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UNIT OPERATIONS ANDPROCESSES OF WASTEWATER

TREATMENT

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Reasons for Treatment

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Reasons for Treatment Protect public health

Protect land / water / air quality

Meet legal requirements

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Wastewater

effects on

receiving water

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Pollution Transport in a

River System

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Cuyahoga River, Ohio June 22, 1969

Some River! Chocolate-brown, oily, bubbling withsubsurface gases "Anyone who falls into theCuyahoga does not drown, he decays"The lower Cuyahoga has no visible signs of life,not even low forms such as leeches and sludge

worms that usually thrive on wastes."

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Citarum, near the Indonesiancapital of Jakarta

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A river in Sichuan province,China, polluted by a paper mill

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Source of Wastewater

Point and Non-point sources

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Point source Pollution

Single identifiable localized source of air,water, thermal, noise or light pollution.

Domestic

Industrial

Agricultural

Institutional

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Non-point source Pollution

Comes from overland flow of water (rainfall runoff, snowmelt, other water)from both Urban and rural areas. Potential Sources include : Roads and

highways, Farmfields, Pastures, Constructionsites, Logging sites, Illegal

dumping, Septic systems, Stream banks, Parking Lots, etc.

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Basic Elements of WastewaterManagement

Source of WW

Source Control

Cleaner production/pollutionprevention

Collection and transmission

Pumps and Pumping Stations Treatment

End of pipe treatment

Dis osal of WW and slud e

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Source Control and Treatment

Constrains

Discharge standards

Receiving body standards Climate

Economy

Social aspectsAvailable technology

Available land, etc

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Laws and Regulations in Trkiye

Environmental Law (1983) Law No. : 2872

Date of acceptance : 9/8/1983

Official gazette announcement date and number: 11/8/1983 18132

Revised in 2006

This Law aims to protect the environmentbeing the common existence for all living

organisms in line with the principles ofsustainable environment and sustainabledevelopment.

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Environmental Law

Definitions:

Environment: biological, physical, social, economic and culturalenvironment where the creatures mutually interact and continue theirrelation in the course of their life span,

Environmental Protection: all efforts to prevent the destruction,deterioration and termination of environmental values and ecologicalbalance, remedy current deterioration, improve and develop theenvironment, and prevent environmental pollution,

Environmental pollution: any negative impact that occur in theenvironment and may deteriorate health of living creatures,environmental values and ecological balance,

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Environmental Law

Definitions:

Sustainable environment: the phase of rehabilitating, protecting and

improving all environmental values that form the environment to beneeded by current and future generations from all aspects (social,economic, physical etc.), without jeopardizing the existence and qualityof sources to be needed by future generations,

Sustainable development: development and improvement depending

on the basis of creating balance between environmental, economic andsocial targets that insure current and future generations live in a healthyenvironment,

Receiving environment: shall mean air, water, soil and their relatedecosystems,

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Water Pollution Control Regulation

It was published on the Official Gazette dated 4 September 1988and was revised in 2004

Explains technical and legal principles required for the determinationof Water Pollution Control Principles

Point out principles for classifying ground and surface water qualityin three and four classes, respectively

Provides for water quality planning

Aims at both conserving the quality of water resources in

ecosystems and protecting and improving water quality to meetnational requirements.

Describes protection zones and land use strategies in regard toreservoirs and lakes used for drinking water.

Defines principles for discharging effluent to ground and surface

waters, and for treating waste water

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TABLO 1: KITA SU KAYNAKLARININ SINIFLARINA GRE KALTE KRTERLER

SU KALTE SINIFLARI

SU KALTE PARAMETRELER I II III IV

A) Fiziksel ve inorganik- kimyasal

Parametreler

1) Scaklk (oC) 25 25 30 > 30

2) pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.0-9.0 dnda

3) znm oksijen (mg O2/L)a 8 6 3 < 3

4) Oksijen doygunluu (%)a 90 70 40 < 40

5) Klorr iyonu (mg Cl/L) 25 200 400b > 400

6) Slfat iyonu (mg SO4=/L) 200 200 400 > 400

7) Amonyum azotu (mg NH4+-N/L) 0.2c 1c 2c > 2

8) Nitrit azotu (mg NO2-N/L) 0.002 0.01 0.05 > 0.05

9) Nitrat azotu (mg NO3-N/L) 5 10 20 > 20

10) Toplam fosfor (mg P/L) 0.02 0.16 0.65 > 0.65

11) Toplam znm madde (mg/L) 500 1500 5000 > 5000

12) Renk (Pt-Co birimi) 5 50 300 > 300

13) Sodyum (mg Na+/L) 125 125 250 > 250

B) Organik parametreler

1) Kimyasal oksijen ihtiyac (KO) (mg/L) 25 50 70 > 70

2) Biyolojik oksijen ihtiyac (BO) (mg/L) 4 8 20 > 20

3) Toplam organik karbon (mg/L) 5 8 12 > 12

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TABLO 1: KITA SU KAYNAKLARININ SINIFLARINA GRE KALTE KRTERLER (devam)

SU KALTE SINIFLARI


B) Organik parametreler

4) Toplam kjeldahl-azotu (mg/L) 0.5 1.5 5 > 5

5) Ya ve gres (mg/L) 0.02 0.3 0.5 > 0.5

6) Metilen mavisi ile reaksiyon verenyzey aktif maddeleri (MBAS) (mg/L)

