Ethical Answers in an Unethical WorldWhat is Truth?

John Oakes, PhD

APLA Jan, 2010

Christian and Other World Views

Suggested Resources on World ViewSuggested Resources on World View

Copan, Paul. Copan, Paul. That’s Just Your InterpretationThat’s Just Your Interpretation. Grand Rapids: . Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2001.Baker Books, 2001.

Oakes, John. “Apologetics and the Christian Worldview” Oakes, John. “Apologetics and the Christian Worldview” www.evidenceforchristianity.orgwww.evidenceforchristianity.org..

Copan, Paul. Copan, Paul. True for You, But Not for MeTrue for You, But Not for Me. Minneapolis: . Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1998.Bethany House, 1998.

Pearcey, Nancy J. Pearcey, Nancy J. Total Truth: Liberating Christianity from Total Truth: Liberating Christianity from Its Cultural CaptivityIts Cultural Captivity. Study Guide ed. Wheaton, Ill.: . Study Guide ed. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books, 2004.Crossway Books, 2004.

Sire, James W. Sire, James W. The Universe Next DoorThe Universe Next Door: : A Basic Worldview A Basic Worldview CatalogCatalog. 4th ed. Downers Grove, Ill.: Inter Varsity Press, . 4th ed. Downers Grove, Ill.: Inter Varsity Press, 2004.2004.

Why Should Anyone Believe Anything At All?Why Should Anyone Believe Anything At All? Downers Downers Grove, Ill.: Inter Varsity Press, 1994.Grove, Ill.: Inter Varsity Press, 1994.

Jesus Christ: “I came to testify to the truth.”

Pontius Pilate: “What is truth?”

The Problem as I See ItThe Problem as I See It

The Secularization of CultureThe Secularization of Culture

The Loss of MoralityThe Loss of Morality

The Loss of GodThe Loss of God

The Loss of the Intellectual High Ground at The Loss of the Intellectual High Ground at the University to Non-Believers.the University to Non-Believers.

The Culprits: The Leading Philosophies of Our The Culprits: The Leading Philosophies of Our DayDay

Naturalism/Scientism/MaterialismNaturalism/Scientism/Materialism

Postmodernism: The Loss of TruthPostmodernism: The Loss of Truth

Delos B. McKown:“Christianity is scientifically unsupported

and probably insupportable, philosophically suspect at best and disreputable at worst, and historically fraudulent.”

World ViewWorld View

The perspective one uses to process and The perspective one uses to process and interpret information received about the interpret information received about the world. world.

James W. Sire “A world view is a set of James W. Sire “A world view is a set of presuppositions (ie. assumptions) which presuppositions (ie. assumptions) which we hold about the basic makeup of our we hold about the basic makeup of our world.” world.”

James W. Sire, James W. Sire, TheUniverse Next DoorTheUniverse Next Door

What Makes for a “Good” World ViewWhat Makes for a “Good” World View

1. 1. It is “true”It is “true”

2. It successfully answers the important 2. It successfully answers the important questions humans ask questions humans ask

3. Those who ascribe to it are better human 3. Those who ascribe to it are better human beings for having taken this as their world beings for having taken this as their world

view.view.

Questions That Need an AnswerQuestions That Need an Answer

1. 1. What is the prime reality? (What is the What is the prime reality? (What is the nature of God?)nature of God?)

2. What am I?2. What am I?

3. What happens to a person at death?3. What happens to a person at death?

4. Why is it possible for us to know anything 4. Why is it possible for us to know anything at all?at all?

5. How do we know what is right and wrong?5. How do we know what is right and wrong?

6. What is my purpose in life?6. What is my purpose in life?

7. What is the nature of my relationship, with 7. What is the nature of my relationship, with the “prime reality?”the “prime reality?”

Naturalism/Scientism/MaterialismNaturalism/Scientism/Materialism

The belief that the only reliable or valid The belief that the only reliable or valid instrument to deciding the truth or even instrument to deciding the truth or even the value of any proposition is the the value of any proposition is the scientific method.scientific method.

No basis for ethics or morality, no No basis for ethics or morality, no supernatural, no God, no truth (except supernatural, no God, no truth (except that found by science), no consciousness, that found by science), no consciousness, no “I.” Justice is a figment of our no “I.” Justice is a figment of our imagination.imagination.

MaterialismMaterialism

““We exist as material beings in a material world, all We exist as material beings in a material world, all of whose phenomena are the consequences of of whose phenomena are the consequences of material relations among material entities." In a word, material relations among material entities." In a word, the public needs to accept materialism, which means the public needs to accept materialism, which means that they must put God in the trash can of history that they must put God in the trash can of history where such myths belong.”where such myths belong.”

Richard LewontinRichard Lewontin Retrospective essay on Carl Sagan in the January 9, 1997 Retrospective essay on Carl Sagan in the January 9, 1997 New York Review of BooksNew York Review of Books,,

Richard DawkinsRichard Dawkins

In the universe of blind physical forces and In the universe of blind physical forces and genetic replication, some people are going to genetic replication, some people are going to get hurt and other people are going to get get hurt and other people are going to get lucky: and you won’t find any rhyme or reason lucky: and you won’t find any rhyme or reason to it, nor any justice. The universe we observe to it, nor any justice. The universe we observe has precisely the properties we should expect has precisely the properties we should expect if there is at the bottom, no design, no if there is at the bottom, no design, no purpose, no evil and no good. Nothing but purpose, no evil and no good. Nothing but blind, pitiless indifference. DNA neither knows blind, pitiless indifference. DNA neither knows nor cares. DNA just is, and we dance to its nor cares. DNA just is, and we dance to its music.music.

Postmodernism: The Loss of TruthPostmodernism: The Loss of Truth

Truth, if such a thing exists, is the property Truth, if such a thing exists, is the property of culture. There is no absolute truth. All of culture. There is no absolute truth. All truth is relative. It is created by societies. truth is relative. It is created by societies. There is no ultimate moral authority or There is no ultimate moral authority or moral absolute. moral absolute.

Roger Bacon Roger Bacon (1214-1292)(1214-1292)

Bacon’s advice:

To study Natural Philosophy, use; “External experience, aided by instruments, and made precise by mathematics.”

Christianity invents science

A (ridiculously) Brief Intellectual History of The West:

LaPlace (1749-1827)

About God:

“I have no need of that hypothesis”

Charles Darwin

“It is mere rubbish to think at this point of the origin of life. One might as well think of the origin of matter.”

The 20The 20thth Century Century

Science appears triumphantScience appears triumphant

Scientism proposed. Beyond Morality. Scientism proposed. Beyond Morality. Eugenics.Eugenics.

Quantum Mechanics. Is determinism reality?Quantum Mechanics. Is determinism reality?

WWI WWII Hiroshima Modernity loses its WWI WWII Hiroshima Modernity loses its luster. Humans are not getting better and better.luster. Humans are not getting better and better.

Scientific Materialism cannot answer our deepest Scientific Materialism cannot answer our deepest questions. Scientism is hubris.questions. Scientism is hubris.

Enter, Postmodernism! Enter, Postmodernism!

