“A QIP Course on Smart Grid Technology”

PBCEC Seminar Hall, Visitors’ Hostel, IIT Kanpur

Er. Alekhya Datta

Fellow & Area Convenor, Electricity & Fuels Division

‘Role of Energy Storage in Smart Grid – BESS a game-changer for DISCOMs’

10th May, 2019 (Friday) www.teriin.org

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Capacity addition of 40 GW of GC Solar Rooftop by 2022.

Target oriented approach to deploy low-emission vehicles by 2030 (PMO desired 25% to be converted into Electric & FAME-II)

National EV Charging Infrastructure Policy: De-licensing setting up EV charging Stations, Mandatory Provision in City Master Plan Regulations.

National Tariff Policy, (Draft Amendments) proposed 24 hours supply of adequate and un-interrupted power to all categories of consumers by March, 2019.

Also, penalty on the Discoms in-case of power cuts other than in force majeure conditions or, technical faults.

Narrow frequency band. Also, provision of sign change every six time blocks

Aggressive National RE Target National Solar Rooftop & EVs Target Draft Amendments in ‘National Tariff Policy 2016’ & Deviation Settlement (DSM) Amendments

Changing Demand Profile with increasing Peak-Demand .

Increasing Penetration of Solar & EVs at Distribution Downstream

Context – Transition in Indian Electricity Sector

2022: 175 GW

2027: 275 GW(as per NEP)

2030: 350-400 GW(as per ETC India, TERI)

“Adverse technical impacts on DSO, over-loading T&D equipment, T&D system up-gradation & RE integration cost, and low PLFs of TPPs”

Critical Issues at Distribution-level & Possible Solutions

Skewed demand pattern

High AT&C losses

Overloading of distribution infrastructure during specific months/ durations

Deviation settlement charges

RPO targets and RE integration

Farthest-end voltage drop due to long length of feeders

Obligation to deliver reliable power supply

Right of way issues

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Flexible loads: DSM (DR, TOD and EE)

Increased regional co-ordination and build more transmission and distribution capacity

Renewable source diversity

Flexible generations: Peaking power plants such as gas power and pumped hydro storage plants

Curtailment of RE

Augmentation of distribution equipment

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)

Possible Solutions

Problems at Distribution-level

Major Battery Technologies

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Advanced Lead Acid/ Ultra Battery

Sodium based Battery – NAS

Li-Ion Battery Technology

Flow Battery Technology

Performance measure

CycleLife

Energy Efficiency (%)

Market leader

1,200 80

Best in class 2,000 85

Performance measure

CycleLife

Energy Efficiency (%)

Market leader

4,000 70

Best in class 6,000 85

Performance measure

CycleLife

Energy Efficiency (%)

Market leader

2,000 90

Best in class 10,000+

95

Performance measure

CycleLife

Energy Efficiency (%)

Market leader 5,000 60

Best in class 10,000+ 70

Technology Selection & Applications Mapping

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BESS Technology Selection Metrics

Capital cost ($/kWh) Cycle life Roundtrip Energy Efficiency Space footprint C-rate (duration) Usable SOC range Balance of plant and power

electronics cost ($/kW) Ambient operating temperature and

auxiliary requirements

Segments /

ApplicationsSub Segments Power Rating

Duration

(in Hour)DOD

Type of

cycles

No of

cycles /

Year

Load shifting or energy

arbitrage

DTR-Level 10 kW - 150 kW 2-4 h >80% Mix <400

Feeder/ Grid-level 500 kW - 5 MW 2-4 h >80% Mix <400

Off-grid applications

Rural Microgrid

(households) 1 kW - 5 kW 2-8 h >80% Mix <400

Rural Schools/

Hospitals 1 kW - 10 kW 2-8 h >80% Mix <400

Replacement of DG

Telecom Towers 2 kW - 5 kW 2-4 h >80% Mix <700

Commercial 10 kW - 2 MW 2-4 h >80% Mix <400

Industrial 500 kW - 5 MW 2-4 h >80% Mix <400

Transmission or

Distribution DeferralUtilities

1-20 MW 4-6 h >80% Mix <100

Frequency support Utilities/ IPP1 MW- 20 MW

15 min –

1 h <60% Shallow <18,000

Reactive Power

ManagementUtility/ C&I 3 kW - 10 MW

15 min –

1 hN.A. N.A. N.A.

Less response time

Modularity in size

Flexibility in transportation

Options of multiple Chemistries

Global Scenario

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Falling Battery PricesCoal & Gas vs.

Solar+BESS

Energy Storage

Deployments by Segment

Source: GTM Research/ ESA U.S.

Energy Storage Monitor

Global BESS vs. Chinese

BESS Installation

Source: CNESA

Source: TERI’s Analysis

Global Case Studies at Distribution-level

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Sr. No. Location Problem Statement Solution System Size Applications in General Results

1. Leighton Buzzard

Substation, Bedfordshire,

United Kingdom.

