Evac - Bronze Notes

8/7/2019 Evac - Bronze Notes

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SINGAPORE RED CROSS YOUTH DIVISIONCASUALTY EVACUATION (BRONZE)

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LESSON OUTLINE:

PRINCIPLES OF CASUALTY EVACUATION

A. Aim of Evacuation

B. Definition of EvacuationC. Indication of Immediate RescueD. Objectives of EvacuationE. General Approach (DUE Approach)F. Methods of EvacuationG. Decision of Methods (TIDA)H. Rules of Transportation (SOSS)

1-AIDER MANUAL METHODS

A. Overturning of Casualty (From Prone to Supine Position)B. Recovery PositionC. Cradle MovementD. Semi-recumbent PositionE. Lifting Casualty (From Sitting to Standing Position)F. Cradle CarryG. Pick-a-backH. High DraggingI. Low DraggingJ. Human Crutch

BASIC RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

A. Parts of a Walkie TalkieB. Phonetic AlphabetsC. ProwordsD. Radio Check (Romeo-Charlie)E. Initiating a CallF. AnsweringG. Arranging for Voice ConversationsH. Correction and Repetition

I. Verification and CancellationJ. SpellingK. Figures


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PRINCIPLES OF

CASUALTYEVACUATION


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PRINCIPLES OF CASUALTY EVACUATION

A) Aim

Transportation of the sick and injured is an important branch of/and/or a

supplement to First Aid; much may depend on the careful manner in which thecasualty is moved.

Anything which may worsen the injuries or increase shock must be avoided. It isa movement of victims away from hazardous location and the use ofprotectivemethods to support a victims body during emergency transfer.

Evacuation of casualty before first aid treatment is a necessity when there is animmediatedangerto the lives of the casualty and the first aiders. In manycases, it will be less disturbing to the casualty if he is left until medical aids arrive.On the other hand, the casualty should not be evacuated iflife-threatening

problems such as airway obstructions and severe hemorrhage is not treated.

B) Definition

Evacuation, transportation or emergency rescue is a procedure for moving victimfrom a dangerous location to a place of safety.

C) Indications For Immediate Rescue

1. Fire, danger of fire, or explosion.2. Danger of asphyxia due to lack of oxygen or due to presence of harmfulgases.

3. Serious traffic hazards.4. Risk of drowning

D) Objective

1. To ensure an open airway and to administer artificial respiration if it isneeded.

2. To control severe bleeding.3. To check for injuries.4. To immobilize injured parts before extrication of the victim.5. To arrange for transport.6. To avoid subjecting the victim to any unnecessary disturbance.


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E) General Approach (DUE Approach)

Diagnosis (D)Always find out what had happened to the casualty. (E.g. Is there any majorfracture or involvement of his neck and spine)

Use Of Priority In First Aid (U)Do first things first. Avoid doing unnecessary treatment. (E.g. if casualty is indanger, evacuate him first.) At other times, we may have to do first aid first i.e.artificial respiration or a severe bleeding has to be controlled first.

Evacuate (E)Evacuate or transport the patient to a safe location or to hospital as quickly aspossible. Do not delay. Every second is ofvitalimportance to a seriously injuredpatient.

Note: Improper handling, frequent handling, or rough and hurried evacuationmight aggravate victims condition, hence his life might be jeopardized.

F) Methods of Evacuation

1. Manual ----- By hands2. Stretcher ----- By stretcher3. Improvised ----- By whatever equipment available at hand

G) Decisions of Methods (TIDA)

Type of Injuries (T)E.g. Light or severe

Immediate Surroundings (I)Is the place on fire? Is the building going to collapse? Need to go through tunnel?

Distance to Shelter (D)How far away from shelter?

Availability of Personnel or Materials/Equipment (A)Any stretchers available? How many personnel are available?


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H) Rules for Transportation

Safety (S)It is hardly necessary to mention that the route and equipment used must besafe. Cases have occurred in which patients have fallen off a stretcher or the

stretcher itself has become unserviceable and collapsed. Stretchers should beperiodically inspected, ensuring it is serviceable.

Observation (O)Observe the casualty for any visible changes in vital signs during transportation.Ensureairway is open, bleeding controlled, fracture properly immobilized.

Speed (S)Evacuate as quickly as possible, provided that safety is not compromised.

Steadiness (S)

Avoid jolting of patient while carrying, yet ensuring that evacuation is done asquickly as possible.