ScientificScientific MaterialismMaterialism

Only that which can be observed and Only that which can be observed and measured through the technique of measured through the technique of Scientific Scientific MethodMethod is real, and everything else is unreal. is real, and everything else is unreal.   

Scientific MaterialismScientific Materialism

Scientific Materialism accepts only one Scientific Materialism accepts only one reality: the physical universe, composed reality: the physical universe, composed as it is of matter and energy.  Everything as it is of matter and energy.  Everything that is not physical, measurable, or that is not physical, measurable, or deducible from scientific observations, is deducible from scientific observations, is considered unreal. considered unreal. LifeLife is explained in is explained in purely mechanical terms, and phenomena purely mechanical terms, and phenomena such as Mind and Consciousness are such as Mind and Consciousness are considered nothing but epiphenomena - considered nothing but epiphenomena - curious by-products, of certain complex curious by-products, of certain complex physical processes (such as brain physical processes (such as brain metabolism)metabolism)

Scientific MaterialismScientific Materialism There is no There is no GodGod, , No angelsNo angels No DevilNo Devil No goodNo good No evilNo evil No survival of physical death, No survival of physical death, No non-physical realities, and No non-physical realities, and No ultimate meaning or purpose to lifeNo ultimate meaning or purpose to life No HeavenNo Heaven No afterlifeNo afterlife

A Response to Naturalism/Materialism/ScientismA Response to Naturalism/Materialism/Scientism

It is a faith/religious belief based on circular It is a faith/religious belief based on circular reasoning.reasoning.

It cannot answer the questions human beings It cannot answer the questions human beings care about.care about.

It is patently and demonstrably false.It is patently and demonstrably false.

As a world view it is does not tend to make its As a world view it is does not tend to make its followers “better.” If fact it is downright followers “better.” If fact it is downright dangerous.dangerous.

Circular ReasoningCircular Reasoning

Unprovable assumptions of science.Unprovable assumptions of science.

The universe is ordered and essentially unchanging.The universe is ordered and essentially unchanging.

The universe is observable and understandable.The universe is observable and understandable.

The universe is governed by mathematically preciseThe universe is governed by mathematically preciselaws.laws.

None of these assumptions can be proved by None of these assumptions can be proved by experiment. Inexperiment. In

a sense, science is not scientific.a sense, science is not scientific.

A recent BBC broadcast forum:A recent BBC broadcast forum:

Questioner: How do you know that physical reality is Questioner: How do you know that physical reality is all there is: that there is no God?all there is: that there is no God?

Response of a vehement materialist (after much Response of a vehement materialist (after much prodding): I simply believe it to be true.prodding): I simply believe it to be true.

Questioner: Well, now we at least have it out on the Questioner: Well, now we at least have it out on the table!table!

In other words, the strongest argument I have that In other words, the strongest argument I have that physical reality is “all there is” is that I believe physical reality is “all there is” is that I believe physical reality is “all there is.”physical reality is “all there is.”

Questions Science Can AnswerQuestions Science Can Answer

When?When? What?What? Where?Where? How many?How many? By what means?By what means?

Questions Science Cannot Answer:Questions Science Cannot Answer:(That Christianity Does Answer)(That Christianity Does Answer)

– Why am I here?Why am I here?– Is that the right thing to do?Is that the right thing to do?– How valuable am I?How valuable am I?– Does God exist? Does God act (theism)?Does God exist? Does God act (theism)?– Will that God respond if I pray?Will that God respond if I pray?– Do supernatural events (miracles) Do supernatural events (miracles)

happen?happen?

Materialism is Patently FalseMaterialism is Patently False

If Materialism/Naturalism is right then;If Materialism/Naturalism is right then;

““I” do not exist. Consciousness is just random I” do not exist. Consciousness is just random moving around of chemicals.moving around of chemicals.

No soul, no spirit, no non-physical reality.No soul, no spirit, no non-physical reality.

Belief in God is just a “meme” the unfortunate Belief in God is just a “meme” the unfortunate accidental result of brain evolution.accidental result of brain evolution.

Life has no value. Human beings have no value. Life has no value. Human beings have no value. What is value?What is value?

Love is chemicals moving around (vs. God is love)Love is chemicals moving around (vs. God is love)

If the Materialist is right, then…If the Materialist is right, then…

Religious thought is absolute nonsense. Religious thought is absolute nonsense. Prayer is chemical moving around in your Prayer is chemical moving around in your brain.brain.

Art, Literature, Music have no intrinsic Art, Literature, Music have no intrinsic value.value.

Justice is a meaningless word.Justice is a meaningless word.

Human rights have no basis.Human rights have no basis.

Etc….Etc….

Scientism is Patently False Because….Scientism is Patently False Because….

The universe was created.The universe was created.

Life was created.Life was created.

The Anthropic Principle. The universe is The Anthropic Principle. The universe is ridiculously well fine-tuned for us to exist.ridiculously well fine-tuned for us to exist.

No one in their right mind can deny the No one in their right mind can deny the existence of right and wrongexistence of right and wrong

The Bible is inspired by God. The Bible is inspired by God.

Naturalism does not tend to make its believers Naturalism does not tend to make its believers better people. Dangerous?better people. Dangerous?

If the naturalist is right then:If the naturalist is right then:

Good and evil are meaningless ideas.Good and evil are meaningless ideas.

Our purpose, if it exists at all, is to pass on Our purpose, if it exists at all, is to pass on our DNA.our DNA.

Any kind of sexual behavior is as right as Any kind of sexual behavior is as right as any other. Stealing is probably good.any other. Stealing is probably good.

There is nothing inherently evil about There is nothing inherently evil about genocide.genocide.

Racism, slavery etc can be defended.Racism, slavery etc can be defended.

If the Materialist is Right Then…If the Materialist is Right Then…

Violence and greed are acceptable behavior.Violence and greed are acceptable behavior.

Justice is a meaningless construct.Justice is a meaningless construct.

The words “ought and should” are meaningless.The words “ought and should” are meaningless.

There is no such thing as sin or wrong behavior.There is no such thing as sin or wrong behavior.

Consider the only societies in human history Consider the only societies in human history controlled by atheists. USSR, Communist China, controlled by atheists. USSR, Communist China, Khmer Rouge….Khmer Rouge….

Is this where human beings want to head?Is this where human beings want to head?

If the Materialist is Right Then…If the Materialist is Right Then…

Violence selfishness greed are acceptable behavior.Violence selfishness greed are acceptable behavior.

Justice is a meaningless construct.Justice is a meaningless construct.

The words “ought and should” are meaningless.The words “ought and should” are meaningless.

There is no such thing as sin or wrong behavior.There is no such thing as sin or wrong behavior.

Consider the only societies in human history Consider the only societies in human history controlled by atheists. French Revolution, USSR, controlled by atheists. French Revolution, USSR, Communist China, Khmer Rouge, North Korea….Communist China, Khmer Rouge, North Korea….

Is this where human beings want to head?Is this where human beings want to head?

No wonder intellectuals (over)reactedWith the result being postmodernism!

Now, let us discuss postmodernism.

