitor bank, shunt capacitor bank along with
switching action issues like charging inrush, outrush during fault, fault interruptions, re-
striking voltage and also condition monitoring is reviewed. This is followed by soft
computing method and proposal is made for suitable changes / modifications in circuit
breakers specification intended for switching of a capacitor bank.
Bohnam Faiz et.al. [10] presented a novel algorithm for detection of circuit breakers
failure. The power loss due to arcing event at the input and output terminals of CBs is
calculated, which is further utilized for estimation of arcing energy. Payman Dehghaniam
et.al. [11] explained a technique for the finding of CBs deterioration, using its data of
condition monitoring control circuit. Pratap Shekar Puhan et.al. [12], investigated the
effectiveness of soft computing approach to detect the fault in AC motor.
George Becker, P E et.al. [1], explained the inrush and outrush problem of capacitor bank
and reactor bank, also back-to-back switching. Aniket Jain et.al. [13], described the technique
for fault detection, classification of transmission lines by using Artificial Neural Network
(ANN). Wenxia Sima et.al. [2] presented a field experiments on 10KV shunt capacitor bank
using phase control VCB.
Prachal Jadeja et.al. [14] explained the effects of DC components on circuit breaker and
the conclusion drawn. J.C. Attachie and C. K. Amuzuvi et.al. [3] explained the identification
of harmonic resonance and capacitor bank switching in distribution network using fixed and
switched capacitor bank. The study investigate a frequent capacitor bank tripping and damage
in substation of the electric company Ghana.
Alexander Perera, et.al. [4] proposed a signal processing technique for identifying and
characterizing the number of capacitor bank connected to standard feeder circuit. This allows
a real time remote monitoring of their operation. Gopal Gajjar et.al. [15] reviewed the
investigation of a flashover occurrence at 33 KV GIS substations during back to back
capacitor switching. S. Bojic, et. al. [16] presented the occurrence of SF6 circuit breaker
failure in 400 KV substations due to which both breaking chambers were burst.
Kadri Kadriu et. al. [17] analyzed the measurement of an actual incidents occurred during
circuit breaker mis-sychronization. Shehab Abdulwadood Ali et. al. [18] offers an advent to
capacitor financial institution switching transients, illustrate the outcomes of capacitor bank
switching inside the utility primary distribution at special places of power machine, but
specially at the customers plant. This paper covers special operational instances to discover
the correct method or strategies used to restriction the impact of capacitor switching
transients. Transient disturbances in strength structures can also damage key gadget,
doubtlessly having a splendid effect on machine reliability. These transients may be
introduced during normal switching operations, lighting strikes, are because the equipment
failure. And consequently, time area pc simulations are evolved to take a look at risky
instances because of brief occurrences.
Durga Bhavani Muppart et.al. [19] explained the switching of capacitor transient on
distribution system is modelled and analyzed. Analysis of voltage is made to extract the
appropriate capacitor switching times with the aid of gazing the temporary over voltage and,
Exposition of Failing of Circuit Breaker Engaged for Switching of Capacitor using Soft
Computing
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harmonic components. An algorithm is developed for practical implementation of zero
crossing technique by talking the results obtained from the simulink model. S.J. Kulas et.al.
[20] analyzed the problem of the capacitive inrush current and methods to reduce the same are
also explained.
Florian Korner et.al. [21] represented the behavior of different interrupter materials and
design is studied by carrying out various tests. The take a look at collection is comprised of
creating operations and present day interruptions followed by way of a next capacitive
recuperation voltage. Also, this paper explains the need of reconsideration and adaption of
circuit breaker design for vacuum circuit breaker capacitive current switching, as vacuum
circuit breaker capacitive current switching means a specific operating condition.
Mohd Shamir Ramli et.al. [5] investigated switching transients produce during circuit
breaker switching a capacitor bank, shunt reactor bank using a non-unbidden measurement.
This measures the variation of frequency voltage wave from during capacitor switching
operations without the need of an outage. The ideas of the dimension techniques are
mentioned and field measurements had been finished at a shunt reactor and capacitor bank set
up in 275 KV air insulated sub-station. The results of the measurement were presented and
discussed in this report.
Phuwanart Choonhaprar et.al. [22], contributed mainly three phases, failure modes and
effect analysis, the probabilistic model and maintenance optimization. The conclusion is made
to summarize the result and suggest the course of the in addition development. Joe Rostron
et.al.[23], analysed the example of capacitor switching and recommended for confirmation
from generic and application specific point of view.