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1-AIDERMANUAL

METHODS


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1-AIDER MANUAL METHODS

A) Overturning of Casualty (From Prone to Supine Position)

Objectives:

- For artificial resuscitation- To check for injury on the other side of the casualtys body- To carry out cradle movement- To turn casualty to recovery position

Method:

1. Kneel by the casualtys side in position. The first aiders legs should beopened up, the knees positioned at casualtys hip and shoulderand youshould be as nearas possible to the casualty.

2. Tuck casualtys nearest hand under the thigh nearer to you,

3. Ensure that the palm of the casualtys hand is facing down.

4. Gently turn casualtys head away from you.

5. Place casualtys otherhandunderthe cheek and

6. You will hold on to the casualtys hand palm-to-palm.

7. Using your free hand, cross the legfurtheraway from you overthe leg

nearer to you.

8. Grab some clothing at the casualtys waist and overturn the casualty.

9. While you are moving back slowly, pull the casualty towards you bysupporting the thigh, and ensuring that casualty is supported on yourlap.

10. In addition, yourelbow should also be on the ground at all times.

11. Your lower arm should support the casualtys head instead of the neck.

12. Straighten casualtys both hands.


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B) Recovery Position

Objectives:1) To place the casualty in a comfortable position while waiting for thearrival of ambulance

2) To prevent obstruction of airway by allowing fluid to flow out of themouth

Method:

1. Kneel by the casualtys side in position. The first aiders legs should beopened up, the knees positioned at casualtys hip and shoulderand youshould be as nearas possible to the casualty.

2. Tuck casualtys nearest hand under the thigh nearer to you,

3. Ensure that the palm of the casualtys hand is facing down.

4. Grab casualtys other hand and place the back of the hand on the cheeknearer to you.

5. Turn the casualtys headtowards you,

6. And meanwhile still holding on to casualtys hand, palm-to-palm.

7. Using your free hand, propup the casualtys leg that is furtheraway fromyou and

8. Wrap yourhand around casualtys leg.

9. While wrapping your hand around the leg, grab some clothing near thewaist.

10. While you are turning the casualty, pull the casualty towards you, ensuringthat the casualty is supported on your lap.

11. In addition, yourelbow should also be on the ground at all times.

12. Ensure the back of the casualtys hand is on the cheek and is raised so thatcasualtys chest is lifted offthe ground.

13. Straighten casualtys hand to 45 and

14. Adjust the leg to 90.


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C) Cradle Movement

Objectives:- To prop up a casualty to semi-recumbent position- To stand a casualty in preparation for lifting and carrying

Method:

1. Your starting position should be at the side of the casualty, not at the head.

2. The leg nearerthe head should be bent at 90 while the leg that is downshould be as nearas possible to the casualtys waist.

3. Cross casualtys arms over the stomach.

4. Lift the head gently using both hands.

5. One hand should support the head on lower arm with yourpalm on theshoulderblade while

6. The otherhand should be supporting the shoulder bladenearerto you.

7. Your hands should be supporting the casualtys shoulder blade and thumbshould not be squeezing the casualtys shoulder.

8. In one swift movement, prop casualty up.

9. while at the same time lowering your leg that is at 90 such that both yourknees are down near the casualtys body

10. Your position should be as close as possible to the casualty

11. And not resting on yourheels. This ensures that casualtys posture isupright. This is the final position of the casualty.


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D) Semi-Recumbent

Objectives:- To prevent obstruction of airway by allowing fluid to flow out of the

mouth

- To allow the casualty to sit in a comfortable position

Method:

1. Tilt head gently to one side with one of your hands supporting the chin.

E) Lifting Casualty (From Sitting to Standing Position) *Position Zero

Objectives:- To prop the casualty up to standing position to facilitate the use of

other evacuation methods

Method:

1. Your starting position would be behind the casualtys back, with thecasualty in cradle movement or semi-recumbent position. You should haveyourstrongerlegup, bent at 90.

2. Position yourarms under the casualtys armpits.

3. Attempt to lift casualty up

4. By pulling the casualty upwards while at the same time leaningtowards thecasualty (as opposed to dragging the casualty backwards towards you).

5. In standing position, support casualty to ensure stability. This is theposition of casualty in standing position, also known as position zero.


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F) Cradle Carry

Objectives:- To carry light weight casualty

Method:

1. Start from position zero and place one of yourfeet between casualtys feet,with your other foot at the side of the casualty.