Postmodernism/Cultural RelativismPostmodernism/Cultural Relativism

Positive ContributionsPositive Contributions– Importance of groups and relationships between Importance of groups and relationships between

groups.groups.– Gives honor to culture, beauty, wonder, Gives honor to culture, beauty, wonder,

imagination.imagination.– More accurate description of history (including More accurate description of history (including

the history of science).the history of science).– The Western mindset is not the only valid one.The Western mindset is not the only valid one.

ProblemsProblems– Very confusing. Very confusing. – No world view is preferred.No world view is preferred.– The idea of truth, for all practical purposes, The idea of truth, for all practical purposes,

disappearsdisappears..

Postmodernism: Cultural RelativismPostmodernism: Cultural Relativism

Reality is a social construction.Reality is a social construction.

Truth: It is true for you, but it is not true Truth: It is true for you, but it is not true for me.for me.

Meaning, if it exists, lies in a community of Meaning, if it exists, lies in a community of believers.believers.

No rational way to discover which is the No rational way to discover which is the best world view.best world view.

Theories of TruthTheories of Truth

Correspondence Theory of Truth: A Correspondence Theory of Truth: A statement is true if reality corresponds to statement is true if reality corresponds to that which is predicted by the statement.that which is predicted by the statement.

Relativism (postmodernism): A claim is Relativism (postmodernism): A claim is made true for those who accept it by that made true for those who accept it by that very act (of accepting it).very act (of accepting it).

Truth is either discovered or created.Truth is either discovered or created. Truth is either absolute or relative.Truth is either absolute or relative.

If The Postmodernists are Right Then…If The Postmodernists are Right Then…

Reality is a social construction.Reality is a social construction. ““It is true for you, but it is not true for me.”It is true for you, but it is not true for me.” Truth is found in an accepted narrative.Truth is found in an accepted narrative. No universal trans-cultural standard of truth or No universal trans-cultural standard of truth or

value.value. No authorial prerogative. The truth of a text is No authorial prerogative. The truth of a text is

determined by the culture reading the text.determined by the culture reading the text. There is no such thing as the book of Romans.There is no such thing as the book of Romans.

– Methodist Romans, Lutheran Romans, Buddhist Romans, Methodist Romans, Lutheran Romans, Buddhist Romans, Atheist Romans.Atheist Romans.

Can You Accept This???Can You Accept This???

Consciousness is social, not individual. Self is a Consciousness is social, not individual. Self is a construction (mother, British, grad student…)construction (mother, British, grad student…)

All truth is relative. All truth is cultural.All truth is relative. All truth is cultural.

Individual has no authority to determine what is Individual has no authority to determine what is true.true.

Problems With PostmodernismProblems With Postmodernism

Self-refuting.Self-refuting.– If nothing is true, then postmodernism is not true.If nothing is true, then postmodernism is not true.– Its authors insist on authorial privilege.Its authors insist on authorial privilege.

I do not care what they say, I do not care what they say, some things are some things are just truejust true..

Either God is real or he is not. Even if I cannot Either God is real or he is not. Even if I cannot prove it one way or another.prove it one way or another.

If you culture told you it was safe to jump off a If you culture told you it was safe to jump off a cliff, would you jump?cliff, would you jump?

Scientism is Bogus, But Science is NotScientism is Bogus, But Science is Not

The naturally convincing explanation of the The naturally convincing explanation of the success of science is that it is gaining a tightening success of science is that it is gaining a tightening grasp of an actual reality. The goal of scientific grasp of an actual reality. The goal of scientific endeavor is to gain an understanding of the endeavor is to gain an understanding of the structure of the physical world. The conclusions structure of the physical world. The conclusions are always tentative, but they are dictated by are always tentative, but they are dictated by the the way things actually are.way things actually are.

What is Wrong With Postmodernism?What is Wrong With Postmodernism?

It does not agree with reality—with the It does not agree with reality—with the world as it is. Our understanding of truth world as it is. Our understanding of truth may be relative, but truth is not.may be relative, but truth is not.

It can be dangerous.It can be dangerous.– Which is better, the Nazi culture or Which is better, the Nazi culture or

Christianity? On what basis?Christianity? On what basis?– Sin is a cultural creation. Why prefer one Sin is a cultural creation. Why prefer one

moral system to another?moral system to another?– Why listen to reformers like Jesus Christ or Why listen to reformers like Jesus Christ or

Siddhartha Buddha? By definition, our culture Siddhartha Buddha? By definition, our culture is always right!is always right!

The Christian World ViewThe Christian World View1. 1. The physical world is: (Genesis 1)The physical world is: (Genesis 1)

a. real b. created and c. essentially good.a. real b. created and c. essentially good.

2. There exists a parallel unseen spiritual reality which is not 2. There exists a parallel unseen spiritual reality which is not limited to or defined by the physical reality. limited to or defined by the physical reality.

3. The creator of both the physical and spiritual realm is the 3. The creator of both the physical and spiritual realm is the God who is revealed and who reveals himself in the Bible.God who is revealed and who reveals himself in the Bible.

4. Human beings have both a physical and a spiritual nature, 4. Human beings have both a physical and a spiritual nature, but the spiritual nature is more essential as it is eternal.but the spiritual nature is more essential as it is eternal.

5. Although the physical world is good, evil does exist. Such 5. Although the physical world is good, evil does exist. Such evil is the result of freedom of will given to created beings evil is the result of freedom of will given to created beings and their subsequent decision to use that freedom to “sin” and their subsequent decision to use that freedom to “sin” (defined as transgressing the will of God).(defined as transgressing the will of God).

6. There is a definite right and wrong for human behavior 6. There is a definite right and wrong for human behavior which is determined by God.which is determined by God.

The Christian World View Is TrueThe Christian World View Is True

The Universe is RealThe Universe is Real

The creation is good.The creation is good.

Evil exists.Evil exists.

Despite what Naturalists say, there is a spiritual Despite what Naturalists say, there is a spiritual reality. For example, “I” exist. Consciousness is not reality. For example, “I” exist. Consciousness is not simply an epiphenomenon.simply an epiphenomenon.

Science and the Christian world view do not Science and the Christian world view do not contradict.contradict.

Christian World View Answers the Big Christian World View Answers the Big QuestionsQuestions

How did I get here?How did I get here?

Why am I here?Why am I here?

Where am I going?Where am I going?

Why are human beings able to comprehend the Why are human beings able to comprehend the universe?universe?

Why is there pain and suffering and evil in the Why is there pain and suffering and evil in the world?world?

