EPID 611

Presentation on Using GIS in Public

Health - West Virginia University

DR. NICOLAS A. VALCIK, DIRECTOR OF INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH

HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER, APRIL 19, 2016 – 9:00 A.M. TO 11:00 A.M.

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the consent of the author. Copyright 2016©.

Introduction

What is Geospatial Information Systems?

Why should anyone use GIS?

Academic Areas that Use GIS

Applied Areas that Use GIS

Difficulty of Using GIS

GPS – Satellite, Aerial Photos, Laser

Points

CAD vs. GIS

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GIS image taken from USGS, 2008

History of Mapping - Epidemiology

John Snow – Apprentice Surgeon

Mapped down Cholera outbreaks in relation to water supply –

London 1854.

Linked Cholera to the Water Pumps at particular sites.

Qualitative Collection of Data through interviews

Mapped down locations given to him in interviews

Died before his findings were verified.

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Image taken from Atif, 2013

(Atif, 2013)

Understanding your Data

Research Design

Data collection methodology

Linking or joining data sets

Limitations on inputting information into GIS

Coordinate System – Which one to use (e.g. NAD83)?

Shapefiles = Layer

Underlying Tables utilizes Foxpro database

ArcMap, ArcSDE, ArcIMS

Using SAS with ArcMAP

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GIS image taken from Starcher, 2008

5West Virginia University - Student / Faculty / Staff Proximity Analysis

Locate students and employees that live around West Virginia University

Shows patterns for infrastructure concern (i.e. utilities and streets)

Real Estate utilizing GIS Maps for Marketing university housing

Locks student and employee addresses to map in relation to public transportation

and traffic count

Analyzing data on where students live and compares their class locations for campuses

Allows for a retention study on students by class level.

Allows for analysis of distribution of where students and employees live in Morgantown

Can be superimposed on Central Appraisal District Information

6West Virginia University – Employee Chloropleth Map

GIS image taken from Valcik and Servian, 2015

West Virginia University - Student / Faculty / Staff Proximity Analysis

Layers can incorporate:

Hospitals

Crime Statistics

Emergency Calls

Health Issues

Hazardous Material locations

Traffic Patterns

Emergency Evacuation Routes

GIS Used for Disease Outbreak - Region

Tracking the Spread and Zeroing on the Root Cause

Ebola

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GIS Ebola Outbreak Map from ABC News, 2015

GIS Used to Track Illnesses - Country

Measles Outbreak in the United Kingdom.

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Willingham, Emily and Helft, Laura, 2012GIS image taken from Fitzpatrick et al., 2012

GIS Mapping Radiation Fallout Effects

Mapping thyroid cancer post-Chernobyl 1986 to 1995 in

Belarus (Krivoruchko, 2015).

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GIS image taken from Krivoruchko, 2015.GIS image taken from Krivoruchko, 2015.

GIS Mapping Accidental Radioactive Plumes

Potential Radioactive Fallout from Accidental Nuclear

Power Plant Failure in the United States (Ayres, 2012).

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GIS image taken from Ayres, 2012.

GIS Mapping Nuclear Accident – Ground

Contamination

Ground radioactive iodine released from Fukushima

Daiichi (Fukushima Update, 2013).

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GIS images taken from Fukushima Update, 2013.

GIS Mapping of Shark Attacks

Shark attacks mapped globally in 2014 (Tracking Sharks,

2014).

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GIS image taken from Tracking Sharks, 2014.

GIS Mapping of Public Health Departments

Resources for West Virginia Public Health – State and

local (West Virginia GIS Technical Center, 2015).

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GIS image taken from West Virginia

GIS Technical Center, 2015.

GIS Mapping of Crocodile Attacks

Northern Territory of Australia – Location of Crocodile

Attacks 1971 – 2013 (Everything Dinosaur, 2013).

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GIS image taken from Everything Dinosaur, 2013.

GIS Capability of Tracking Industrial

Contamination to Health Issues

Love Canal industrial waste exposure to residents -

1978.

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Image taken from New York

Department of Health

Environmental Investigations, 2015.Chemical and Engineering News, 2008

GIS Usage to Track Animal Diseases in Relation

to Population Centers

Rabies Virus Reservoirs in the United States(Ayres,

Blanton et. Al. ,2006)

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GIS map produced by United States Department of

Agriculture ,2014.

Examples of Where Spatial Mapping can be

Critical for Public Health (Continued)

Mozambique Onchocerciasis Exposure Risk (a.k.a. River

Blindness induced by a parasitic worm.)