2. Place casualtys hand that is nearer to you overyourshoulder

3. And holdon to casualtys hand and provide support for the casualty bypulling him / her close to you.

4. Your free hand will go around the casualtys waist and grab some clothing.

5. Let go casualtys hand and move into position.

6. Bend both your knees to lift the casualty and make sure to keep your backstraight.

7. Attempt to lift the casualty in one swift movement

8. Ensure that yourhand which is under the casualtys legs goes rightaround BOTH legs.

9. Your other hand should still be grabbing some clothing at the waist.


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G) Pick-A-Back

Objectives:- To carry light weight and conscious casualty- For people who are too tired to walk

Method:

1. Start from position zero and place one of yourfeet between casualtys feet,with your other foot at the side of the casualty.

2. Place casualtys hand that is nearer to you overyourshoulder



5. In one swift movement, you will movefront by moving your other foot infront of the casualty. Ensure that it is beyondcasualtys feet in order tomake space for the foot that is currently between casualtys feet to moveforward too.

6. At this step, make sure that you are still holding on to the casualtys handaround your shoulder as well as grabbing the clothing at the waist.

7. Let go of the clothing at the waist and grab casualtys free hand to putoveryour shoulder.

8. You will bend yourknee and keep yourback straight.

9. Release the casualtys hands while at the same time

10. Instruct the casualty to hold his/herhandstogether.

11. Position yourhandundercasualtys thighs and instruct the casualty to hopon.

12. Attempt to lift the casualty up.


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H) High Dragging

Objectives:- To move unconscious casualty for a short distance

Method:

1. Start from position zero and place one of yourfeet between casualtys feet,

2. Place yourarmsunderthe casualtys armpits such that the casualty issupported by the crook of your arms.

3. Turn to yourside such that one of your shoulders is facing the casualtysback

4. And straighten the leg nearerto casualty with your foot facingsideways

to support casualtys heels.

5. Bend yourother leg (the one further away from the casualtys feet)

6. And as this leg takes a step to the back, slide your straightened leg backtowards yourself. While dragging, ensure that casualty is supported at alltimes.

7. Look behind once in a while to ensure that the route is safe.

I) Low Dragging

Objectives:- To move unconscious casualty through low tunnels; low walls, etc.

Method:

1. Start from semi-recumbent position and place yourarmsunderthecasualtys armpits such that the casualty is supported by the crook of yourarms.

2. With both legs apart, bend yourknees and keep yourbackstraight.

3. Take steps to the back slowly

4. While looking behind once in a while to ensure that the route is safe.


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J) Human Crutch

Objectives:- To evacuate a casualty with a slight injury on one leg (e.g. sprained

ankle)

Method:

1. Start from position zero and place one of yourfeet between casualtys feet.Place casualtys hand that is nearer to you overyourshoulder



4. Instruct casualty to place his/herinjured foot on yourfoot which is nearerto the casualty.

5. At this point, you should still hold on to the casualtys hand which is overyour shoulder and grabbing the clothing at the waist.

6. As you move, pull casualty towards you to ensure stability of casualty.

7. Instruct casualty on the leg movement. The aiders free foot should stepout first followed by casualtys free foot.

8. Lastly, you should move your foot that is supporting casualtys injuredfoot forward.


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BASIC RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS


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BASIC RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

Radio Communication enables one to understand and use signal sets such aswalkie talkies to communicate. This chapter also teaches you voice procedure,phonetic alphabets and the proper way ofhandling a signal set.

Effective CommunicationIt is important that messages are transmitted clearly, especially when walkietalkies are used. Users are to speak slowly, clearly and with pauses whilemaintaining a good rhythm.

A. Parts of a Walkie Talkie

Display

Power / Volume Control

Speaker /Microphone

Antenna

Earphone Jack

Channel Switch

Push to TalkPTT

Menu/LockAlert Alarm


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B. Phonetic Alphabets

A Alpha N NovemberB Bravo O OscarC Charlie P Papa

D Delta Q QuebecE Echo R RomeoF Foxtrot S SierraG Golf T TangoH Hotel U UniformI India V VictorJ Juliet W WhiskeyK Kilo X X-rayL Lima Y YankeeM Mike Z Zulu

C. Prowords

Prowords are special words that are used to convey specific meanings that couldshorten transmissions.

1.Hello 7.Wilco 13.Verify

2.Over 8.Wait Out 14.I spell

3.Send 9.Reference to last message 15.I figure

4.Roger 10.Wrong 16.Say again

5.Fetch 11.Cancel 17.I say again

6.This is . speaking 12.Out


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D. Radio Check (Romeo-Charlie)

Radio Check is important to aiders before the start of any First Aid Duty or thestart of any communication via walkie talkies. The purpose of conducting a radiocheck is to ensure that the walkie talkie is functioning as well as the fact that

the other parties at the other end are able to receive yourmessageloud andclear.

