Eres2010 178 Pres Zaleczna Gated Communities In

8/8/2019 Eres2010 178 Pres Zaleczna Gated Communities In

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Gated Communities in Residential Areas in Different

Institutional Frameworks.

Israel and Poland Comparison

Iris Frankel-Cohen

Urban & Regional Planning

The Technion, Israel

Institute of Technology

Magdalena Zaleczna

Department of Investment

and Real Estate; Universityof Lodz



The aim : A cross national

analysis of GCs

GCs are a global phenomenon

GCs are local-oriented

The analysis of GCs necessitates a framework of characteristics.

A cross-national analysis entails a coherent concept of GC.

A comparative analysis of GCs in Poland and Israel

by general (global) traits and local characteristics



GCs¶ definitions

Different researchers suggest GCs a range of definitions.

The definitions may be influenced by specific

manifestations of GCs in specific countries. The definition may reflect the researchers' discipline

and personal attitude toward this housing form

There is no single general coherent GCs¶ definition



GCs - a concept of three

(Exclusionary) dimensions

GCs is a concept of three dimensions:

Physical,

Social,

Legal.

Each dimension entail a range of characteristics. Each dimension implies exclusion in some form and to a

certain extent.

Different means in various combinations create amultiplicity of GCs of different exclusionary extents.

GCs are exclusionary residential developments thatuse a range of physical and legal means to maintain

physical and social separation from their surroundings.



The Evolution of GCs

in Poland

During the socialist era:- Housing, mostly unaesthetic blocks of flats, was financed by the

government.

- The government allocated residential units in accordance with public policy

and socialist rules.

- These policies included mixing different social classes in urban dwellings.

- The Polish political elite enjoyed special, separated residential zones

(similarly to the other socialist countries).

Since the 1990s: ± An evolution of GCs as residential areas for the upper classes (around

Warsaw ± 55 in 1999 and 200 in 2005).

± Motives: desire for luxury, aesthetics and a sense of prestige (antithesis

of the socialist housing), security (very often used by developers).



The Evolution of GCs

in Israel

Residential separation prior Israel constitution in 1948:

- Separate residential neighborhoods and villages for Jews, Christians and

Muslims. Jewish developments were gated for security reasons.

Since constitution of Israel - residential separation of national,religious, ideological and cultural considerations.

Since the 1990s (political, ideological, social and economic

processes) - An evolution of ³neo-liberal´ GCs:

Leisure-oriented compounds and retirement villages.

Exurban localities of detached single-family housing.

Urban high-rise exclusive residential complexes.

Self sufficient neighborhoods in low demand areas.



The Physical Dimension of GC

in Poland

walls or fences of different forms:

± The new built settlements: walls made of bricks or other

material; a clear definition of the GC's space.

± Residential areas that were converted into GCs: closed

gates that were once open and new fences; ³softer´

boarders.

Surveillance by electronic devices and guards

Access restricted to residents and those that identify

themselves and supply a good reason.

The exclusive use of services and facilities to those who have

membership card (or a secret code)



The Physical Dimension of GC

in Israel

Exurban GCs, mainly in frontier areas - Extensive enclosure:

± gates, fences and walls; a few topped with barbed wire.

± surveillance measures such as guarded entrances and patrols

Urban GCs usually entail ´ softer´ means:

± GCs in high demand areas entail explicit means such as walls,

gates and guards.

± GCs use "pseudo-gating" that create an image of privatized public

space by topographic characteristics, a road that surrounds theneighborhood, a single entrance to the neighborhood or

barricaded streets.



The Social Dimension of GC

in Poland

The post-socialist era is characterized by social restructuringand growing disparities in polish society.

GCs are the residential solution for affluent residents who seek: aesthetic development and high standards of services. a sense of prestige, success and a "taste" of American lifestyle .

security from ´others´ (although in the context of the homogenousPolish society this may be miksofobia (Bauman 2003).

The GCs are homogenous in terms of socio-economic statusthat is higher than that of their non-gated neighbors.

GCs entail the lack of social interaction with the outsiders,retreat from public realm and increased fear of the other



Since the 90s the socio-economic status isa dominant characteristic of GCs.However, the social profile of GC isinfluenced also by religious, ideologicaland cultural considerations.

The social profile of GCs in Israel depends

on their specific type of characteristics(localisation, design, building standards,lifestyle, amenities).

The Social Dimension of GC

in Israel



The general rule and definition:

There is no special legal regulation and definition for GC in Poland.

The framework for establishing GC:

There is no special planning regulation or policy. The membership restrictions:

There is no special regulation.

The relations among residents

is used. The contracts of residents¶condominiumthe form of obligations and rights are signed, in case of disputes the court¶s

verdict solves the problems.

The Legal Dimension of GC

in Poland



Specific Polish problems:

Uncontrolled proces of public space privatization.

Lack of governmental policy or intervention.

Polish cities usually do not have a municipal development plans or

local planning policy. This situation entails serious problems for

sustainable urban development. Developers can get permissions

with little difficulty. Thus they are granted the permission to buildwhatever they want, including GC. Consequently, planning

decisions accommodate mainly the developers' interests while

ignoring possible affects on those of the public.

The Legal Dimension of GC

in Poland



The general rule and definition:

There is no special legal regulation and definition for GC in Israel.

The framework for establishing GC:

There is no special planning regulation or policy. The membership restrictions:

There is no special regulation, in accordance with the legal

documents that set the relations among residents and ad-hoc

decisions.

The relations among residents

usually set by article of association or other legal contract.The

contracts of residents¶ obligations and rights are signed, in case

of disputes the court¶s verdict solves the problems.

The Legal Dimension of GC in Israel



Since the 90s Poland and Israel experiencedneo-liberal trends. These trends affect theevolution of GC as residential area of the(relatively) better-off. The extend of the

phenomenon and its manifestations areinfuenced by different local context:

Poland: public space privatization, lack of governmental

intervention enable the evolution of US style GC.

Israel: processes of privatization and growing socialdisparities influenced GCs. Due to a lack of

governmental policy, local interest and the history of

closure the hierarchic planning system does not prevent

this evolution.

Conclusions:



The different local context also affects thecharacter of GC:

- in Poland GC entails socio-economic disparities

although GCs are not exclusive for the richest

group.

- in Israel the degree of exclusion is influencedalso by considerations of security in certain

locations and of cultural differences.

Conclusions:



Thank you for your attention

[email protected]

Eres2010 178 Pres Zaleczna Gated Communities In

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