Distribution company:

UKPN

Leighton Buzzard primary substation design

includes a 33/11 kV substation and two 33kV

circuits, each with a rated thermal capacity of 35.4

MVA. Due to Higher Heating load in the winter,

UKPN experiences its peak demand in the winter

such that the local peak demand surpasses the

rated 35.4 MVA capacity limit of each feeder. The

peak demand at Leighton Buzzard has been

observed to be exceeding rated thermal capacity of

one of the 33 kVA circuit between 9 and 37 days for

the past few years

To avoid distribution Infrastructure upgrade by

building 33 kV circuit and a 38 MVA transformer

located near Leighton buzzard substation.Utility

opted for installing BESS to defer the costly

Infrastructure Upgrade of 6.2 Million Pounds.

6 MW/ 10 MWh with

Lithium ion Manganese

Battery cells.

Distribution Upgrade Deferral,

Peak Load Management, Reliable

Power Supply

BESS provides 7.5 MVA capacity with

an expected life of 10-14 years which

can cater the Peak Load which is

shorter in duration in the current

scenario.

2. Browns Valley, California,

United States

Distribution Company:

Pacific Gas & Electricity

(PG&E)

California experiences heat waves over June and

mid-July which drives peak loading due to cooling

demand at the Browns Valley substation

transformer above its normal rating threshold of

2.4 MW

A. The utility identified deploying BESS at

substation site as the ideal solution. PG&E

developed a list of criteria’s to ensure appropriate

selection of battery size and location.

B. PG&E accordingly selected Browns valley

substation due to overload projected in the

upcoming years, PG&E had also its own land

availability adjacent to the substation, Residential

driven profile of short duration and availability of

SCADA already in place to integrate the BESS.

500 kW/2 MWh with

Lithium-ion Battery

Technology.

Peak Load Management, Stable

Power Supply, Participation in

CAISO market for Ancillary

services.

With the help of RTEDCs (Real-Time

Distributed Energy Control System),

BESS showed ability to shave the

estimated peak demand over the

years BESS being deployed.

Also with the advanced controls,

Frequency related signals were

successfully received to enhance

power supply in the grid.

3. Brooklyn Queens Demand

Management Program

Distribution Company:

Consolidated Edison

The Brooklyn Queens area possess overload

condition of the electric sub-transmission feeders

serving the Brownsville No. 1 and 2 sub-stations

and had a 17 MW of overload at Utility side and

overload due to Energy Inefficient methods at

customer side leading to overload of 52 MW.

To meet the growing demand, ConEd had to

upgrade its Substation in Brooklyn and Queens that

would cost the utility and ratepayers an estimated

$1 billion USD.

ConEd addressed the problem by a 2 way approach.

BESS at utility level: by using Battery Energy

Storage System (BESS) at distribution level.

Demand side management: Through consumer side

solutions like Demand Response, Energy Efficiency,

and other Retrofitting Programs targeting demand

reduction.

1 MW / 3.4 MWh with

Lithium ion Battery

Technology.

Distribution Upgrade Deferral,

Frequency Regulation, Spinning

& Non Spinning reserve,

Resource Adequacy.

Integration of BESS avoided $1

billion investment in the distribution

upgrade and with combination of

approach like Energy storage,

Demand Response and Energy

Efficiency measures.

In upcoming years ConEd estimates

60% more revenues with

participation in NYISO day ahead

market and ancillary services market.

[1] https://www.eprg.group.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/1710-Text.pdf[2] https://www.pge.com/pge_global/common/pdfs/about-pge/environment/what-we-are-doing/electric-program-investment-charge/PGE-EPIC-Project-1.02.pdf[3] https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/RMI-TheEconomicsOfBatteryEnergyStorage-FullReport-FINAL.pd

National- level Development (till date)

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CERC Staff Paper on ESS in Jan, 2017

CEA, Technical study report for optimum location of balancing energy sources/energy storage devices in Dec, 2017

CERC Deviation Settlement Mechanism, 4th

Amendment in Nov, 2018

BESS Pilot Project, Puducherry in 2017-2018

BIS Energy Storage Systems Sectional Committee, ETD-52

Tata Power and AES BESS grid-scale pilot

in 2019

Case Study on PGCIL (BESS at Puducherry)

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Size of the Pilot Project Technical Specifications

Single Line Diagram Findings

Sr. No. Technology Capacity

Package IAdvanced Lead

Acid500 kW-30 Min (250 kWh)

Package II Lithium ion 500 kW-30 Min (250 kWh)

Package III Flow 250 kW-4 hours (1,000 kWh)

Parameters Li-ion Battery Advanced lead

Acid Battery

Flow Battery

Charging rate 3 hrs. from rated DoD

to Full Capacity

3 hrs. from rated

DoD to full capacity

5 hrs. from rated DoD

to full capacity

DC-DC Round-trip

efficiency

>90% >80% >75%

Service Life 10 years 10 years 10 years

Life-cycle 4,000 cycles (900

MWh)

3,000 cycles (675

MWh)

3,000 cycles (2,700

MWh)

Parameter Advanced Lead Acid Lithium Ion

Delivered Size 250 kWh, 500 kW 250 kWh, 500 kW

Design Sizing 691.2 kWh 398 kWh

Nos. of Cells 600 nos. 1728 nos.

