Essential QuestionEssential Question:

–How did ideological differences between Jefferson & Hamilton contribute to the rise of America’s first political parties?

Foreign Affairs

The Battle over Foreign Affairs In the 1792 election, Washington

was unanimously chosen againForeign policy became the focus

of Washington’s 2nd term:–War between England & France

broke out in 1793 which divided Americans over who to support

–England refused to obey the Treaty of Paris (1783) & barred the U.S. from West Indian trade

France was engulfed in the French Revolution; The U.S. supported the revolution, but feared

its radical & bloody nature

U.S. neutrality seemed to be the best option

The French Revolution Led to War Between England & France

The Peril of NeutralityHamilton & Jefferson wanted

neutrality but disagreed how:–JeffersonJefferson: punish England (due

to impressmentimpressment) by cutting off trade & reward France

–HamiltonHamilton: England needed to be appeased, not coerced

Washington signed Proclamation Proclamation of Neutralityof Neutrality (1793) to keep America out of foreign wars

At least until the Genet Affair: French diplomat Edmond Genet challenged

American neutrality repeatedly in public

Americans seemed to favor France due to French assistance in the American Rev

English & French “impressment” of American sailors

Jay's Treaty with EnglandJohn Jay demanded from England

–The removal of British soldiers from western forts in America

–payment for impressed ships–acceptance of U.S. neutrality

Jay’s Treaty (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794) –British vacated western forts –U.S. gained trade in West Indies–But, England did not recognize

neutrality or end impressment

The treaty avoided war with England but did not get the British to pay Southerners for lost

slaves or merchants for impressed ships

The House challenged the Senate’s Constitutional

authority to ratify the treaty

Jay was hung in effigy throughout

America

Pinckney’s Treaty with SpainPrior to 1795, Spain closed U.S.

access to the Mississippi River & encouraged Indian attacks

But, Spain interpreted Jay's Treaty as Anglo-American alliance against Spain & signed the Treaty of San LorenzoTreaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty):–Spain reopened the Mississippi –Settled the disputed border

between Florida & U.S.

Treaty of Greenville with IndiansTo end Indian attacks against

white settlers in the West, the U.S. fought an Ohio Indian alliance led by the Shawnee at Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Led to the Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Greenville:–Indians ceded lands in Ohio–The U.S. promised “fair”

dealings with Indian nations

Settlers rushed to Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, & western New York

Conquest Conquest of the Westof the West(Notice the British forts in the West!)

America’s First Political Parties

America’s 1st Political Parties Disagreements over Hamilton’s

financial plans & Anglo-French Wars led to the 1st political parties:–Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans:

led by Jefferson, favored states’ rights, “strict construction,” ties to France, & liberty

–Federalists:Federalists: led by Hamilton, favored a strong national gov’t, “loose construction”, ties to England, & public order

Also called Jeffersonian Republicans or simply, Republicans

Represented the “Spirit of 1776” & the fight against tyranny

Represented the “Spirit of 1787” & the fight for a stronger national gov’t

America’s 1st Political PartiesPolitical parties were seen as a

conspiracy against liberty –Federalists & Dem-Republicans

thought it was their duty to destroy the other party

–In the Washington & Adams eras, the Federalists dominated politics, but Jefferson’s election in 1800 killed the Federalists

Newspapers transformed political culture in the U.S.; they were widely read, highly

influential, & totally partisan

Commoners in the U.S. were highly literate

Whiskey RebellionThe whiskey tax led yeomen in

western Pennsylvania to start a Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion in 1794–When the governor of PA

refused to act, Federalists saw the revolt as a threat to safety

–Washington himself led the U.S. army to suppress the rebellion

–Both parties used the event to attack each other

Rioted with the same fervor as those against the Stamp Act

Hamilton interpreted the rebellion as a Jefferson-inspired

conspiracy

Jefferson saw it as an excuse by Federalists to

raise an army to intimidate Republicans

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

President Washington is one of two presidents (Madison is the other) who participated in

combat while serving as president

His mere presence (and the 15,000 soldiers he brought with him) was

enough to end the Whiskey Rebellion

Washington's Farewell AddressWashington was not limited by the

Constitution to 2 terms, but in 1796 he announced his decision to retire

Washington’s Farewell AddressFarewell Address:

–Warned against political parties

–Warned against “entangling alliances” with foreign nations (led to the precedent of non-intervention in foreign affairs)

Washington never acknowledged the faction in his cabinet, he tended to side with the Federalist perspective of gov’t

Washington’s decision to retire established the precedent of 2 terms in office for presidents

Discussion Question:George Washington is universally

agreed to be the most significant of America’s Founding Fathers…

But, who is the 2nd most important of these early political leaders:–James Madison?–Alexander Hamilton?–Thomas Jefferson?–Someone else?

Make an argument for each & then rank order them with a clear justification for your #1 choice

Hamilton/Jefferson ComparisonHamilton

(Federalist)Jefferson

(Democratic-Republican)

What was his vision of the role of government (National or State?)

Payment of National & State Debts

Tariff on Imported Goods

The U.S. Economy: (Manufacturing or

Farming?)

Creating a National Bank

Interpretation of the Constitution

Whiskey Tax and Whiskey Rebellion

Support for the French Revolution

Hamilton/Jefferson Discussion Summarize the fundamental idea at

the heart of the Federalists/Anti-Federalist disagreement. In what ways is this similar to the idea at the heart of the Hamilton/Jefferson conflict? In what ways is it different?

Who’s vision for America, Hamilton’s or Jefferson’s, do you feel was most appropriate for America in 1790? Explain