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Environmental monitoringJrme Faist, ETHZ IrSens IIAlcherio Martinoli, EPFL OpenSense IILothar Thiele, ETHZ X-Sense IIJan Roelof van der Meer, UNIL EnvirobotChair: Boi Faltings, EPFL

Jrme Faist, ETHZ

IrSens IIIRSENS IINano-Tera RTD project application

J. Faist, L. Emmenegger, P. Jouy, R. Brnimann, H. Looser

||Departement of Physics /Institute for Quantum Electronics /Quantum Optoelectronics Group3

Control of air quality in urban areasMonitoring and reducing production of pollutant gasesStudy and limit the effects on human healthIncreasing need of gas detection for:Context and motivations: need for sensing

||Departement of Physics /Institute for Quantum Electronics /Quantum Optoelectronics GroupImages from:TopNews.inWikipedia4trace gasconc. range [ppb]Main relevanceNH3 (ammonia)2-20PollutantO3 (ozone)5-200PollutantCH4 (methane)1700Green House gasN2O (nitrous oxide)331Green House gasSO2 (sulphur dioxide)0.1-10PollutantNO2 (nitrogen dioxide)1-100PollutantNO (nitrogen monoxide)1-100PollutantCO (carbon monoxide)1-10PollutantCO2 (carbon dioxide)380Green House gasH2O (water vapour)0.2-4%Green House gasHoly-Grail for gas spectroscopy:

- Simultaneous detection of the gases of most interest

Control of air quality in urban areasMonitoring and reducing production of pollutant gasesStudy and limit the effects on human healthContext and motivations: need for sensing

||Departement of Physics /Institute for Quantum Electronics /Quantum Optoelectronics GroupImages from:TopNews.inWikipedia5Existing solution:

Chemiluminescence detection influenced by other nitrogen containing compoundsRealisation of two innovative gas detection instruments:-NO2 detection (most prominent air pollutant and key substance in photochemical processes):||Departement of Physics /Institute for Quantum Electronics /Quantum Optoelectronics GroupExisting solution:

Chemiluminescence detection influenced by other nitrogen containing compoundsIRSens II solution:

Very selective and sensitive detectionHighly integrated platform (field integration in the Nano-Tera OpenSense II)Realisation of two innovative gas detection instruments:-NO2 detection (most prominent air pollutant and key substance in photochemical processes):||Departement of Physics /Institute for Quantum Electronics /Quantum Optoelectronics Group-Multi-gas detection:

Existing solution:

Chemiluminescence detection influenced by other nitrogen containing compoundsExisting solution:

- Combination of several detection systems- Bulky- Expensive- High power consumptionIRSens II solution:

Very selective and sensitive detectionHighly integrated platform (field integration in the Nano-Tera OpenSense II)Realisation of two innovative gas detection instruments:-NO2 detection (most prominent air pollutant and key substance in photochemical processes):||Departement of Physics /Institute for Quantum Electronics /Quantum Optoelectronics Group-Multi-gas detection:

Existing solution:

Chemiluminescence detection influenced by other nitrogen containing compoundsExisting solution:

- Combination of several detection systems- Bulky- Expensive- High power consumptionIRSens II solution:

- Single instrument- Portable for field measurements- Lower cost- Lower power consumptionIRSens II solution:

Very selective and sensitive detectionHighly integrated platformRealisation of two innovative gas detection instruments:-NO2 detection (most prominent air pollutant and key substance in photochemical processes):||Departement of Physics /Institute for Quantum Electronics /Quantum Optoelectronics GroupMid-infrared advantage:

Strong fundamental rotational and vibrational absorptionSpectra of the 10 gases in the mid-infrared regionThe mid-infrared advantage||Departement of Physics /Institute for Quantum Electronics /Quantum Optoelectronics Group

Source: quantum cascade laserInteraction system: toroidal mirror cellDetection: MCT or quantum cascadeOur detection scheme:

Spectra of the 10 gases in the mid-infrared regionIrSens IINano-Tera projectStrong fundamental rotational and vibrational absorptionMid-infrared detection approach||Departement of Physics /Institute for Quantum Electronics /Quantum Optoelectronics GroupIntermittent cw driverreducing power dissipation and cooling

mP controlledlaser current protection< 1 W power consumptiondecoupled from power sourceno control V-signal neededdriving of cwQCL in HHL or TO-3 without water cooling

IRSENS_II, Mai 2014Nlukas.emmenegger@empa.ch

Demonstrator for CO2 isotopes and NO2Markus Mangold with the first runner-up innovation award at theInnovation Village of Photonics Europe, April 2014

IRSENS_II, Mai 2014Nlukas.emmenegger@empa.ch

NO/NO2 with a 2l laserJ. Jagerska et al, unpublished||Departement of Physics /Institute for Quantum Electronics /Quantum Optoelectronics GroupMulticolor devices (cost/benefit vs heterogenous)Integration of the electronicsBetter detectorsrecycle for other applications (medical, etc..)Challenges||Departement of Physics /Institute for Quantum Electronics /Quantum Optoelectronics Group

Alcherio Martinoli, EPFL

OpenSense IIOpenSense IICrowdsourcing High-Resolution Air Quality Sensing

Martinoli, Thiele Stations and mobility

Aberer, Faltings Data, Models, Trust, PrivacyOpenSense

Krause Crowdsensing for earthquakesEmmenegger Air quality measurement and modeling

Bochud, Riediker Studies on health impact of air qualityOpenSense II

OpenSense IIInstitut universitaire romand de sante au travail17Air PollutionAir pollution in urban areas is a global concernaffects quality of life and healthurban population is increasing

Air pollution is highly location-dependenttraffic chokepointsurban canyonsindustrial installations

Air pollution is time-dependentrush hoursweatherindustrial activities

OpenSense II

Air Pollution MonitoringAccurate location-dependent and real-time information on air pollution is needed Officialsenvironmental engineers: location of pollution sourcesmunicipalities: creating incentives to reduce environmental footprintpublic health studies Citizens advice for outside activitiesassessment of long-term exposurepollution maps OpenSense ultra fine particle levels map in Zrich during winter monthsOpenSense IIMonitoring Today

Stationary and expensive stationsExpensive mobilehigh fidelity equipmentSparse sensor network(Nabel)Coarse models(mesoscale = 1km2)

Personal exposure with specialized punctual studiesGarageVehicleRoadIndoorOpenSense II

Data Acquisition, Field Modeling, and Closing the Loop with the UsersField ModelHigh resolution urban atmospheric pollution mapsUser InterfaceLocation on the map, health reccommendations

Model InputTerrain, meteorology, source strength, backgroundSensor DataCrowd-sensors, mobile sensors, monitoring stations

OpenSense II

Lothar Thiele, ETHZ

X-Sense II

X-Sense IINatural Hazard Warning

From kinematic monitoring to MEMS acoustic detectors

Lothar ThieleComputer Engineering ETHZJan BeutelComputer Engineering ETHZAndreas VieliPhysical Geography, UZHAlain GeigerGeodesy, ETHZHugo RaetzoFederal Office for the EnvironmentChristofer Hierold Micro- and Nano-Systems, ETHZCosmin Roman Micro- and Nano-Systems, ETHZ Computer Engineering and NetworksTechnische Informatik und KommunikationsnetzeWireless Sensors in Matter ValleyField Site MatterhornCrackmetersGST, sensor rods, thermistor chains1 Meteo station1 Networked camera1 High-resolution camera1 L1/L2 precision GPS (Leica GRS 1200)

Field Site Dirruhorn/Grabengufer10 GPS on composite landslides10 GPS on rock glaciers5 GPS as position reference stations5 simple temperature loggers per GPS station3 Meteo stations1 Networked camera2 High-resolution cameras

Field Site RandaWLAN relay2 Networked cameras1 L1/L2 precision GPS (Leica GRS 1200)1 High-resolution camera robot

