ANIMAL & PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

STRUCTURES OF PLANTS/ANIMALS THAT HELP MAXIMIZE

EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS WITH THE CELLS’ ENVIRONMENT:

1. _____________—root extensions that increase surface area

to maximize _____________________________________

2. __________—sacs in the lungs that increase surface area to

maximize _____________________________

3. _______________—fingerlike projections in small intestine

to increase surface area for _________________________

***The smaller an animal the ____________its metabolic rate.

*** _____________ = a measure of a metabolic rate based on

temperature

(an increase of _____ degrees Celsius ______ the reaction rate;

an ________________’ Q10 fluctuate with its surrounding temp)

Ex: a water flea’s (Daphnia’s) Q10 is

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

MOST ANIMALS & PLANTS DO NOT REPRODUCE YEAR ROUND .

Instead they reproduce seasonally based on:

1.

2.

3.

4.

PLANTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THEIR LIFE CYCLE AS:

1. Annual---germination, flowering, and death

__________________________________________________

2. Biennial---________________________________ (____ year it

flowers)

3. Perennial---grows and flowers _______________ year

PLANTS & ANIMALS try to maintain ______________________---

trying to maintain a balance between internal and external

environment

Aquatic and terrestrial ANIMALS maintain this in different ways:

1. ___________________—allows its internal conditions to

fluctuate as the environment changes

2. ___________________—maintains its internal conditions even

though the environment changes

(SEE DIAGRAM)

3. ________________—allows its internal metabolism to

fluctuate with the environment (Ex: ______________)

4. _______________—maintains its metabolism even though the

environment changes (Ex: ___________________)

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS—organisms use these to help maintain

homeostasis

1. Positive feedback---

______________________________________________________

Ex: __________onset during childbirth---the

hormone_________________stimulates labor contractions.

Ex: _____________---the hormone _______________ promotes

fruit ripening which stimulates a variety of ENZYMES that convert

starch and acids of unripe fruit into sugar and softens the fruit by

breaking down the PECTINS in the cell wall.

2. Negative feedback—

_________________________________________________---like

a “tug of war”

Ex: ____________________---When blood glucose levels _____,

the ___________ releases the hormone _______. This causes

target cells to uptake glucose and store it as _______ (in animals).

When blood glucose levels _______, then ________releases the

hormone ____________to cause __________ to break down and

release more blood sugar.

Ex: response to _________---If someone is dehydrated, the blood

contains ______water and therefore becomes more concentrated

(with solute). The __________________ then triggers the release

of the hormone ______________________. This hormone

increases the permeability of the DISTIL TUBULE AND COLLECTING

DUCT which are in the ___________ causing the urine to be more

concentrated and allowing the ______________of water. This

_________ the blood and therefore no more ADH is released.

____________________________-----the effect of length of day

and night on plant growth

Long day (short night) vs. short day (long night) plant

(SEE DIAGRAM)

TROPISMS:

1. ______________---movement towards light

2. ________________---movement towards touch

3. _________________—movement towards gravitational pull

KINESIS -________________movement towards a stimulus

VS. TAXIS--__________ movement to or away from a stimulus

1. ____________—movement towards light

2. ____________---movement towards water

3. _________—movement towards/away from a

chemical

Ex: ________________moves toward egg

________________________ moves toward

foreign body

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS---_______________ that repeat once a

day __________ needed cues and can be maintained

regardless of temp. Ex:

__________________________________________________

The _______________ sends a message to the _____________

gland which causes an increase in the hormone

_________________to be secreted during the NIGHT and

decreased secretion during the DAY . __________________can

occur when hypothalamus can’t readjust its melatonin

instantly.

BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS---present in plants & animals

EX: the _______ in the eye contains receptors that send a

message to_________________ to create a _______________

cycle

PLANTS AND ANIMALS EXCHANGE NUTRIENTS/WASTES WITH

THE ENVIRONMENT:

PLANTS:

Gas exchange occurs through ________ in the _________ of a

leaf. These are surrounded by_____________ which regulate

the _____________________________________________.

ANIMAL’S DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

_____________ digestion- food is taken in by cells using

_______________________

______________ digestive system—has a ______opening for

______________________________________________

_________________--- In _________________ where digestion

occurs; composed of ___________ . This __________ canal

may contain a ________-_which MECHANICALLY AND

CHEMICALLY BREAKS DOWN NUTRIENTS and/or an

______________________which REABSORBS NUTRIENTS.

This is a ___________________ DIGESTIVE SYSTEM------

(READ ABOUT THIS ON P. 720)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

***The exchange of gases requires a ________________!!

Single celled organisms use simple ____________ across their

moist membrane.