Rated DoD 65% 70%

Battery Footprint One 40 ft. and one 20 ft. Container

Area Foot print: 45 sq. m.

One 40 ft. Container

Area foot-print: 30 sq. m.

Cost - 1.5 times than Advanced

Lead Acid

Case Study on AES – Tata Power DDL Pilot

5/12/201910

Size of the Pilot Project Applications

Findings

Technology Capacity

Lithium-Ion

(NMC)10 MW (1 hour)

Application Revenue Streams Envisaged

Frequency Response Need developed ancillary markets

Reducing Deviation Settlement

Charges

Savings in terms of deviation

settlement charges

Reliability Improvement Yet to be quantified

Flattening the load curve Savings in peak power purchase

Inverter (from Parker)

UPS

Node Controller (from Fluence)

Master BMS (from Fluence)

Battery Modules & BMS (from LG Chemical)

Applications of BESS at Distribution Downstream

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Distribution Transformer

Level

Feeder Level

Sub-Station Level

Over-load Management

at DTR/ Feeder/ Sub-station Level

Augmentation deferral of

Distribution Transformer

Up-grade augmentation

deferral

Defer augmentation

of Power Transformer

Improving PV Hosting

Capacity

Reduction in Peak Power

Purchase

Farthest End Voltage

Improvement

Loss Reduction

Support EV Charging

Application may vary depending on actual loading situations and pain areas

in Distribution Network

Localized voltage control

TERI’s Experience in BESS with Discoms*

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BRPL (Pvt./

JV)CESC (Pvt.)

WBSEDCL (State-

Owned)

Placement

Applications

Shortlisted

Locations

Cat A- Distribution/ LT feeders having substantial penetration of Solar PV systems

Cat B- Group housing society/ gated res. community having rooftop Solar PV systems

Cat C- Research Institutions (under HT category, having existing Solar Rooftop PV system & EVs)

Cat A- Overloaded Distribution Transformers (DTRs) in areas with no space to install another DTR

Cat B- Substation with solar rooftop PV system

Cat C- Consumers with critical loads Cat D- Grid-scale battery storage

Cat A- Overloaded Distribution Transformers (DTRs) in areas with no space to install another DTR

Cat B- Lengthy and overloaded 11 kV feeders

Cat C- Seasonally overloaded feeders (with agri loads)

Cat D- Distributed storage for better integration of large-scale distributed solar

Cat A- DTR overload management, augmentation deferral

Cat B- Power back-up for common loads, energy arbitrage and overload management

Cat C- Energy arbitrage and solar intermittency management

Cat A- DT overload management and augmentation deferral

Cat B- Managing solar intermittency and power back-up

Cat C- Power back-up for critical loads Cat D- Savings on peak power purchase and

reducing UI charges, DSM Rules, Capex deferral on PTRs

Cat A- DTR overload management,augmentation deferral and localized voltage control

Cat B- Feeder overload management & augmentation deferral, and energy arbitrage

Cat C- Feeder overload management, solar and BESS integrated solutions

Cat D- Solar Farming, Overall Peak Reduction

Cat A- Taimur Nagar 11 kV feeder having two 990 kVA DTRs

Cat B- Yet to be shortlisted Cat C- TERI School of Advanced Studies

(SAS) having 50 kWp rooftop solar PV system with ToD pricing applicable

Cat A- Ashok Nagar - 315 kVA DTR Cat B- New Cossipore 33/11 kV Sub-Station

with 50 kWp of solar rooftop PV system Cat C- Saroj Gupta Cancer Research Institute. Cat D- 132/66 kV Sub-station at Taratala,

Majerhat

Cat A- Hatiara Uttarmath 315 kVA DTR & others

Cat B- 11 kV Kharibari feeder & others Cat C- Yet to be shortlisted Cat D- Solar Power projects at Teesta Canal

Fall (TCF) Hydel Power Stations

*Work done/ on-going till date

R&D in BESS at TERI

Technical Studies

BESS Sizing

Control-logic Algorithm

R&D Lab

Techno-economic Web Tool

Grid-integration studies for BESS as enabler of rooftop PV and EVs

Load Flow Analysis for BESS voltage-improvement applications

Harmonics & Power Quality Studies

VPP studies using distributed storage

Dynamic control logic for DTR overload management

Real-time parameter monitoring

Variable C-rate for BESS

Charging and discharging trigger based on Shaving level and parameters

Programmable and robust control logic

Pre-field performance validation of distribution-level BESS

Battery simulator to emulate different chemistries

RTDS based testing of BESS control logic

Application specific BESS sizing

LCOS calculations LCOS projections

Two-stage optimization approach for DTR overload management and solar intermittency management

Based on detailed analysis of load-curve

Envisaged change in demand pattern considered

Technical characteristics of Batteries considered

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Thank You!

alekhya.datta@teri.res.in

Mob: +91 9999466210