Christianity Offers Solutions to the Big Problems of Christianity Offers Solutions to the Big Problems of Human BeingsHuman Beings

The Problem of Sin (the substitutionary death of The Problem of Sin (the substitutionary death of Jesus)Jesus)– Romans 7:24,25Romans 7:24,25

The Problem of Suffering (compassion)The Problem of Suffering (compassion)– Matthew 9:35-36 Matthew 9:35-36

The Problem of DeathThe Problem of Death– 1 Corinthians 15:54-561 Corinthians 15:54-56

The Christian World View Has Given Us:The Christian World View Has Given Us:

ScienceScience

Abolition of Slavery (Wilberforce)Abolition of Slavery (Wilberforce)

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights

Christian groups do a majority of all benevolent Christian groups do a majority of all benevolent work in the world (James 1:27, Micah 6:8)work in the world (James 1:27, Micah 6:8)

World ViewsWorld Views

Naturalism Naturalism (already discussed)(already discussed)

Postmodernism: No World View Postmodernism: No World View (already discussed)(already discussed)

DeismDeism

PantheismPantheism

Animism/PolytheismAnimism/Polytheism

DualismDualism

Biblical Theism Biblical Theism (already discussed)(already discussed)

The Naturalist’s Response:The Naturalist’s Response:

What about the evil done in the name of What about the evil done in the name of Christianity?Christianity?

What about the Crusades and the Inquisition?What about the Crusades and the Inquisition?

Response: So you DO believe in evil?Response: So you DO believe in evil?

At least we have a standard which tells us that these At least we have a standard which tells us that these things are to be condemned. Christianity gives us a things are to be condemned. Christianity gives us a basis to know that these things should not be done basis to know that these things should not be done by Christians or anyone else for that matter.by Christians or anyone else for that matter.

DefinitionsDefinitions

Animism: Anima = spirit. A religious system which Animism: Anima = spirit. A religious system which includes the belief that spirits inhabit inanimate objects includes the belief that spirits inhabit inanimate objects and phenomenaand phenomena

Polytheism: Poly = many. A belief that the universe is Polytheism: Poly = many. A belief that the universe is governed by many gods. (Hinduism, Shinto)governed by many gods. (Hinduism, Shinto)

Pantheism: Pan = all. A belief that a spirit fills the Pantheism: Pan = all. A belief that a spirit fills the universe. God is the universe, and we are part of God. universe. God is the universe, and we are part of God. (Hinduism, Epicureanism)(Hinduism, Epicureanism)

Dualism: A belief that the universe is governed by Dualism: A belief that the universe is governed by nearly equally matched forces of good and evil. nearly equally matched forces of good and evil. (Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism)(Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism)

Deism: A monotheistic view which sees God as distant Deism: A monotheistic view which sees God as distant and not involved in human affairs. (Stoicism)and not involved in human affairs. (Stoicism)

One Point of View:

“Wide is the gate and broad is the road that leads to destruction, and many enter through it. But small is the gate and narrow the road that leads to life, and only a few find it.” -Jesus of Nazareth (Matthew 7:13-14)

I am the way, the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. Jesus of Nazareth (John 14:6)

God

Islam

Buddhism

Mysticism

Ba’hai

Another Point of View: Different Paths to the Same Goal?

The Bible and Other World ViewsThe Bible and Other World Views

If Genesis 1:1 is true, then animism, polytheism, If Genesis 1:1 is true, then animism, polytheism, pantheism, dualism, naturalism, deism, pantheism, dualism, naturalism, deism, postmodernism and every other ism is false.postmodernism and every other ism is false.

Conflicting world views cannot be accommodated Conflicting world views cannot be accommodated with one another. Biblical theism is incompatable with one another. Biblical theism is incompatable with all these other world views.with all these other world views.

The Bible and Other World Views (cont.)The Bible and Other World Views (cont.)

Acts 17:16-34 Paul shares the gospel by Acts 17:16-34 Paul shares the gospel by arguing for the Christian World View.arguing for the Christian World View.– v. 22-23 Paul finds common ground.v. 22-23 Paul finds common ground.

– v. 24-28 Paul argues for the superiority and the v. 24-28 Paul argues for the superiority and the truth of the Christian world view as opposed to truth of the Christian world view as opposed to Epicureanism/pantheism and Stoicism/deismEpicureanism/pantheism and Stoicism/deism

– v. 28 Paul quotes from Aretas a Stoic philosopher. v. 28 Paul quotes from Aretas a Stoic philosopher. “ For we are his offspring.” “ For we are his offspring.”

– v. 29-31 Having laid the groundwork, Paul points v. 29-31 Having laid the groundwork, Paul points them to Jesus.them to Jesus.

– v. 32-34 Some, but not all were converted.v. 32-34 Some, but not all were converted.

World View and Other ReligionsWorld View and Other Religions

HINDUISMHINDUISM

The principle religion of India.The principle religion of India.

Approximately 900,000,000 Approximately 900,000,000 adherents.adherents.

Began as animism/polytheismBegan as animism/polytheism

Evolved into Evolved into polytheism/pantheismpolytheism/pantheism

Syncretistic. Hinduism is not Syncretistic. Hinduism is not really a single religion.really a single religion.

Ganesh: a Hindu deity

God of wisdom and intellect

Principle gods of HinduismPrinciple gods of Hinduism

Brahma Chief god of the pantheon.Brahma Chief god of the pantheon.

Shiva God of destruction. Worshipped Shiva God of destruction. Worshipped

as a male phalus.as a male phalus.

Vishnu Preserver and protector. Vishnu Preserver and protector.

Krishna The eighth emanation of Vishna.Krishna The eighth emanation of Vishna.

Rama Seventh incarnation of Vishna. Hero of the Rama Seventh incarnation of Vishna. Hero of the Ramayana.Ramayana.

Devi Chief female deity. The power (shakti) that animates Devi Chief female deity. The power (shakti) that animates the cosmos.the cosmos.

Lakshmi Female consort of Vishnu. Godess of prosperity.Lakshmi Female consort of Vishnu. Godess of prosperity.

Lakshmi

Krishna, Incarnation of deity

Rama, Hero of the Ramayana

Scriptures of HinduismScriptures of Hinduism

Vedas Poems. Ritualistic, priestly. 1500-1000 BC. Vedas Poems. Ritualistic, priestly. 1500-1000 BC. Especially the Rig Veda. Include the Brahmanas.Especially the Rig Veda. Include the Brahmanas.

Upanishads Highly philosophical essays about brahman, Upanishads Highly philosophical essays about brahman, atman, transmigration of atman, karma and so forth. 800-atman, transmigration of atman, karma and so forth. 800-600 BC.600 BC.

Epics (Ramayana, Mahabarata, Bhagavad Gita) Mythic Epics (Ramayana, Mahabarata, Bhagavad Gita) Mythic adventures of Rama, Krishna and others. adventures of Rama, Krishna and others.

Puranas Largely local legends, myths, many local deities. Puranas Largely local legends, myths, many local deities. AD 400-1000. This is the “scripture” of most local Hindus.AD 400-1000. This is the “scripture” of most local Hindus.

Tantras Religious discussions/teachings.Tantras Religious discussions/teachings.

Hindu CosmologyHindu Cosmology

Time is cyclic—like a snake that bites its own tail.

Remember, the world is not real.

Hindu apologetics?

Hindu World ViewHindu World View

Maya. The physical world is an illusion. The physical world is Maya. The physical world is an illusion. The physical world is evil. Suffering is an illusion.evil. Suffering is an illusion.

Brahman. Universal soul. Pantheism.Brahman. Universal soul. Pantheism.