Plants use _______________________.

Insects use _______________________.

Gills---provide a large_______________ for more efficient gas

exchange and a ____________ for gas exchange.

_____________________________---used by bony fish to

maximize gas exchange and increase DIFFUSION rate

throughout the gills.

(SEE DIAGRAM) READ ABOUT THIS P. 704--705

_________________---in larger land animals; increases surface

area for gas exchange rather than using ___________________

as in small animals

_________________---allows lungs to expand & contract

___________________---projections from the lungs

_________________-----saclike structures which

increase__________ to maximize gas exchange

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

Fish have a ___ chambered heart (1 atrium & 1 ventricle)

Amphibians have a ___chambered heart.

Birds and Mammals have a ____chambered heart. A

______separates the atria from ventricles. This allows for

_______metabolism in endotherms AND

____________________of deoxygenated & oxygenated blood.

In Mammals, because the pressure of ____________________

is _________than the ____________, oxygen diffuses out of

the lungs into red blood cells. This oxygen rich blood is carried

__________________________________________________.

The pressure of ___________________________________than

in the lungs, so carbon dioxide diffuses out of the red blood

cells into the lungs.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

1. Invertebrates such as ________ use a ____________ as

their excretory organ.

2. Invertebrates such as Earthworms use a nephridium

(___________________________________).

3. Invertebrates such as ________ use _________________.

4. ________________ have paired kidneys which contain a

functional unit called the ______________.

AQUATIC VS. TERRESTRIAL EXCRETION:

Aquatic animals secrete___________directly into the water. This is

highly soluble in water.

Mammals secrete _________________. Urea is produced in the _____.

Birds and reptile secrete _______________ which is an energetically

______________ waste but yet allows for more ______________.

In protists, __________________pump out excess water from their cell.

In land plants, __________ regulate water loss through the process of

________________. Also, the plant’s large _______________regulates

solute concentration. The hormone _______________regulates

stomata opening & closing in order to ________ water. Plants also

have waxy _________________to prevent water loss.

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Invertebrates use _________immunity because they lack specific

defense mechanisms. This type of immunity involves any ________

barriers to the invader, __________ in the lungs, the ______________

of a stomach, and the natural antibacterial secretions on the ______

and in _____________.

Vertebrates use _________ & _______ immunity triggered by invaders.

2 types of specific immune responses are ________________________.

_______are produced by the body’s _______to recognize foreign

______________.

These 2 are very specific to each other. For example, antibodies

produced against antigen_____ will not increase the body’s defense

against antigen____. However, a _____exposure to antigen____results

in a more rapid response by the _____________immune system.

When a cell is invaded, __________are displayed on the outside of the

cell which then attracts _________________________.

ANIMAL AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT

_____________ occurs when the embryo is forming. This is controlled

by _____________and ___________________.

TRANSCRIPTION factors are ________ that work in groups to

________________________. These factors recognize certain

_________________________________________ the gene of interest.

_________genes are groups of genes that control

___________formation during embryonic development. An example is

the ______________. Specific genes control their expression and are

regulated by_________________________________.

During ___________________________, one tissue affects another so

that that the responding tissue differentiates in a way that it normally

would not. This ____________ require the tissues to directly_____ but

will only occur if the RESPONDING tissue is ___________to receive at

least ____________ from the INDUCING tissue. This process is critical

in the development of

______________________________________________ in vertebrates.

When a seed germinates and starts to grow, the hormones

_____________________________are involved in________ feedback.

____________-----small ________ RNA pieces that help

regulate___________________________________________________

___________________________________(involved in immune system,

cell cycle control, metabolism, and cell differentiation)

_____________---programmed cell death (Ex: destruction of the 6th

____________________, destruction of some _______ cells, ______

development, loss of a _________ as it grows into a frog,

______________ breaks down thus starting menstruation)

____________----reduces _____ production but doesn’t completely

stop protein sysnthesis; __________________________ can occur in

order for animal to return to activity

_______________—chemical signal triggering social response

_______________—protein that regulates pheromone production,

enzyme action, cell organelle functions, & transcription

________________—when a bacteria population grows to become

dense so that the population density controls gene expression

POLLINATION causes the hormone ________ to increase. Petals then

also drop due to the production of an enzyme called

__________________. The genes that code for this enzyme are

turned_________ after pollination.

