EstuarineWetlands KULIAH I

8/3/2019 EstuarineWetlands KULIAH I

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Estuarine Marsh Habitatsin the Oregon:

Perspectives from the South SloughNERR

Craig Cornu

Coordinator of Monitoring ProgramsSouth Slough NERR

Charleston, OR

Nur Taufiq Syamsudin Nak Agung Putre Jaye


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Presentation OutlineEstuarine marshes:

Types, spatial distribution

Ecosystem services

Restoration design considerations:

What are the most importantconsiderations

when designing a restorationproject?

Just pull back the dike and youre

done, right?Is planting required?

Do tidal channels restorethemselves?

Monitoring & success criteria (brief)

space


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Estuarine marshes:

Types, spatialdistribution

CoosEstuary

SouthSloughEstuary

marshes


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Estuarine marshes:

Types, spatialdistribution

CoosEstuary

SouthSloughEstuary

SouthSloughReserveAdministrativeBoundary

It would bedifferent btw hilly,rocky, muddy,slope, plaininland, or other form of spatialarea related tomarshes andestuarine


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Google :NWI (NationalWetlands Inventory/inventaris ) classes


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Table 1. Habitat description and cross-walked classification codes for the National Land Cover Data (NLCD) and National WetlandsInventory (NWI) classification systems.

Description NLCD code NWI code (modified)

Open water 11 Most E1, L1, P, R1,R2 with AB and UB)

Developed, open space 21 UUpDeveloped, all densities 23 UU except UUpBarren land 31 UB (all)Unconsolidated shore 32 E2US, L2US, MUS,

R1US, R2USDeciduous forest 41 UF6 (all)Evergreen forest 42 UF7 (all)Mixed forest 43 UF8 (all)Scrub/shrub 52 USS (all)Grassland/herbaceous 71 UR (all)Cultivated crops/pasture 82 UAPalustrine forest 91 PF (all)Palustrine scrub/shrub 92 PSS (all)Estuarine scrub/shrub 94 E2SS(all)Palustrine emergent (persistent) 96 PEM (all)Estuarine emergent 97 E2EM (all)


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Google :HGM classeshydrogeomorphic(HGM) wetland
http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch6291/HGM.pdfhttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch6291/HGM.pdf


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Google :NERRS classesNational EstuarineResearch ReserveSystem


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Habitat MappingDistribution of Tidal Marshes

UpperSouthSloughEstuary:ReserveStaff HabitatMapping

UpperSouthSlough

Estuary:HGMHabitatMapping

UpperSouthSloughEstuary:NWIHabitatMapping

Cowardin, Lewis M. etal. 1979 Classificationof Wetlands andDeepwater Habitats of the United States

Google :NWI (NationalWetlands Inventory/inventaris ) classes


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UpperSouthSloughEstuary:HGMHabitatMapping

Adamus, P. 2006.Hydrogeomorphic(HGM) AssessmentGuidebookfor Tidal Wetlands of the Oregon Coast, Part1:Rapid AssessmentMethod.

Google :HGM classeshydrogeomorphic(HGM) wetland
http://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch6291/HGM.pdfhttp://opt/scribd/conversion/tmp/scratch6291/HGM.pdf


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Kutcher et. al. 2008

Habitat ClassificationScheme


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Lower Estuary(marine dominated)

Mid-Estuary(mostly marine-dominated)

Upper Estuary(river dominated)


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January 2007 August 2007

J. Alexander et. al.2007 SSNERR EstuaryAtlas Project

Salinity Gradient at High Tide- South SloughEstuary


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Gradients That Affect Tidal Marsh AttributesEstuarine Scale Marsh Scale

EnergyTidal/WindWaves

Channel Edge Forest EdgeUpper EstuaryLower Estuary

Salinity

High Energy

Proximity to ocean/fulltidal energy/swells Open/exposedestuary/relatively long fetch

results in wind waves

Low Energy

Far from oceaninfluence/minimal tidalenergy Protected marshplain/short fetch/small windwaves

Higher Energy

Tidal and wind waveenergy

Lower Energy

Energy reduced bychannel sinuosity /roughness andvegetation on marshplain

Elevation/ TidalInundation Period

Soils


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SalinityFull Strength Sea Water