Atman (soul). When we die, atman is swallowed up in Atman (soul). When we die, atman is swallowed up in BrahmanBrahman

The goal: Escape cycle of karma and reincarnationThe goal: Escape cycle of karma and reincarnation

Nirvana; oneness with the universal soul which is within Nirvana; oneness with the universal soul which is within yourself.yourself.

The Hindu world view has man looking inward, not outward.The Hindu world view has man looking inward, not outward.

Is The Hindu World View a Good One?Is The Hindu World View a Good One?

Is it true?Is it true?– Hindu cosmology (cyclic time, earth on the back of four Hindu cosmology (cyclic time, earth on the back of four

elephants on a turtle swimming in a bowl of milk) is elephants on a turtle swimming in a bowl of milk) is patently false.patently false.

– The physical world is real and it is good.The physical world is real and it is good.– Evil is NOT an illusionEvil is NOT an illusion

Does it answer the important questions?Does it answer the important questions?– It does better than postmodernism or naturalism!It does better than postmodernism or naturalism!

Does accepting this world view make one a better Does accepting this world view make one a better person?person?– Debatable. Better than naturalism. Karma. Self-focus Debatable. Better than naturalism. Karma. Self-focus

and dispassion are not helpful.and dispassion are not helpful.– Suffering is not real.Suffering is not real.– Evil is not real.Evil is not real.

BuddhismBuddhism Principle religion of Korea, Japan, Principle religion of Korea, Japan,

Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma Sri Lanka and China?Burma Sri Lanka and China?

400,000,000 adherents.400,000,000 adherents.

A reaction against the rigid A reaction against the rigid priestly system of Hinduism.priestly system of Hinduism.

Pantheistic, or arguably non-Pantheistic, or arguably non-theistic. A philosophy, a theistic. A philosophy, a psychology.psychology.

Life of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)Life of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)

Born into a wealthy family in north India about Born into a wealthy family in north India about 550 BC.550 BC.

Renounced his birthright. Sought nirvana/god Renounced his birthright. Sought nirvana/god through asceticism.through asceticism.

Decided on a middle path between asceticism Decided on a middle path between asceticism and sensuality.and sensuality.

Created the eight-fold path to enlightenment Created the eight-fold path to enlightenment (nirvana).(nirvana).

Important Terms to Understand BuddhismImportant Terms to Understand Buddhism

Nirvana awakened state, lack of suffering.Nirvana awakened state, lack of suffering.

Bodhi awakenment, enlightenment.Bodhi awakenment, enlightenment.

Bodhisattva an awakened being.Bodhisattva an awakened being.

Dharma the Buddha’s teachings.Dharma the Buddha’s teachings.

Sangha the Buddhist community of monks and nuns.Sangha the Buddhist community of monks and nuns.

Maitreya the second coming of Buddha prophesied.Maitreya the second coming of Buddha prophesied.

The Four Noble Truths of SiddharthaThe Four Noble Truths of Siddhartha

Suffering is not getting what one wants.Suffering is not getting what one wants.

The cause of suffering is desire which leads to The cause of suffering is desire which leads to rebirth.rebirth.

The way to end suffering is to end desire.The way to end suffering is to end desire.

The way to the end of desire and of suffering is The way to the end of desire and of suffering is the eight-fold path.the eight-fold path.

The eight-fold path to bodhi/dharma/nirvana/lack of The eight-fold path to bodhi/dharma/nirvana/lack of sufferingsuffering

Right viewpoint (the four noble truths).Right viewpoint (the four noble truths). Right values.Right values. Right speech.Right speech. Right actions.Right actions. Right livelihoodRight livelihood Right effortRight effort Right mindfulnessRight mindfulness Right meditationRight meditation

Schools/Sects of BuddhismSchools/Sects of Buddhism

Mahayana (the greater vehicle) China, Korea, Japan. Mahayana (the greater vehicle) China, Korea, Japan. Ideal of the bodhisattva. Stresses the divine nature Ideal of the bodhisattva. Stresses the divine nature of the Buddha. Many mini-buddhas (bodhisattvas).of the Buddha. Many mini-buddhas (bodhisattvas).

Theravada Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma. A more pure Theravada Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma. A more pure form of Buddhism?form of Buddhism?

Zen. An offshoot of Mahayana which emphasizes Zen. An offshoot of Mahayana which emphasizes meditation to achieve nirvana.meditation to achieve nirvana.

Vajrayana Stresses tantric practices, rituals, Vajrayana Stresses tantric practices, rituals, initiations, mystical power. Tibet, Mongolia. Similar initiations, mystical power. Tibet, Mongolia. Similar to Gnosticism.to Gnosticism.

Buddhist ScriptureBuddhist Scripture

The Tripitaka “three baskets” Three sets of the The Tripitaka “three baskets” Three sets of the supposedly original sayings and teachings and supposedly original sayings and teachings and philosophy of Buddha. These were oral only for philosophy of Buddha. These were oral only for about 400 years.about 400 years.

Disputes over the content of the Tripitaka led Disputes over the content of the Tripitaka led eventually to the Theravada, Mahayana and other eventually to the Theravada, Mahayana and other sects.sects.

Jatakas Mahayana stories of previous Jatakas Mahayana stories of previous incarnations of Siddhartha Buddha. Buddhism is incarnations of Siddhartha Buddha. Buddhism is a striving through many lives to come to a a striving through many lives to come to a bodhisattva state.bodhisattva state.

Buddhist Scripture

Practices of BuddhismPractices of Buddhism

Many monks and nuns who live ascetic livesMany monks and nuns who live ascetic lives

““Lay” Buddhists follow the five precepts, which Lay” Buddhists follow the five precepts, which are, 1. do not kill 2. do not steal. 3. do not are, 1. do not kill 2. do not steal. 3. do not have sex. 4. do not lie and 5. do not get have sex. 4. do not lie and 5. do not get drunkdrunk

Meditation is a big part of many Buddhist Meditation is a big part of many Buddhist traditions, involving the saying of a mantra. (Om traditions, involving the saying of a mantra. (Om Mani Padme Hum).Mani Padme Hum).

Buddhist Cosmology

The Buddhist World ViewThe Buddhist World View

Is Buddhism pantheist or agnostic?Is Buddhism pantheist or agnostic?

The physical world is an illusion and not good.The physical world is an illusion and not good.

Suffering is an illusion.Suffering is an illusion.

Cyclic cosmology. Reincarnation.Cyclic cosmology. Reincarnation.

The goal to lose oneselfThe goal to lose oneself

Is the Buddhist World View a Good One?Is the Buddhist World View a Good One?

Is it true?Is it true?– The world is an illusion?The world is an illusion?– Cosmology appears to be refuted by science.Cosmology appears to be refuted by science.

Does in answer the important questions?Does in answer the important questions?– Like Hinduism, superior to Naturalism, PostmodernismLike Hinduism, superior to Naturalism, Postmodernism– Does not answer the question of GodDoes not answer the question of God

Does it make one a better person?Does it make one a better person?– Less self-focused than HinduismLess self-focused than Hinduism– Suffering is not real.Suffering is not real.– Goal: dispassion, rather than compassionGoal: dispassion, rather than compassion

JainismJainism

Founder: Mahavira Founder: Mahavira ~600-540 BC~600-540 BC

Last of 24 gurus. Parshva 750 Last of 24 gurus. Parshva 750 BC?BC?