Radio Check must be carried out just before the start of a duty (to ensurewalkies are functioning) and after deployment (to ensure signal strength isgood).

1. INNITIATE

Alpha: Alpha to all stations, conducting a Radio Check, Over or

Alpha: Hello, all stations, this is Alpha, Radio Check, Over

2. REPLY

(stations must reply in order)

Bravo: Bravo to Alpha, hear you loud and clear, Over or

Charlie: Charlie to Alpha, Difficult with interference, Over

Delta does not respond!

** For Charlie and Delta, Radio Check has to be conducted again

Alpha to Charlie, conducting a Radio Check, Over.

(If you get the same response, check the signal set personally!)

Alpha to Delta, conducting a Radio Check, Over.

(If Delta fails to respond again, check the signal set personally!)

3. END

Alpha: Alpha to all stations, Roger Out


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E. Initiating a Call

Hello: To starta conversation.

Send: FirstReply by receiver followed by the message.

Over: Endof each transmission.

Example:

(Delta wants to start a conversation with Mike)

OR

(Mike replies)

(Always start talking by introducing yourself! And end with OVER)

F. Answering

Roger: Received and understoodthe last message.

Wilco: Instructions will be compliedwith.

WaitOut: Transmission on the same subject will be made later.

Out: This is the end of the topicthat was being discussed earlier. No answers

are expected.

Delta to Mike, Over.Hello Mike. This is

Delta, Over.

Mike. Send, Over.


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Example:

(Nicky wants to give instructions to the field i/c. However, the field i/c is notavailable and he transmits the message to Doreen)

Nicky to Doreen, Over.Doreen. Send, Over.

Nicky. Where is the Field I/C? Over.

Doreen. Wait Out

Doreen to Nicky, with reference to last message, the Field I/C is busy attending

to a casualty at the base now, Over.

Nicky. In that case, can you please rush to the command centre to pick up the

balance supplies, Over.

Doreen. Roger Out / Doreen. Wilco Out

Nicky. Tango Yankee, Out.


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G. Arranging for Voice Conversations

Fetch: To bring a certain person to a signal set.

This is Speaking: A person other than the original user of the signal set

who is now using the signal set.

Example:

(Alpha needs to speak to the organizer of the event who does not have a

signal set.)

1. Alpha to Bravo,

Over.

2. Bravo.Send, Over.

3. Alpha. Pleasefetch the organizer

of this event Over.

4. Bravo.Wait Out

5. This is the

organizer of thisevent speaking,

Over.


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H. Correction and Repitition

Wrong: To correct a mistake made.

Say again / Repeat message: Message is not clear and a repetition is required.

I say again: Indication that the message is being repeated.

Example:

Wilson to Dorlisa, Over.

Dorlisa. Send, Over.

Wilson. I need 3 stretchers to be transported to the base. WRONG! I need 5

stretchers at the base now, Over.

Dorlisa. Say again, Over.

Wilson. I say again, I need 5 stretchers at the base now, Over.

Dorlisa. Roger Out.

I. Verification and Cancellation

Verify: Request for item to be checked.

Cancel: Ignore the previous message.

Example:

Alpha to Charlie, Over.

Charlie. Send, Over.

Alpha. Please verify when will the ambulance be arriving, Over.

Charlie. Wait Out

Charlie to Alpha, with reference to last message, the ambulance will be arriving

in I figure 1-0 minutes, Over.

Alpha. Roger Out.


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J. Spelling

I Spell: Used for names, places, etc.

Example:

Victoria to David, Over.

David. Send, Over.

Victoria. What shall we name our son, Over.

David. Lets name him Brooklyn Beckham. I spell, Bravo-Romeo-Oscar-Oscar-

Kilo-Lima-Yankee-NovemberSPACE Bravo-Echo-Charlie-Kilo-Hotel-Alpha-Mike,

Over.

Victoria. Wow! That sounds amazing, Over.

K. Figures

I Figure: Used for numbers.

Example:

Mike to Victor, Over.

Victor, Send, Over.

Mike. How many casualties are there in the base, Over?

Victor. There are I figure, ONE-FIVE casualties at the base, Over.

Mike. Roger Out.

Summary

In conclusion, when speaking into a walkie, always remember 3 basic rules: Start

with INTRODUCTION, say your MESSAGE and end with OVER/OUT.

Miscellaneous Radio Conversation discipline

1. Press the PTT for 2 sec before starting conversation and release is 2 sec

after conversation.

2. Do not let go of PTT at all times when you are speaking.

3. Do not interrupt a conversation unless absolutely necessary and urgent.

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