Ying-Yi Hong et.al. [24] explained a technique to locate the position of the transient
sources using PQ monitoring System. The DWT is used to measure the features of transients.
The fuzzy-c means is then used to find the location of PQ measurements facilities. The signal
actuates reap by using wavelet coefficient served as inputs to the hybrid primary component
evaluation neural network for finding the brief resources. The simulation results so obtained
show the applicability of the proposed method.
Lutz Gebhard et. al. [25] explains about (a) the use of surge arrester to arrest or limit over
voltage during capacitor bank switching and hence to prevent circuit breaker failure. (b)
Installation of surge arrester mitigates the risk of multiple restrikes by limiting transient
recovery voltage of circuit breaker.
Florian Korner et. al. [26] gives the experimental results obtained from “Synthetic Test of
Capacitive current switching using a test vessel”. The paper elaborates the effect of inductive
load switching and capacitive load switching on breaker contacts in terms of deterioration.
Also the results with different materials contacts are obtained. This review has further helped
to determine this specification of circuit breaker to be used for capacitor bank switching.
Thomas M. Blooming et.al.[27] investigated fuse operation and capacitors failures in
financial institution of an industrial facility. Gustavo Brunello et.al. [28] describes principles
of shunt capacitor bank design for sub-station installation and basic protection techniques.
J. Lopez-Rolden et. al. [29] discuss about the case study of failure of EHV breakers while
switching the shunt capacitor and detail analysis is explained which helped again to determine
the behavior of EHV breaker while interrupting the load current.
Salil S. Sabade et. al. [30] investigated the frequent capacitor tripping and damage in the
distribution sub-station of the electricity company of Ghana (ECG). For this paper, the study
was conducted using the electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) software. From the result
it is concluded that failures were with reference to harmonic resonance.
M. R. Salodkar and Dr. V. N. Ghate
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Govind Gopal Kumar et.al. [31] provides an explanation about to switching transient of
capacitor bank. A case study at Split-Rock is discussed followed by a discussion and
interpretation of the results. M. Blooming et.al. [32] evaluated the variation in capacitors bank
that are applied on power system.
T.E. Bellie et.al. [33] describes the info of the analysis worried in figuring out the series of
the occasions that caused the circuit breaker being unable to break efficiently and highlight
the effect of the current limiting inductors on fault current interruption in capacitor financial
institution utility.
The Electricity Act 2003 [9] has enforced the development of transmission network and
its efficient use for providing transmission services in a nondiscriminatory manner.
Accordingly MSETCL, action is developed to meet the task and challenges successfully. In
their mission statement they assured that a state transmission utility dedicate themselves to
plan, build up, operate and maintain the state transmission system to facilitate transmission of
electricity from its source to load centers in a secure, reliable and economic manner for best
services to the consumer and society by using best practices and standards laid down time to
time.
3. PROPOSED WORK
The methodology proposed for this paper is given below and illustrated in Figure.1.
a) Bus Model : A bus representing single conductor per phase and as a single section (here
capacitance effect is neglected) because it is very less as compared to 20MVAR capacitor
bank which is proposed for switching, for improvement in power factor.
b) Transmission Line : 2 Nos. of 132KV transmission lines having 150Amp load on each line
with power factor 0.8 are connected to bus.
c) Trasnformers : 2 Nos of 132/11KV, 10MVA transformer are connected to bus which are
feeding highly inductive load of 11KV feeders. Each transformer is drawing 45Amp HV side
current with 0.8 power factor.
d) Capacitor Bank and Load Modelling : Capacitor bank connected to bus is considered as
single 20MVAR capacitor bank and lumped inductive load.
3.1. Circuit Breaker Specifications (Electrical)
1. Rated Normal Voltage – 145 KVrms (Max)
2. Rated Normal Current – 1600 Amp (rms)
3. Rated frequency – 50 Hz
4. Rated Insulation Level
– One Minute power frequency withstand – 275 KVrms
– Impulse withstand – 650 KVp
5. Rated Short Circuit Breaking Current – 25 KA
6. Rated Short Circuit Making Current – 62.5 KAp
7. Rated Operating Sequence – 0 - 0.3sec – CO – 3min – CO.
8. First pole to clear factor - 1.3.
9. DC component - 51%.
10. Rated duration of Short Circuit – 1sec.
11. Total Break Time (maximum) – 3 cycles
12. Line Charging Breaking Current – 50 Amp
Exposition of Failing of Circuit Breaker Engaged for Switching of Capacitor using Soft
Computing
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3.2. Circuit Breaker Specifications (Mechanical)
“ Nozzel of moving contact should be designed in such a way that smooth and sufficient SF6
gas flow is ensured in arcing area”.