Location: India mostly.Location: India mostly.

About 5,000,000 practitionersAbout 5,000,000 practitioners

A reaction to worldly, priestly A reaction to worldly, priestly HinduismHinduism

Jaina Theology Jaina Theology

Very strong emphasis on asceticismVery strong emphasis on asceticism

Siddhartha may have been a follower Siddhartha may have been a follower before finding a middle way.before finding a middle way.

We are souls trapped in a body. The goal: We are souls trapped in a body. The goal: escape the body to reach nirvana through escape the body to reach nirvana through ascetic practices.ascetic practices.

ReincarnationReincarnation

KarmaKarma

PantheisticPantheistic

The Svastikaa symbol of samsara(rebirth)

Jaina ScripturesJaina Scriptures

The Purvas. Sayings of the 24 gurus The Purvas. Sayings of the 24 gurus all the original Purvas were lost. all the original Purvas were lost.

Agama Sutras Sayings of MahaviraAgama Sutras Sayings of Mahavira

Jaina Sects

Digambaras: Monks are nude, only males can reach enlightenment.

Shvetambaras: Wear white robes. Women can be ordained as nuns.

The Heart of Jainism: AsceticismThe Heart of Jainism: Asceticism

Five Mahavrata or rules of ascetic livingFive Mahavrata or rules of ascetic living– Ahimsa. Non-harming (fly-whisk, strain liquids, Ahimsa. Non-harming (fly-whisk, strain liquids,

etc…)etc…)– Satya. TruthfulnessSatya. Truthfulness– Asteya. Non-stealingAsteya. Non-stealing– CelibacyCelibacy– Non-attachmentNon-attachment

Jaina WorldviewJaina Worldview

A very strange cosmology. The universe is an A very strange cosmology. The universe is an infinitely repeating pattern of cycles of time.infinitely repeating pattern of cycles of time.

One of the gurus lived 70 trillion years and was 3000 One of the gurus lived 70 trillion years and was 3000 ft. tall.ft. tall.

The earth is the center of the universe.The earth is the center of the universe.

The universe has existed forever.The universe has existed forever.

Pantheism.Pantheism.

Reincarnation/karma.Reincarnation/karma.

The physical world is evil.The physical world is evil.

Is this a “good” world view? (essentially same as Is this a “good” world view? (essentially same as Hindu)Hindu)

SikhismSikhism

Location: India, especially the Location: India, especially the Punjab. 25,000,000 adherents.Punjab. 25,000,000 adherents.

Founder: Nanak (1469-1539)Founder: Nanak (1469-1539)

A compromise between Islam and A compromise between Islam and Hinduism.Hinduism.

Avowedly monotheistic, but with Avowedly monotheistic, but with many Hindu ideas.many Hindu ideas.

Nanak, founder of Jaina

Sikh Teaching and TheologySikh Teaching and Theology

Reject polytheism but keep ideas Reject polytheism but keep ideas of maya (illusion), samsara of maya (illusion), samsara (reincarnation), karma(reincarnation), karma

Reject priestly system. All are Reject priestly system. All are equal before the “True Name.”equal before the “True Name.”

Reject caste system.Reject caste system.

Opposition to idolatry and to Opposition to idolatry and to asceticism.asceticism.

Sikhs do not try to escape the Sikhs do not try to escape the world, but to participate in it.world, but to participate in it.

The Golden TempleAmristar, India

Scriptures of SikkhismScriptures of Sikkhism

The Adi Granth Compiled by the fifth guru Arjun The Adi Granth Compiled by the fifth guru Arjun in 1604in 1604

The Ganth of the Tenth King: Written by the last The Ganth of the Tenth King: Written by the last of the ten great gurus of Sikhism Gobind Singh.of the ten great gurus of Sikhism Gobind Singh.

The Janamsakhis Legends. Obviously mythical The Janamsakhis Legends. Obviously mythical accounts of the life of Nanak, including miracles. accounts of the life of Nanak, including miracles. (Nanak never claimed to be a miracle worker).(Nanak never claimed to be a miracle worker).

Works salvation: “Sin and sorrow are destroyed by Works salvation: “Sin and sorrow are destroyed by hearkening.”hearkening.”

Sikh PracticesSikh Practices

The wearing of the male turban is The wearing of the male turban is very characteristic.very characteristic.

Baptism in sugar water holding a Baptism in sugar water holding a dagger.dagger.

Sikhs have been warriors. They have Sikhs have been warriors. They have been very militaristic.been very militaristic.

Sikhs are immersed in worldly affairs. Sikhs are immersed in worldly affairs. Businessmen, merchants etc. Businessmen, merchants etc.

Think of Sikhs as the opposite of Think of Sikhs as the opposite of Jains.Jains.

Sikh World ViewSikh World View

MonotheisticMonotheistic

Yet it maintains much of the Hindu World ViewYet it maintains much of the Hindu World View

Maya. The world is an illusionMaya. The world is an illusion

Karma, reincarnation.Karma, reincarnation.

Works salvation.Works salvation.

Is it a “good” world view?Is it a “good” world view?– True? Cyclic cosmology.True? Cyclic cosmology.– Much in common with Islam.Much in common with Islam.

ConfucianismConfucianism

Founded by Confucius Kung Fu Tzu 551-Founded by Confucius Kung Fu Tzu 551-478 BC.478 BC.

Principle religion in China? Is it a Principle religion in China? Is it a religion? religion?

Also influential in Korea and Viet Nam.Also influential in Korea and Viet Nam.

NotNot a religious leader—he accepted the a religious leader—he accepted the religious superstition of his day as religious superstition of his day as sufficient.sufficient.

Agnostic—“Keep aloof from spiritual Agnostic—“Keep aloof from spiritual matters, but perform the ceremony matters, but perform the ceremony correctly.”correctly.”

Utilitarian, conservative philosophy. Utilitarian, conservative philosophy. Each person should accept his position in Each person should accept his position in society for righteousness and stability. society for righteousness and stability. Strong emphasis on proper government, Strong emphasis on proper government, training for holding government office.training for holding government office.

Confucianism (cont.)Confucianism (cont.)

Practical rather than esoteric.Practical rather than esoteric.

Ancestor worship stressed.Ancestor worship stressed.

Later Confucian philosophy involved emphasis on Later Confucian philosophy involved emphasis on ying ying andand yang yang—the competing balance between —the competing balance between good vs. evil, physical vs. spiritual, hate vs. love. good vs. evil, physical vs. spiritual, hate vs. love. (Dualism)(Dualism)

Confucianism competed with two other philosophies: Taoism and Moism. Confucianism, being more practical, generally won out.