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CDC GIS Map from Center for

Disease Control (CDC) Website, 2015

GIS Mapping Chronic Health Problems

Heart Disease and Strokes (CDC)

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CDC GIS Map from Center for Disease Control (CDC)

Website, 2015

GIS Tracking Chronic Illnesses through via Web

Pennsylvania Cancer Atlas(CDC)

Rates for Colorectal Cancer by Incidence by County

1994 - 2002 (CDC)

ArcIMS

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CDC GIS Map from Center for

Disease Control (CDC) Website, 2015

GIS Tracking Health Issues with Industrial Activity

Childhood Lead Poisoning Risk Analysis, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania (CDC)

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CDC GIS Map from Center

for Disease Control (CDC)

Website, 2015

GIS Mapping Insect Borne Viruses - Global

Malaria outbreaks

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GIS image on NIH Malaria Global Distribution 1900 – 2002 from Hay et.

al., 2011

Spatial Analysis vs. Data Analysis

Sick Person #1 – Broad Street

Sick Person #2 – Poland Street

Sick Person #3 – Berwick Street

Sick Person #4 – Little Windmill Street

Sick Person #5 – Dufours Place

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John Snow’s 1854 MapExample of John Snow’s 1854 Data File

VS.

GIS image taken from Atif, 2013

Spatial Layering 1854 Data Reveals pump on Broadway Street

where the individuals are Clustered

Data file alone cannot show cluster of

infections

Layers can be added to show water

pumps within walking distance of sick

or deceased individuals

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John Snow’s 1854 Map

VS.

Water

Pump

GIS image taken from Atif, 2013

Spatial Layering 1854 Data

A radius has been superimposed on

possible cholera outbreak area

around water pumps

Radius shows individuals within walking

distance of water pump from their

residences

Other water pumps outside of radius

do not have infected individuals with

cholera

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John Snow’s 1854 Map

VS.

Water

Pump

GIS image taken from Atif, 2013

GIS Map in Relation to Shootings at

Schools – Summary Data Example26

GIS image taken from Valcik and Benavides, 2011

GIS Map in Relation HAZMAT Incidents

at Research Universities or Centers27

GIS image taken from Valcik, 2013 GIS image taken from Valcik, 2013

UTILIZING GIS IN HIGHER EDUCATION SCHOLARSHIP FUNDING

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH

MEGAN CURRAN

Environmental and Energy Resources Management Major at West Virginia University

Intern and Student Worker at the West Virginia University Department of Institutional Research

mrcurran@mix.wvu.edu

(540)424-3477

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the consent of the author. Copyright 2016 ©

OBJECTIVES

• Describe the benefits of GIS in Institutional Research

• Understand how West Virginia’s economy and higher education costs impact potential college students

• Compile data layers into an interactive map that can depict patterns of West Virginia Higher Education Scholarship recipients

GIS IN INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH

“Everything is related to everything else,

but near things are more related than

distant things”

-Tobler’s First Law of Geography

Which Dataset is More Comprehensive?

(Data from: WV Higher Education Policy Commission)

The Economy and Higher

Education Costs

THE WEST VIRGINIA ECONOMY TODAY

Coal and Gas Industry

Coal production has decreased by one third;

natural gas has increased by 35 percent, but this is not enough to compensate for

losses.

Total GDP from natural gas is expected to equal that of coal

in 2017.

Populaton

There has been a decline in overall population and the state has lost about 6,000 residents over the past two years. This is in part due to the high average age and poor health of its citizens.

Employment

Only 53 percent of West Virginia’s adult population is either working or looking for

work. This is the lowest rate of labor force participation

among all 50 states.

However average median family income is up overall to

$36,600.

(Data from: West Virginia Economic Outlook: 2016)

COST OF COLLEGE

According to Where is the Land of Opportunity, “moving up a single percentile on the family-income distribution makes enrolling in college about 0.7 percentage points more likely, up and down the distribution (Chetty, Hendren, Kline and Saez).”

SCHOLARSHIPSPROMISE

• Merit Based

• Covers up to $4,750 in tuition and fees

• Can be used at in-state public and private non-profit regionally accredited colleges

• Covers 8 semesters as long as the student maintains a 3.0 in college and completes 30 credit hours in a 12 month period

• 10,224 recipients in 2013-14

Higher Education Policy Grant

• Need Based

• Amount determined by need according to the FAFSA

• Can be used at participating WV or PA institutions

• The grant may be renewed until the student's course of study is completed, but may not exceed an additional three academic years beyond the initial award

• 19,260 recipients in 2013-14

(Data from: WV Higher Education Policy Commission)

METHODS

ORGANIZING INFORMATION IN GIS

Capturing Data

QueriesAnalysis

& Overlay

CAPTURING DATA

• Data may require processing before entry

• HEPC and U.S. CENSUS information

• Pre-existing Online DataLayers

• ArcCatalog

QUERIES

• A question meant to extract specific data from a database in a visual format

Base Map Simple Query Complex Query

(Data from: WV Higher Education Policy Commission)

CONCLUSION

• At-risk counties have more limited industry and a more volatile economy

• Need based Scholarships are more likely to appear in at-risk counties

• Higher Education Scholarship patterns can be found much more effectively and efficiently when using GIS

• Graduating High School Senior data can be used for future analysis

GIS Map for the Kentucky Campus

Compact 2014 Assessment45

GIS image taken from Valcik, 2015GIS image taken from Valcik, 2015

GIS Map for the Kentucky Campus

Compact 2014 Assessment46

GIS image taken from Valcik, 2015

Conclusion

A picture is worth a thousand words, an accurate picture is worth it’s weight in gold.