High Energy



Low Energy


Higher Energy


Brackish/Fresh Water Higher Salinity Lower Salinity

Marine-dominated partof the estuary

Seasonally consistent

River-dominated part of the estuary

Seasonally shifting withriver discharge

Greatest estuarineinfluence

Least estuarineinfluence


Soils

Lower Energy



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High Energy



Low Energy


Higher Energy


Brackish/Fresh Water Higher Salinity







Soils Higher Sand Component Marine-dominated partof the estuary

Higher Silt.Clay Component River-dominated part of the estuary

Coarser Texture Finer Texture

Lower Energy


Lower Salinity



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High Energy



Low Energy


Higher Energy


Brackish/Fresh Water Higher Salinity







Lower Elevation MarshPlain

Normal Marsh PlainDevelopment

Lower Elevation Higher Elevation

Combination of highenergy, low profilevegetation (salinity andenergy influence), andcoarse soils acts tomaintain relatively lowmarsh plain elevation

Protected, robustlyvegetated marshesregularly inundated withsediment-laden tide water build and maintain maturemarsh elevations

Longer tidal inundationperiod (depending onpresence of naturallevees)

Shorter Inundationperiod

Soils Higher Sand Component Marine-dominated partof the estuary

Higher Silt.Clay Component River-dominated part of the estuary

Coarser Texture

Lower Energy


Lower Salinity


Finer Texture


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Metcalf Is.Dom Spp:SALVIR,PUCPUM,

JAUCAR Total Spp: 6Valino Is.Dom Spp: SALVIR,DISSPI, JAUCAR,DESCAE

Total Spp: 20

Valino Is. Is

Dom Spp: DISSPI,SALVIR, JAUCAR Total Spp: 10

Hidden Cr.Dom Spp:DESCAE, JAUCAR,AGRSTO

Total Spp: 18

??

Danger Pt.Dom Spp: AGRSTO,

TRIMAR, CARLYN,DESCAE

Total Spp: 21

From: J. Hamilton et. al.2010 SSNERR SWMPBiomonitoring Project

Lower Estuary(marine dominated)

Upper Estuary(river dominated)

Mid-Estuary(mostly marine-dominated)

Dominated ?


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From:H. Harris et al. 2010 SSNERR/NERRS Reference SitesProject

Y28 Least Disturbed ReferenceSiteDom Spp: PHAARU, JUNBAL,AGRSTO, ARGEGE, CAROBN

Total Spp: 22

Y27 Restoration Site(The WetlandsConservancy)


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Change in EcosystemProcesses

Tectonic uplift- Gradual elevationchange

Tsunami- Infrequent but abruptelevation change; sedimentdeposition, erosion

Prolonged periods of river floodingor drought changes in plantcommunity structure anddistribution

Change in sediment regime- maturetidal marshes require sustainedsupply of sediment to maintainelevation

Large wood, fire, salmon and other

wildlife- All contribute to tidal marshfunctions and affect marsh

Adamus, P. 2006.Hydrogeomorphic(HGM) AssessmentGuidebookfor Tidal Wetlands of the Oregon Coast, Part3:Wetland Profiles of Oregons Coastal

sudden

dry


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Estuarine marshes:

Ecosystem Services


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Estuarine marshes:

Ecosystem Services / Functions

HABITAT and food websupportfood production and feeding refuge

Refuge and foraging for small fish and

crustaceans Feeding grounds for larger fish and crabs

during high water

Habitat for birds, mammals and reptiles High productivity at base of food chain

(vascular plants, microbial decomposers,benthic invertebrates)

Extensive use by migratory and transient fishand macro invertebrates due togeomorphological and biotic complexity;

Transfer of marsh production to greaterecosystem.

From:Peterson CH, Able KW,DeJong CF, Piehler MF,Simenstad CA,Zedler JB. 2008.Practical proxies fortidal marsh ecosystemservices: application toinjury and restoration.Advances Marine

Biology54:22166.

grazing

occasional


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BUFFER against storm andwave damagewave dissipation and water absorption

Particularly important for fringing marshesalong open estuaries where long fetchaccentuates shoreline wave impact

Entrain large wood that would otherwisecause damage in high intertidal

Shrub-scrub and forested wetland completely

dissipate wavesPeterson CH, Able KW,DeJong CF, Piehler MF,Simenstad CA,Zedler JB. 2008.Practical proxies fortidal marsh ecosystemservices: application toinjury and restoration.Advances Marine

Biology54:22166.