LOCAL VS. LONG-DISTANCE CHEMICAL REGULATORS:

___________ REGULATORS are secreted from a cell and affect a

_________________IN ______________________.

Ex: ____________ signaling—______________ travel from a ______

to a _________ cell

___________ signaling—a cell secretes a chemical that travels to an

_______________ target cell

____________ signaling—a cell secretes a chemical and acts

_________as the target cell

________________ REGULATORS travel via the __________ from

a______________ cell to affect a target cell. The main type is

a___________. In plants, they can travel through the _______ or

through the ________. In animals, they travel through the

______________________________ to reach a target cell.

2 types of hormones:

1. ____________ derivative(AKA ________ hormones)---have large

shapes that usually ________ cross the cell membrane but instead

_______________________________________; _______acting

Ex: __________ & ________________________

2. _____________ hormones---have _________ shapes and ______

cross the cell membrane into the ___________ of the cell;

_________acting but _________________ duration

CELL TO CELL COMMUNICATION:

****review to cell communication webquest!!!

Cells communicate through MESSENGER molecules that are released by

a ______________ cell and sent to a _______________cell.

Ex: ________________ are released by TYPES OF ____________ cells

to act on other white blood cells or other types of cells

Source of the INTERLEUKIN

Target Cell Function

macrophage macrophage

macrophage T cells

T cells/B cells B cells

Phagocytes T cells/B cells

Ex: Plants communicate through _____________________________.

( _______________ can occur through this; also plants can respond to

_________________________________________________ via this).

Ex: Animal cells communicate through similar structures called

__________________________________.

Nerve cells (NEURONS) release NEUROTRANSMITTERS that travel

to target cells across the ________________. The

neurotransmitter _____________________ signals

________________ BREAKDOWN in animals.

Ex: bacterial cells use chemical signaling to communicate with nearby

cells about _______________________________________.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THESE COMMUNICATION SIGNALS ARE

MODIFIED or CHANGED?

Ex: the enzyme ___________________ can mutate and

cause__________________________________________________

If the pancrease releases mutated ________ these can lead to

______________

If a NEURON’S PROTECTIVE OUTER LAYER (__________________) is

destroyed, it can’t transmit signals correctly. This could cause

______________________________________.

__________ starts when a cell grows and divides ___________a signal.

__________________________________________all work based off

blocking communication signals.

NERVOUS SYSTEM:

Both the ______________systems work together well. The

________________________ is an organ involved in both systems’

____________________________.

Nerve cells (neurons) have an _________that sends the signal to a

target cell, a __________which integrates the signal, and

_____________which receive incoming signals. They release

NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are chemicals that control actions in

target cells.

Neurotransmitter

Function

Muscle contraction; slows heart contractions

Excitatory signal involved in long-term

memory

A major ___________ neurotransmitter

Norepinephrine Excitatory in the ___________ nervous system

Affects sleep, mood, attention, & learning

Affects sleep, mood, attention, & learning

Endorphins

Causes penis erection

Carbon monoxide Regulates release of ____________ hormones

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

Hormones are ____________________chemical regulators that travel

through the bloodstream to reach their TARGET cells. Therefore, since

they travel through the __________________, they are secreted from

_______________cells or glands.

HORMONE FUNCTION

oxytocin

insulin Released by _____ to _______ blood sugar

and help store sugar as _______ in the ______

glucagon _____ blood sugar by breaking down

_________ that is stored in the liver

ADH (__________________________) __________ water in the blood by increasing

the permeability of water in the

_____________________________________

Produces milk in the mammary glands

FSH (_______________________________) Helps ________ and __________both mature

LH (________________________________) Stimulates ovulation and also sperm release

during ejaculation

TSH (_________________________________) Activates thyroid gland

T3 and T4 Increases ____________________________

Calcitonin ________________blood calcium by storing

extra calcium in the bone

PTH (_________________________________) _____________________blood calcium by

extracting calcium from the bone

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

glucocorticoids

mineralcorticoids Increases_____________________________

in the kidney’s nephron

Supports male reproductive tract & develops

male secondary sex characteristics

Supports female reproductive tract &

develops female secondary sex characteristics

Causes thickening of uterine wall

Affects mood and responds to light and dark