GIS adds an extra dimension to a research project that can potentially provide an answer or

key insight on a particular research issue.

One should consider using GIS when working through their methodology on a given research

project.

GIS can be used in a variety of different ways and tie in vast amounts of data to a

geographical location.

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Points to Ponder

WOULD A VISUAL COMPONENT ASSIST YOU IN YOUR PROJECT?

HOW CAN GIS ENHANCE YOUR RESEARCH?

HAVE YOU DOCUMENTED YOUR GIS MAPS APPROPRIATELY?

ARE YOUR CITATIONS CORRECT FOR YOUR GIS MAP?

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QUESTIONS ???

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References 50 Ayres, Amy Sinatra, 2012Blanton, Jesse D., Manangan, Arie, Manangan, Jamie, Hanlon, Cathleen A., Slate, Dennis and Rupprecht, Charles E., 2006. “Development of a GIS-based, real-time Internet mapping tool for rabies surveillance”, International

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CDC, 2015. “Geographic Information Systems (GIS) at CDC”, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved on February 10, 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/gis/

Chemical and Engineering News, 2008. “Happy Birthday Love Canal”, American Chemical Society. Retrieved on February 10, 2015. https://pubs.acs.org/cen/government/86/8646gov2.html

Everything Dinosaur, 2013. “Body Recovered after Saltwater Crocodile Attack”, Everything Dinosaur. Retrieved on February 10, 2015. http://blog.everythingdinosaur.co.uk/blog/_archives/2013/08/27/body-recovered-after-saltwater-crocodile-attack.html

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Fukushima Update, 2013. “New Map of Radioactive Iodine Released from Fukushima Daiichi”, Fukushima Update. Retrieved on February 10, 2015. http://fukushimaupdate.com/new-map-of-radioactive-iodine-released-from-fukushima-daiichi/

Hay, Simon I., Guerra, Carlos A., Tatem, Andrew J., Noor, Abdisalan M. and Snow, Robert W., 2011. “The Global Distribution and Population at Risk of Malaria: Past, Present and Future”, United States Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved on February 9, 2005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145123/

Krivoruchoko, Konstantin, 2015. “GIS and Geostatistics: Spatial Analysis of Chernobyl’s Consequences in Belarus”, Environmental Systems Research Institute. Retrieved on February 10, 2015. http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/sa_workshop/papers/krivoruchko_old.html

Kukaswadia, Atif, 2013. “John Snow – The First Epidemiologist”, Public Health Perspectives. Retrieved on February 9, 2013. http://blogs.plos.org/publichealth/2013/03/11/john-snow-the-first-epidemiologist/

New York Department of Health, Environmental Investigations, 2015. “Love Canal EDA”. Retrieved on February 10, 2015. https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/investigations/love_canal/docs/lc_eda_map.pdf

Starcher, Jennings, 2008. “West Virginia Hospital Service Areas Analysis Using GIS”, West Virginia Health Care Authority. Retrieved on February 19, 2015. http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmapwv.gov%2Fwvagp%2Fconference%2Fpresentations%2FStarcher.ppt&ei=Fc3lVO3KJIioyQSI1ILQBA&usg=AFQjCNE7zMcFfZR_0cPLUCaIDS9aCRrlKQ&bvm=bv.85970519,d.aWw

Tracking Sharks, 2014. “2014 Shark bites/attacks 2014”, Tracking Sharks. Retrieved on February 12, 2014. http://www.trackingsharks.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/shark_bite_2014_map.jpg

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Valcik, Nicolas A., and Servian, D., 2015. “Uses for Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) for Public Higher Education Institutions”.

Valcik, N., 2013. Hazardous Materials Compliance for Public Research Organizations: A Case Study. ISBN: 978-1-4665-0946-7, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, New York, New York.

Valcik, N. and T. Benavides, 2011. Practical Human Resources Management for Public Managers: A Case Study Approach. ISBN: 9-78143-984-143-3, American Society for Public Administration Series, Taylor and Francis – CRC Press, New York, New York.

West Virginia GIS Technical Center, 2015. “Public Health Departments (State and Local) (HSIP)”, West Virginia GIS Technical Center. Retrieved on February 12, 2015. http://wvgis.wvu.edu/data/dataset.php?ID=407

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Dr. Neal Holly

Vice Chancellor for Policy and Planning, West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission

Dr. Nicolas A. Valcik

Director of Institutional Research, West Virginia University

Dan Servian

GIS Analyst/Information Systems Specialist, West Virginia University