From:

Estuarine marshes:


disapear edge

Attract/get

bush


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Estuarine marshes:


SHORELINE STABILIZATIONstabilization and sedimentation toaccommodate sea-level rise

Sustain high rates of sediment accretion and

shoaling Promote marsh transgression

Reduce water column turbidity

Peterson CH, Able KW,DeJong CF, Piehler MF,Simenstad CA,Zedler JB. 2008.Practical proxies fortidal marsh ecosystemservices: application toinjury and restoration.Advances Marine

Biology54:22166.

From:

pelanggaran


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Estuarine marshes:


HYDROLOGIC processingfloodwater storage

Constitute significant portion of tidal prismand flood water storage, particularly in marshsystem and in tidal floodplains where theyserve to dampen and desynchronize floodpulses


Biology54:22166.

From:


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Estuarine marshes:


HYDROLOGIC processingfloodwater storage

Constitute significant portion of tidal prismand flood water storage, particularly in marshsystem and in tidal floodplains where theyserve to dampen and desynchronize floodpulses


Biology54:22166.

From:

WATER QUALITY sediment, nutrient and pathogenremoval in estuary and ocean

Extensive nutrient uptake, especially byassociated algae, accentuated by highflooding frequency and direction.


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Estuarine marshes:


BIODIVERSITY including threatened and endangered species and resilience to

perturbations

High diversity and productivity of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna, especiallythreatened/endangered ocean-type Pacificsalmon


Biology54:22166.

From:


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Estuarine marshes:


BIODIVERSITY including threatened and endangered species and resilience to

perturbations

High diversity and productivity of invertebrate fauna, especially aquaticinsects, support important nekton, such asthreatened/endangered ocean-type Pacificsalmon


Biology54:22166.

From:

CARBON STORAGE

Moderate to low due to lack of peat-buildingassemblages and high decomposition

High sediment accretion accounts for someburial?

Carbon soil


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Estuarine marshes:


SOCIO-ECONOMIC services tohumansesthetics, heritage, ecotourism,education, human health

High non-extractive tourism use, especiallyassociated with migratory and resident birdwatching

Recreational extractive uses generallyrestricted to waterfowl hunting

Very important Native American traditional

harvest for weaving, therapeutic and othercultural uses

Many small community groups haveinstituted stewardship and monitoring of local coastal wetlands.


Biology54:22166.

From:


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Estuarine marshes:

Ecosystem Services / Functions-

Mudflats


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Estuarine marshes:

Restoration designconsiderations


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Question:

What are the most importantconsiderations

when designing a restorationproject?


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Society for Ecological Restoration's

Guidelines for Developing and Managing

Ecological Restoration Projects

http://www.ser.org/content/guidelines_ecological

_restoration.asp


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http://www.ser.org/content/guidelines_ecological

_restoration.asp

Conceptual Planning Preliminary Tasks Implementation Planning Implementation Tasks Post-Implementation Tasks

Evaluation and Publicity

Society for Ecological Restoration's

Guidelines for Developing and Managing

Ecological Restoration Projects


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Conceptual Planning

1. Identify the project site location and its boundaries.

2. Identify ownership.

3. Identify the need for ecological restoration.

4. Identify the kind of ecosystem to be restored.

5. Identify restoration goals.

6. Identify physical site conditions in need of repair.

7. Identify stressors in need of regulation or re-initiation.

8. Identify and list the kinds of biotic interventions that are needed.

9. Identify landscape restrictions.

10. Identify project-funding sources.

11. Identify labor sources and equipment needs.

12. Identify biotic resource needs and sources.13. Identify the need for securing permits required bygovernment agencies.

14. Identify permit specifications, deed restrictions, andother legal constraints.

15. Identify project duration. Project duration can greatly affectproject costs.

www.ser.org


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Preliminary Tasks

17. Appoint a restoration practitioner who is in charge of all

technical aspects of restoration.18. Appoint the restoration team.

19. Prepare a budget to accommodate the completion of preliminarytasks.

20. Document existing project site conditions and describe the biota.

21. Document the project site history that led to the needfor restoration.

22. Conduct pre-project monitoring as needed.

23. Establish the reference ecosystem or reference.

etc.

www.ser.org


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Question:

Just pull back the dike andyoure done?

Dike breach vs. dike

removal


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Dike breach vs. dike

removalConsiderations: Project goals- full

functional recovery?

Project funding

Opportunities to use dikematerial for beneficialpurposes


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Kunz Marsh LessonsLearned

Few diked tidal wetland projectswill have enough dike material toadjust the entire site forsubsidence.

Suggest trying the use of available dike

material as a prograding benchnext to

upland edge?