Public Access to Data Repositoryhttp://data.permasense.ch

GPS captures process dynamics at millimeter scaleSeveral hundred milliondata items 24Societal ImpactTechnology Transfer of X-Sense system to Federal Office for the Environment FOEN30 wireless GPS stations, data pipeline, joint operation

Critical Natural Hazard Event June 3, 2013:Village evacuation, temporaryclosure of road and railway to ZermattTimely response with extension of sensor coverageData provided in real-time tofederal and cantonal officesExtensive media coverage

New scientific knowledge about geophysical processes

Due to the ongoing collaboration with research projects in our area we were alerted of the situation and knew quite well what to expect.

(Gaby Fux-Brantschen, mayor of St. Niklaus/Herbriggen)Ecosystem of X-Sense

Collaborations and Partner ActivitiesSnow and Permafrost, Marcia Philips (SLF Davos)LGIT, David Amitrano (Universite Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France)Physical Geography H2K, Philipp Schneider, Jan Seibert (University of Zurich)CCES COGEAR project, Jeff Moore, Simon Loew (ETH Zurich)CCES APUNCH project, Maurizio Savina, Paolo Burlando (ETH Zurich)CCES RECORD project, Philipp Schneider, Mario Schirmer (EAWAG)VAW, Andreas Bauder, Martin Funk (ETH Zurich)OpenSense project, Olga Saukh (ETH Zurich)Volcanology, Thomas Walter (GFZ Potsdam, Germany)Alpine Cryosphere and Geomorphology, Reynald Delaloye (University of Fribourg)EDYTEM, Philip Deline, Ludovic Ravanel (Universite de Savoie, Chambery, France)Dept. of Computer Science, Matthew Brown (University of Bath)

Research collaboration at Aiguille du Midi/France

26Example GPS: New algorithms for detection of small and rapid movements right from sensor wake-up

service-energy proportional behavior&event-based architectureWhat is Preventing Wide Applicability?sensing movement events and/or micro-seismic and acoustic activities big datahigh energyhigh cost100cm10cm50cmAE Sensors(at 10 & 50 cm depth)Temperature probeCapacitance probeWSN nodesAE node12 V

Zero-Power Acoustic SensingLatching relay (LR)Suspended electret gate FET (SEG-FET)

AirgapSimulated sensitivity: 2.1 nm/dec @ VG =-3.1 VMountains Talk Study this near the surface (less expensive)AE gives evidence early in damage process

How to measure freezing-induced rock damge in-situ?- AE monitoring = common technique for characterizing damage evolution- AE = transient elastic waves generated by rapid release of energy28

Jan Roelof van der Meer, UNIL

EnvirobotENVIROBOT: A robot piloted by biological and chemical sensors to measure and locate pollutants in aquatic systems

Sounds interesting, butWHY WOULD YOU DO IT?

THISIsnt always practical: Field measurements, costs, time

SAMPLING can be extremely tedious: gradients, point samples, timing,

An automated system could more easily sample, measure and, potentially auto-navigate.ENVIROBOT: a modular portable swimming robot

It works: field-tested platform, a decade of R&D,Efficiency: swimming propulsion provides high levels of locomotion efficiency,Autonomy: 1 hour at 0.5m/s (in its current state), range of 1.8 Km,Modularity: allows rapid reconfiguration, handle a variety of situations (e.g. electric module), can use single module in static mode,Portability: lean, lightweight, carry it anywhere, deploy it anytime.CHALLENGES: Biology within Robots

RobustnessLife systemsResponse time scaleSignal outputSignal sensitivityStabilityWorking rangeTarget compounds

CHALLENGES: System integrationPowerCommunicationSensor integrationData analysisSense of direction and movementBoth individual modules and the system as a whole are exploitable

Environmental monitoringJrme Faist, ETHZ IrSens IIAlcherio Martinoli, EPFL OpenSense IILothar Thiele, ETHZ X-Sense IIJan Roelof van der Meer, UNIL EnvirobotChair: Boi Faltings, EPFL