Figure 1 Single Line Diagram of Proposed 132/11 KV Model Substation
Here in the following Table-I, the cases of capacitor bank energization, de-energization,
fault occurring and re-striking are discussed for radial power system (i.e. for prototype model
of 132/11KV substation)
Table 1 Effect of Switching Operation of Capacitor Bank on Circuit Breaker (CBKR)
Sr No Switching Operations
Switching Transients
Breaker Status Inrush
Curren
t
Outrush
Current
Re-striking
Voltage
Case 1 Normal Switching (Inductive
Switching) - - - Healthy
Case 2 Healthy Capacitor Bank Switched ON Yes - Yes Unhealthy
Case 3 Healthy Capacitor Bank Switched OFF - - Yes Unhealthy
Case 4 Capacitor bank breaker switching OFF
in case of fault in capacitor bank - Yes Yes Unhealthy
Case 5 Capacitor bank breaker switching OFF
in case of fault on 132 KV Bus -
Yes (Bus Fault
Current) Yes
Unhealthy
(Faulty)
As regards to normal switching i.e. inductive switching, no transient are observed and
breaker condition is found to be healthy. In case 2, the transient is characterized by source of
heavy inrush current and transient over voltage caused by surge of inrush current. The
condition of capacitor bank circuit breaker is found to be unhealthy. The immediate failure
will not occur. The failure occurs after some operations of capacitor bank circuit breaker.
However, the capacitor banks are required to be operated (i.e. Switch on/off) daily, as per the
requirement of reactive power. In case 3, during de-energization, the capacitor bank becomes
unhealthy due to transient recovery voltage that is re-striking voltage. In case 4, due to
M. R. Salodkar and Dr. V. N. Ghate
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significant outrush current from the capacitor bank, the condition of capacitor bank circuit
breaker found to be unhealthy. In case 5, the condition of capacitor bank circuit breaker is
found to be unhealthy (faulty) because of fault on 132KV bus (or line). Whenever the
capacitor bank is connected to bus and is in charged condition, the capacitor bank acts as a
source to feed the fault and fault magnitude is very high because capacitor bank is suddenly
discharged to the fault.
Figure 2 Circuit breaker condition assessment architecture using soft computing
The proposed prognostics architecture is shown in Figure.2. The architecture consist of
two parts, first, knowledge of circuit breaker status at the time of switching and second, model
using soft computing. Trip and close CB signals feature are extracted using wavelet
transformation and then it is given to the soft computing techniques, in this Multi-Layer
Perceptron Neural Network and Random Forest is used.
4. EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS
The proposed prototype system is modelled using MATLAB Simulink as shown below in
Figure.3.
Figure 3 Simulation model of proposed system
Exposition of Failing of Circuit Breaker Engaged for Switching of Capacitor using Soft
Computing
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All the switching operations are taken observations at bus 6 node i.e. after capacitor bank
circuit breaker and at bus 3 node i.e. before capacitor bank circuit breaker as per the Table- I.
Transient variation of voltage and current at bus 3 is shown for case 1 in Figure.4, whereas
transient variation of voltage and current at bus 6 for cases 2, 3 and 4 is shown in Figure.5,
Figure.6 and Figure.7 respectively. Figure.8 and Figure.9 shows transient variation of voltage
and current for case 5 at bus 3 and bus 6 respectively.
Figure 4 Voltage and current observation of case 1 at bus 3
Figure 5 Voltage and current observation of case 2 at bus 6
Figure 6 Voltage and current observation of case 3 at bus 6
M. R. Salodkar and Dr. V. N. Ghate
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Figure 7 Voltage and current observation of case 4 at bus 6
Figure 8 Voltage and current observation of case 5 at bus 3
Figure 9 Voltage and current observation of case 5 at bus 6
The contemplation of all the switching operations carried out at bus 3 and bus 6 only i.e.
near capacitor bank circuit breaker an signals are in the form of voltage and current. Those
signals are given to feature extraction using wavelet transformation, later on all signals feature
are given to soft computing algorithms to know the circuit breaker status whether it is Healthy
or Unhealthy. In soft computing algorithms, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Network
and Random Forest algorithm (RF) is used for analysis purpose. We compared performance
of both the algorithms as shown below in Table-II and Figure. 10.
