Examen Final de Neuroeconomics

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Question 1

Which of the following describes the definition of neureconomics best?

Your Answer Score Explanation

Neuroeconomics is a branch of neuroscience which studies decision making 2.00

Neuroeconomics is a branch of economics where economists study decision

making using neurotechnology

Neuroeconomics is a branch of psychology where economics, neuroscience and

psychology converge

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 2

Which of the following is the correct sequence of decision making stages?

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Representation, action selection, outcome evaluation, learning

Representation, valuation, action selection, outcome evaluation, learning 2.00

Valuation, representation, action selection, outcome evaluation, learning

Valuation, representation, action selection, learning, outcome evolution

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 3

Which of the following statements does correctly describe the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in decision making?


The OFC implement cognitive control & planning

The OFC code anticipated gain magnitude

The OFC compare (integrate) multiple information regarding the reward outcome

and participate in learning of new values

2.00

Total 2.00 / 2.00



Question 4

Which of the following statements does correctly describe the role of the LIP neurons in perceptual decisions?


The LIP neurons are motion sensitive neurons that send information to the brain

area MT

The LIP neurons are motion sensitive neurons. The likelihood that the monkey

would make a rightward saccade is a lawful function of the firing rate of the rightward

motion–preferring neurons in area LIP

The LIP neurons accumulate (motion-related) information over time till a decision

threshold. Importantly, electrical stimulation of the LIP neurons affects decisions

2.00

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 5

What is dopamine?


A neurotransmitter 2.00

A part of the ventral striatum



A brain region

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?


Parietal (lobe)

Frontal (lobe)

Cerebellum (lobe) 2.00

Temporal (lobe)

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 7

Which of the following is not a term coding anatomical dimensions in neuroscience and neuroeconomics?




Invasive 2.00

Ventral

Medial

Dorsal

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 8

Which of the following are key features characterizing the effectiveness of brain imaging technologies? (Multiple choices are

allowed)


Spatial resolution 1.00

Cost-efficiency 0.00

Display resolution 0.00

Temporal resolution 1.00

Total 2.00 / 2.00



Question 9

Which of the following is the Iowa Gambling Task?


Participants are presented with 4 decks of cards. Every card drawn will earn the

participant a reward. Occasionally, a card will also have a penalty. Thus, some decks

are "bad decks", and other decks are "good decks", because some will lead to losses

over the long run, and others will lead to gains

Initially, a number of stimulus cards are presented to the participant. The

participant is told to match the cards, but not how to match; however, he or she is told

whether a particular match is right or wrong.

0.00

The first player proposes how to divide the sum between the two players, and the

second player can either accept or reject this proposal. If the second player rejects,

neither player receives anything. If the second player accepts, the money is split

according to the proposal. The game is played only once so that reciprocation is not

an issue

Total 0.00 / 2.00

Question 10

Which of the following features encodes the ongoing process of decision making according to neuroeconomics?




Structure of ion channels

Firing rate 2.00

Number of synapses

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during perceptual decisions?


The DLPFC is sensitive to faces and houses, it works as a face- and house-

detector

The DLPFC integrates sensory evidences from sensory processing areas (e.g.

face- and house-detectors) to make a perceptual decision

2.00

The DLPFC encodes immediate financial consequences of perceptual decisions

Total 2.00 / 2.00



Question 12

Which of the following statements is suggested by the Race Model?


One ‘integrator’ accumulates the evidence for two alternatives as faster as

possible

Accumulation of the evidence for two alternatives is similar to a horse race – it is a

very unpredictable process

Separate ‘integrators’ accumulate the evidence for two alternatives 2.00

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 13

Which of the following is coded by the nucleus accumbens?


Working memory

Relative value of options

Anticipated gain magnitude 2.00



Action-selection

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 14

Which of the following is encoded in the activity of the nucleus accumbens? (Multiple choices are allowed)


Rewards 1.00

Expected rewards 1.00

Perceptual decisions 0.00

Self-control 0.00

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 15

Which of the following is induced by the lobotomy (the destruction of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex)?




Hearing impairments

Apathy and cognitive alternations 2.00

No serous alternations

Language impairments

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 16

What is the functional BOLD signal?