Confucian ScripturesConfucian Scriptures

– I-Ching 1000 BC. Book of divination, magic.I-Ching 1000 BC. Book of divination, magic.– Shu-Ching. History, ancient documents, Shu-Ching. History, ancient documents,

speeches.speeches.– Shin-Ching 800-600 BC. Poetry used extensively Shin-Ching 800-600 BC. Poetry used extensively

by Confucius. Customs concerning courtship, by Confucius. Customs concerning courtship, marriage, war, agriculture, feasts, sacrifices, marriage, war, agriculture, feasts, sacrifices, etc.etc.

– Li Chi. Book of ceremonial etiquite. 200 BC – Li Chi. Book of ceremonial etiquite. 200 BC – 200 AD.200 AD.

– Ch’un Chiu. History of one Chinese province. Ch’un Chiu. History of one Chinese province. Collected by Confucius?Collected by Confucius?

– Lun Yu. Written down 400 BC. The sayings of Lun Yu. Written down 400 BC. The sayings of Confucius, especially on ethics and government Confucius, especially on ethics and government

– Analects of Confucius, etc…Analects of Confucius, etc…

Confucian World ViewConfucian World View

DualismDualism

In some ways world-view neutral, as it is more a In some ways world-view neutral, as it is more a collection of aphorisms and wise advice than a collection of aphorisms and wise advice than a religion.religion.

Is it a good world view?Is it a good world view?

Is it “true”? Does chi exist?Is it “true”? Does chi exist?

Individual not assigned much valueIndividual not assigned much value

TaoismTaoism (Daoism)(Daoism)

Founded by Lao Tzu—a contemporary of Confucius.Founded by Lao Tzu—a contemporary of Confucius.

Scripture: The Tao Te Ching. Tao = way Te = power Ching Scripture: The Tao Te Ching. Tao = way Te = power Ching = teaching= teaching

Basic doctrine: Through non-involvement and withdrawal, Basic doctrine: Through non-involvement and withdrawal, we come to know god/deity. Emphasis on self-interest. we come to know god/deity. Emphasis on self-interest. “The religion of selfishness.”“The religion of selfishness.”

Pantheistic. Experience God by contemplating nature.Pantheistic. Experience God by contemplating nature.

Emphasis on mysticism and magic.Emphasis on mysticism and magic.

“ “He would not pluck so much as a hair out of his head for He would not pluck so much as a hair out of his head for the benefit of his fellow man.”the benefit of his fellow man.”

Taoist World ViewTaoist World View

PantheismPantheism

Self-focus, emphasis on mysticism and magic.Self-focus, emphasis on mysticism and magic.

Baha’iBaha’i Founded by Baha-Ullah 1817-1892Founded by Baha-Ullah 1817-1892

The Bab 1819-1850 The John the Baptist of Baha’iThe Bab 1819-1850 The John the Baptist of Baha’i

Begun in Iran, moved to Iraq, Lebanon. Very Begun in Iran, moved to Iraq, Lebanon. Very widely spread today.widely spread today.

About 7,000,000 adherents.About 7,000,000 adherents.

A reform movement within Islam?A reform movement within Islam?

History and TeachingHistory and Teaching

The Bab was martyred in 1850The Bab was martyred in 1850

in 1852 Baha-Ullah claims to have received a in 1852 Baha-Ullah claims to have received a vision, while in prison, of a divine woman who vision, while in prison, of a divine woman who declared him to be “The Beauty of God amongst declared him to be “The Beauty of God amongst you.” ie the next prophet.you.” ie the next prophet.

Ba’hai is the culmination of all the world’s Ba’hai is the culmination of all the world’s religions. Moses, Krishna, Buddha, Jesus, religions. Moses, Krishna, Buddha, Jesus, Muhammad, Baha’Ullah.Muhammad, Baha’Ullah.

No priests, no ceremony.No priests, no ceremony.

Theology and TeachingTheology and Teaching Monotheistic.Monotheistic.

God is unknowable “The most Exalted, the Inaccessible.”God is unknowable “The most Exalted, the Inaccessible.”

Baha-Ullah claimed to be Baha-Ullah claimed to be – The second coming of Christ—that John 14:16 was about him. The second coming of Christ—that John 14:16 was about him. – The Maitreya—the second coming of Buddha.The Maitreya—the second coming of Buddha.– The new incarnation of KrishnaThe new incarnation of Krishna– The fulfillment of the “Day of God” in the Koran.The fulfillment of the “Day of God” in the Koran.

Strong emphasis on equality, education, peace.Strong emphasis on equality, education, peace.

Progressive Revelation. “Religious truth is not absolute but Progressive Revelation. “Religious truth is not absolute but relative.”relative.”

Ba’hai TheologyBa’hai Theology

Salvation through keeping the law as handed Salvation through keeping the law as handed down by Baha-Ullahdown by Baha-Ullah

Emphasis on good deeds, helping the poor, Emphasis on good deeds, helping the poor, educationeducation

Jesus did not die for our sins, because he did not Jesus did not die for our sins, because he did not have to. We are imperfect, but not lost.have to. We are imperfect, but not lost.

Scripture: The writings of Baha-Ullah. There are Scripture: The writings of Baha-Ullah. There are many!many!

New Age: A Very Confusing ReligionNew Age: A Very Confusing Religion

Is it:Is it:

Palm reading?Palm reading?

Channeling?Channeling?

Seances?Seances?

Meditation?Meditation?

Reincarnation?Reincarnation?

Occultism?Occultism?

Gurus?Gurus?

Paganism?Paganism?

Gnosticism?Gnosticism?

Mother Goddess worship?Mother Goddess worship?

Yes… all the above.Yes… all the above.

So, What is New Age, Really?So, What is New Age, Really?

You are God, I am God, the trees are God, we all are You are God, I am God, the trees are God, we all are God!God!

New Age is Western pantheismNew Age is Western pantheism

New Age is a syncretistic blend of Gnosticism, New Age is a syncretistic blend of Gnosticism, Hinduism, Spiritualism, Mysticism, Buddhism and Hinduism, Spiritualism, Mysticism, Buddhism and Paganism.Paganism.

New Age is Monism! God is everything I am God!!!New Age is Monism! God is everything I am God!!!

“ “Once we begin to see that we are all God, then I Once we begin to see that we are all God, then I think the whole purpose of life is to re-own the God-think the whole purpose of life is to re-own the God-likeness within us.”likeness within us.”

ISLAM & JIHAD:ISLAM & JIHAD:A RELIGION OF PEACE?A RELIGION OF PEACE?

ISLAM, 7ISLAM, 7thth century AD century AD

FIVE PILLARSFIVE PILLARS

ConfessionConfession AlmsgivingAlmsgiving PrayerPrayer Fasting Fasting

(Ramadan)(Ramadan) Pilgrimage Pilgrimage

(Hadj)(Hadj)

ISLAM, 7ISLAM, 7thth century AD century AD

SIXSIX PILLARS?PILLARS?

ConfessionConfession AlmsgivingAlmsgiving PrayerPrayer Fasting Fasting

(Ramadan)(Ramadan) Pilgrimage Pilgrimage

(Hadj)(Hadj) JihadJihad

MOHAMMEDMOHAMMED• • Claimed Gabriel spoke to him Claimed Gabriel spoke to him

when he was 40 (610 AD)when he was 40 (610 AD) Turned from persuasion to warfareTurned from persuasion to warfare Attacked caravans Attacked caravans attack attack

cities/nationscities/nations Conversion at sword-pointConversion at sword-point Mohammed ordered assassination of Mohammed ordered assassination of

those who mocked him in their those who mocked him in their poems.poems.