Exposition of Failing of Circuit Breaker Engaged for Switching of Capacitor using Soft
Computing
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Table 2 CB status analysis using soft computing algorithm
Classifier Test Sample CB Status
Healthy Unhealthy
Model
Accuracy
(%)
MLP Healthy
Unhealthy
19 1
0 40
95
100
RF Healthy
Unhealthy
18 2
0 40
90
100
Figure 10 Graph showing model accuracy
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
From the simulation results of switching actions carried out, it is concluded that the de-
energization of capacitor bank associated with transient voltages and current and puts stresses
on circuit breaker employed for capacitor switching thereby the circuit breaker switching
capacitor bank have been found unhealthy or faulty and increases the possibility of failure of
breaker. However, immediate failure may not occur. Failure occurs before attaining the
prescribed operation i.e. prior to the predetermine life. The life of circuit breaker is pre-
determined in terms of normal switching operations and operations on fault. And therefore it
is finally concluded that the elements of the power system propone a different kind of
breaking and making duty to the circuit breaker and hence it is confirmed that the circuit
breaker with normal standard specifications cannot be used for inductive and capacitive load
switching. For capacitive load switching, the modifications in normal standard specifications
are required to be suggested, for healthy and efficient operation of the system. It is observed
that soft computing approach for finding the capacitor bank circuit breaker status as healthy or
unhealthy, is found to be more efficient using MLP than RF in terms of accuracy. Even
though some estimation of capacitor bank switching transient can be made by hand
calculation, estimation using a software study is really required to properly model the
complex behavior of the power system. Once the model is developed, many scenarios can be
simulated and detailed statistical studies can be performed. The study proposed in this paper,
is by no way means a pervasive and complete representation of the work carried out, but
intends to give the researcher an appreciation for the basic behaviors observed and the type of
things to be concerned about. There are other complex interaction between capacitor bank and
system non linarites that have not been mentioned here.
As discussed above and also it is experienced that the immediate failures of circuit breaker
switching capacitor bank will not occur. The failure occur because of degradation of Nozzle
overtime due to arcing caused by high frequency re-ignition currents thereby puncturing the
Nozzle material. Therefore it has become very necessary to concentrate research / study on
M. R. Salodkar and Dr. V. N. Ghate
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Nozzle material to be used and design of Nozzle also to avoid the deterioration of Nozzle
during restrike and re-ignition.
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AUTHOR’S PROFILE
Prof Mukund R Salodkar received his BE, Electrical Engineering from Nagpur
University in year 1977 and ME, Electrical Power Systems from SGB, Amaravati
University in 1988. He joined MSEB in 1977 and retired as Executive Engineer
Transmission in July 2011. Then he joined G H Raisoni College of Engineering and
Management, Amravati in September 2011 as Assistant Professor. He also served as
Head of Electrical Engineering Department and as Dean Development in same
college. He is former member of Board of Studies, Electrical Engineering in SGB Amravati
University, Government College of Engineering (Autonomous) Amravati and G H Raisoni University
Amravati. He is member of Institution of Engineers (IE), India, Indian Society for Technical
Education, IAENG, IRED. He has published several research papers in International and National
Journals and Conference Proceedings. He guided many PG students. Presently He is pursuing PhD
from SGB Amravati University. His area of interest is Power Systems and Switch Gear Protection.
Dr. V. N. Ghate received the B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from Sant
Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India, in 1990, the M.E. degree in
control systems from Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India, in 1993, and the Ph.D.
degree from Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University in 2010. From 1994 to 2001, he
was with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Polytechnic,
Technical Education Government of Maharashtra. Since 2002, he has been with the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Technical Education
Government of Maharashtra. At present he is working as Associate Professor, Government College of
Engineering (Autonomous), Amravati. His areas of interest include neural network, and Electrical
Machines and Drives Dr. Ghate is a fellow of Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineers (India), Institution of Engineers (India) and member of Instrument Society of India, IEEE
and the Indian Society for Technical Education (India).