The functional BOLD signal is a sequence of magnetic field pulses produced by

MRI scanners

The functional BOLD signal is seen as an increase in the MR signal that

corresponding to a decrease in the concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin

The functional BOLD signal is the mean firing rate of neurons 0.00

Total 0.00 / 2.00



Question 17

Which of the following is the key set of brain regions involved in valuation and emotional processes?


Nucleus accumbens, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex 2.00

Motor cortex, cerebellum, fusiform gyrus

Visual cortex, hippocampus, parietal cortex

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 18

According to normative economic approach, which of the following is not included in the process of decision making?


Feelings/emotions 2.00

Anticipated outcome

Subjective probability

Total 2.00 / 2.00



Question 19

According to Daniel Kahneman, which of the following is not a characteristic of System Two?


Effortful

Deliberately controlled

Slow

Serial

Emotional 2.00

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 20

Which of the following is correct?


Exercising self-control involves the modulation of the neural value signal by the

ventral prefrontal cortex




dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

2.00


nucleus accumbens

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 21

Which of the following is not true according to the anticipatory affect model?


Potential gains elicit a positive arousal-related response in the ventral striatum

Positive arousal promotes approach to risk, negative arousal promotes avoidance

of risk

Potential losses elicit a negative arousal-related response in the anterior insula

Potential losses elicit a positive arousal-related response in the ventral striatum 2.00

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 22



Which of the following is often used to identify the individual level of risk aversion?


The size of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.

Brian Knutson‘s index

Certainty equivalent 2.00

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 23

Which of the following is true?


Someone who is indifferent between € 48 for sure and a 50 % chance gamble of €

0 and € 100 is risk insensitive.


0 and € 100 is risk seeking.


0 and € 100 is risk averse.

2.00

Total 2.00 / 2.00



Question 24

Which of the following is suggested by the ‘diffusion’ model?


A choice should be made as soon as the integrated evidence in support of one of

the alternatives exceeds a threshold

A choice should be made as soon as the difference between the evidence

supporting the winning alternative and the evidence supporting the losing alternative

exceeds a threshold

2.00

A choice should be made as soon as the activity of the ventral striatum reaches a

threshold

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 25

Which of the following statements is not true according to the Group (multilevel) selection theory?


Natural selection favors only cheating behaviors because it increase the relative

fitness of the individual

2.00

Selection between individuals within groups favors cheating behaviors, even at



the expense of the group as a whole

Selection between groups within the total population favors behaviors that

increase the relative fitness of the whole group

Total 2.00 / 2.00

Question 26

Which of the following is the correct characteristic of Prisoner’s Dilemma?


Prisoner’s Dilemma models a situation in which there are gains from cooperation

but each player has an incentive to free ride

1.00

Prisoner’s Dilemma models a situation in which there are gains from cooperation

and each player has no incentive to free ride

Prisoner’s Dilemma models a situation in which there are no gains from

cooperation but each player has an incentive to free ride

Total 1.00 / 1.00

Question 27



Which of the following is the mechanism of mirror neurons (MN)?


MN are neurons that are active only when people imagine themselves doing an

action

MN describe actions of others in a motor format similar to that the observers

internally generate when they imagine themselves doing that action or when they

actually perform it

1.00

MN are active then people or animals observe themselves in mirrors

Total 1.00 / 1.00

Question 28

Which of the following is true? (Multiple choices are allowed)


Chimpanzees prefer a collaborative option over a solo one 0.00

3-year-old children prefer a collaborative option over a solo one 0.25

Chimpanzees prefer a solo option over a collaborative one 0.00

3-year-old children prefer a solo option over a collaborative one 0.25

Total 0.50 / 1.00



Question 29

Which of the following is true?


Capuchin monkeys reject unequal pay which people do as well. It goes against the

assumptions of traditional economics

1.00

Capuchin monkeys are not sensitive to perceived inequity

Capuchin monkeys do not reject unequal pay supporting the assumptions of

traditional economics

Total 1.00 / 1.00

Question 30

Which of the following is a true according the Biological Market theory?


The exchange of commodities in primate groups is a trading on a market with

exchange rates fluctuating from day to day depending on supply and demand

1.00

The exchange of commodities in primate groups is fundamentally different from a



trading on a market with exchange rates fluctuating from day to day depending on

supply and demand

The exchange of commodities in primate groups has not been found

Total 1.00 / 1.00

Examen Final de Neuroeconomics

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