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1991 Aerial Photo

Applying theConcept


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Dike

1991 Aerial Photo

Subsidedmarshsurface


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DikeMaterial1.8 mNAVD(Mid Marsh)

Marsh w/ removeddike1.4-1.5 m NAVD(Intertidal Mudflat)

1991 Aerial Photo


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1991 Aerial Photo


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Maturemarsh2.2 m NAVD

1991 Aerial Photo


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Question:

Is planting required??

Yr. 0

Yr. 3

Yr. 6


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Planting required?

Considerations: Project Goals

Landscape setting

Propagule sources

Colonization opportunities

Likelihood/intensity of invasive species presence

Lyngbys sedge


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Planting required? No

Kunz Marsh Restoration Project

Cornu, C. E., and S. Sadro. 2002.Physical and Functional Responsesto Experimental Marsh SurfaceElevation Manipulation in CoosBay's South Slough. RestorationEcology 10: 474-486.


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Planting required? Definitely

Anderson Creek RestorationProject

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1999 2003 2004 2005 2006

P e r c e n

t C o v e r

Buttercup Velvetgrass Bird's foot trefoil

Reed canary grass Soft rush HorsetailSmall-fruited bulrush Willow Slough sedgeBentgrass

Anderson Creek Percent Cover 1999-2006

Cornu, C.E. 2005. Restoring AndersonCreek Marsh. South Slough NERRCoastal Resource Management Series.

CRMS-2005-3. Coos Bay, Oregon.


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Planting required? OMG Most

Definitely Wasson Creek RestorationProject

Reed Canary Grass


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Lyngbys sedgedominance


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Lyngbys sedgedominance

KMHighCARLYN AGRSTOSALVIR DESCAE Salt Pan

2008 1577 522 298 2389062009 1698 298 228 1787662010 1972 638 160 236480

Average 1749 486 229 217 717

KMMidCARLYNAGRSTODESCAE TRIM AR

2008 2964 682 404 3642009 2572 366 271 1082010 2982 516 240 428

Average 2839 521 305 300

KMLowCARLYNZOSJAP TRIM ARELEPAR

2008 1988 652 296 1882009 1752 446 220 2062010 2194 422 430 328

Average 1978 507 315 241

Total Percent Cover

Total Percent Cover

Total Percent CoverDanger Point Ref Site

CARLYN AGRSTO TRIMAR DESCAE

2008 1472 1544 1060 1178

2009 1700 1546 1492 1056

2010 1582 1570 1610 1240

Average 1585 1553 1387 1158

Total Percent Cover

H. Harris et al. 2010

SSNERR/NERRSReference SitesPro ect


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Question:

Do tidal channels restorethemselves?

Yr. 0

Yr. 1

Yr. 4


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Do tidal channels restore themselves?

Yes and No: Kunz MarshRestoration Project

7 channels detected +3yrs.



C. Cornu. 2007 WTRP Update @Estuarine Wetland Restoration AdvisoryGroup Mtg..


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Do tidal channels restore themselves?

Yes and No: Dalton Creek RestorationProject

Yr. -7 Yr. 1 Yr. 7

Cornu, C.E. 2005. Restoring Cox, Daltonand Fredrickson Creek Marshes. SouthSlough NERR Coastal ResourceManagement Series. CRMS-2005-2.

Coos Bay, Oregon.


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Monitoring and Success Criteria


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Considerations

Restoration Goals / Objectives- Probably linked to ecosystem

services / least-disturbed marshfunctions:


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Considerations


services / least-disturbed marshfunctions:

Habitat and food web support

Buffer storm and wave damage

Shoreline stabilization

Hydrologic processing

Water quality

Biodiversity

Carbon storage

Socio-economic services


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Considerations


services / least-disturbed marshfunctions Protocol

- Before-After / Control Impact(Before and as-built-After /

Reference site-Restoration site)- Track specific suite of marsh

attributes as indicators of marsh structure and function

memorandum


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Protocols


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Vegetation Protocols


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Reference Condition Database

Brophy et. al. 2010 In-Situ MultichannelWireless Sensor Networks and iButtonTemperature Logger Arrays for CharacterizingHabitat Drivers in Tidal Wetland ReferenceSites. Final report in prep.


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Database to be made available on theOregon Explorer website


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Craig CornuSouth Slough National EstuarineResearch ReserveCharleston, [email protected] 888-2581 x:301http://www.oregon.gov/DSL/SSNERR/resourcelibrary.shtml

EstuarineWetlands KULIAH I

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