• • Massacred 700 Jews in MedinaMassacred 700 Jews in Medina Fifteen wivesFifteen wives

• Early Period in Mecca. Muhammad sees himself as following tradition of Judaism. Muslims pray toward Jerusalem.

• Early Medina period. Mohammad begins to be politically powerful. The idea of Jihad introduced.

• Later Medina and Meccan period. Muhammad strongly opposed to Jews and Christianity. Islam definitely a distinct religion.

Qur’an and womenQur’an and women

““Men have authority over women Men have authority over women

because Allah has made the one because Allah has made the one superior to the other, and because superior to the other, and because they spend their wealth to support they spend their wealth to support them. Good women are obedient… them. Good women are obedient… If they are rebellious, rebuke them, If they are rebellious, rebuke them, beat them, and send them to bed.” beat them, and send them to bed.”

-- 4:34-- 4:34

Qur’an and JihadQur’an and Jihad

““Wage war on them until the infidels are no Wage war on them until the infidels are no more more and Allah’s religion reigns and Allah’s religion reigns supreme.”supreme.”

8:12 Cut off their finger tips, stab them in 8:12 Cut off their finger tips, stab them in the neck.the neck.

48:16,17 Atone for sin by killing in war.48:16,17 Atone for sin by killing in war.

47:4-6 Martyrdom 47:4-6 Martyrdom Heaven. Heaven.

Qur’an and punishment of enemiesQur’an and punishment of enemies

““The punishment of those who The punishment of those who wage war against God and his wage war against God and his Apostle, and strive with might and Apostle, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or is: execution, or crucifixion, or cutting off of hands and feet from cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the opposite sides, or exile from the land.” (5:36)land.” (5:36)

Islamic TheologyIslamic Theology

Like Christianity and Judaism, Islam is Like Christianity and Judaism, Islam is monotheisticmonotheistic

But there are several differences in the theology But there are several differences in the theology of these religions.of these religions.

In Islam God is more like the neo-Platonic idea of In Islam God is more like the neo-Platonic idea of God—very distant and removed from man.God—very distant and removed from man.

Islamic TheologyIslamic Theology “ “Surely good deeds take away evil Surely good deeds take away evil

deeds” (11:114).deeds” (11:114).

Kabira Kabira (big sins)—murder, adultery, drunkenness, (big sins)—murder, adultery, drunkenness, disobeying parents, neglecting Ramadan or Friday disobeying parents, neglecting Ramadan or Friday prayers, gambling, dancing, shaving the beard, prayers, gambling, dancing, shaving the beard, forgetting the Koran after reading it, usury… forgetting the Koran after reading it, usury… Forgiveness with repentance.Forgiveness with repentance.

SaghiraSaghira (little sins)—deceit, anger, lust. Forgiveness if (little sins)—deceit, anger, lust. Forgiveness if greater sins are avoided and good deeds are greater sins are avoided and good deeds are performed.performed.

ShirkShirk—association (of other gods—association (of other gods with Allah). No with Allah). No forgiveness.forgiveness.

Salvation by own effort Salvation by own effort (40:9, 39:61, 7:43)(40:9, 39:61, 7:43)

Charity atones for sinsCharity atones for sins (2:271,277)(2:271,277)

Earn grace.Earn grace.Earn favor of Allah.Earn favor of Allah.Earn salvation.Earn salvation.Earn paradise.Earn paradise.

Islam: Salvation is earned through the efforts of those who were pre-selected by Allah to inhabit a very sensual paradise.

Christianity: Salvation is granted by the grace of a loving God to those who, through faith and repentance and baptism accept that love.

A Question: Who reaches out to whom?

InitiativeInitiative

Human approachHuman approach Truth Truth

God God GodGod

Mankind Mankind Mankind Mankind

Works Salvation: Man reaches out to God.

Islam

Hinduism

Jaina

Sikkhism

Gnosticism

New Age

Buddhism?

Salvation by Grace: God reaches out to man.

Judaism

Christianity

Islam: Salvation is earned through the efforts of those who were pre-selected by Allah to inhabit a very sensual paradise.

Christianity: Salvation is granted by the grace of a loving God to those who, through faith and repentance and baptism accept that love.

Islamic Worldview:

Obviously closer to the Christian world view than Eastern Religions, but…

God is very distant from mankind

In Islam, Allah determines everything, even who will choose to follow him.

Sura 2:142, 6:39 6:125

Inshallah God willing. It is God’s will that people suffer.

Is Islam a Good World View?Is Islam a Good World View?

Is it true? Is Mohammed a prophet?

– Fifteen wives– Massacre of 700 Jews– Doctrine of Abrogation– Science errors

Does it make its followers better?

– Motivation to help others?– Are women respected?– Does emphasis on Jihad lead to loving non-Muslims?

SummarySummary The theologies of world religions are fundamentally The theologies of world religions are fundamentally

and diametrically opposed to one another. Many and diametrically opposed to one another. Many paths to the same God is a ludicrous philosophy.paths to the same God is a ludicrous philosophy.

The world view of Christianity is radically different The world view of Christianity is radically different from any other religion. They cannot both be right!from any other religion. They cannot both be right!

The truth of the Bible is confirmed byThe truth of the Bible is confirmed by– Clear evidence of inspiration (fulfilled prophecy, Clear evidence of inspiration (fulfilled prophecy,

types and foreshadows, historical accuracy, types and foreshadows, historical accuracy, scientific evidence, etc…) scientific evidence, etc…)

– Public miracles worked by Moses, Elijah and Public miracles worked by Moses, Elijah and others, and especially by Jesus Christ (Hebrews others, and especially by Jesus Christ (Hebrews 2:3,4).2:3,4).

So, What is Truth?So, What is Truth?

John 14:6 I AM the way the TRUTH and the life. John 14:6 I AM the way the TRUTH and the life. no one comes to the Father, except by me.no one comes to the Father, except by me.

Why are Postmodernism, Scientism, Animism, Why are Postmodernism, Scientism, Animism, Polytheism, Pantheism, Dualism and every other Polytheism, Pantheism, Dualism and every other ism wrong?ism wrong?

Genesis Chapter OneGenesis Chapter One

Because Jesus is truth.Because Jesus is truth.

Two Possibilities: Either Jesus is truth or he is Two Possibilities: Either Jesus is truth or he is not…..not…..

How Do I Know Jesus is Truth?How Do I Know Jesus is Truth?

Fulfilled prophecies of the Messiah.Fulfilled prophecies of the Messiah.

John 6:48 I am the bread of life.John 6:48 I am the bread of life.

John 11:25 I am the resurrection and the life.John 11:25 I am the resurrection and the life.

John 2:19 Destroy this temple and I will raise it in John 2:19 Destroy this temple and I will raise it in three days. Jesus was resurrected from the three days. Jesus was resurrected from the dead.dead.