0.05 0.2 1 > 1.5

7) Fenolik maddeler (uucu) (mg/L) 0.002 0.01 0.1 > 0.1

8) Mineral yalar ve trevleri (mg/L) 0.02 0.1 0.5 > 0.5

9) Toplam pestisid (mg/L) 0.001 0.01 0.1 > 0.1

C) norganik kirlenme parametrelerid

1) Civa (g Hg/L) 0.1 0.5 2 > 2

2) Kadmiyum (g Cd/L) 3 5 10 > 10

3) Kurun (g Pb/L) 10 20 50 > 50

4) Arsenik (g As/L) 20 50 100 > 100

5) Bakr (g Cu/L) 20 50 200 > 200

6) Krom (toplam) (g Cr/L) 20 50 200 > 200

7) Krom (g Cr+6/L)llmeyecek

kadar az20 50 > 50

8) Kobalt (g Co/L) 10 20 200 > 200

9) Nikel (g Ni/L) 20 50 200 200

10) inko (g Zn/L) 200 500 2000 > 2000

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TABLO 1: KITA SU KAYNAKLARININ SINIFLARINA GRE KALTE KRTERLER (devam)

SU KALTE SINIFLARI


C)norganik kirlenme parametrelerid

11) Siyanr (toplam) (g CN/L) 10 50 100 > 100

12) Florr (g F/L) 1000 1500 2000 > 2000

13) Serbest klor (g Cl2/L) 10 10 50 > 50

14) Slfr (g S=/L) 2 2 10 > 10

15) Demir (g Fe/L) 300 1000 5000 > 5000

16) Mangan (g Mn/L) 100 500 3000 > 300017) Bor (g B/L) 1000e 1000e 1000e > 1000

18) Selenyum (g Se/L) 10 10 20 > 20

19) Baryum (g Ba/L) 1000 2000 2000 > 2000

20) Alminyum (mg Al/L) 0.3 0.3 1 > 1

21) Radyoaktivite (pCi/L)

alfa-aktivitesi 1 10 10 > 10beta-aktivitesi 10 100 100 > 100

D) Bakteriyolojik parametreler

1) Fekal koliform(EMS/100 mL) 10 200 2000 > 2000

2) Toplam koliform (EMS/100 mL) 100 20000 100000 > 100000

(a) Konsantrasyon veya doygunluk yzdesi parametrelerinden sadece birisinin salanmas yeterlidir.(b) Klorre kar hassas bitkilerin sulanmasnda bu konsantrasyon limitini drmek gerekebilir.

(c) PH deerine bal olarak serbest amonyak azotu konsantrasyonu 0.02 mg NH3N/L deerini gememelidir.(d) Bu gruptaki kriterler parametreleri oluturan kimyasal trlerin toplam konsantrasyonlarn vermektedir.(e) Bora kar hassas bitkilerin sulanmasnda kriteri 300 g/Lye kadar drmek gerekebilir.

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TABLO 21: EVSEL NTELKL ATIK SULARIN ALICI ORTAMA DEARJ STANDARTLARI

Tablo 21.1: Sektr: Evsel Nitelikli Atksular

(Snf 1: Kirlilik Yk Ham BO Olarak 5-60 Kg/Gn Arasnda, Nfus =84-1000)

PARAMETRE

BRM KOMPOZT NUMUNE2 SAATLK

KOMPOZT NUMUNE24 SAATLK

BYOKMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (BO5) (mg/L) 50 45

KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) (mg/L) 180 120

ASKIDA KATI MADDE (AKM) (mg/L) 70 45

pH - 6-9 6-9

Tablo 21.3: Sektr: Evsel Nitelikli Atksular(Snf 3: Kirlilik Yk Ham BO Olarak 600-6000 Kg/Gnden Byk, Nfus=10000-100000)

PARAMETRE

BRM KOMPOZT NUMUNE2 SAATLK


BYOKMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (BO5) (mg/L) 50 45



pH - 6-9 6-9

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Food production sector (milk-processing, olive oil, soap

production, meat, slaughterhouses, sugar industry etc.)

Mining industry (coal production, cement factories, etc.) Glass industry

Coal processing and energy production sectors

Textile industry (synthetic textile, wool, cotton wool production, etc.)

Oil production industry (petroleum refineries etc.)

Leader production industry

Cellulose, paper, cardboard production industry

Chemical sector (detergent, fertilizer production, petrochemicals,

etc.)

Discharge standards for industrial sectors, in

particular sub-sectors;

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Tablo 5.3: Sektr: Gda Sanayii (St ve St rnleri)

PARAMETRE BRM KOMPOZT NUMUNE2 SAATLK



YA VE GRES (mg/L) 60 30

pH 6-9 6-9

Tablo 5.15 : Gda Sanayi ( Bykba, Kkba Hayvan Besicilii ve Tavukhaneler)





AMONYUM AZOTU (NH4-N) (mg/L) 20 15

FOSFAT FOSFORU (PO4-P) (mg/L) 3 2

pH - 6-9 6-9

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Tablo 7.4: Sektr: Maden Sanayii (Seramik ve Topraktan anak-mlek Yapm ve Benzerleri)



KMYASAL OKSJEN HTYACI (KO) (mg/L) 80 -

ASKIDA KATI MADDE (AKM) (mg/L) 100 -

KURUN (Pb) (mg/L) 1 -

KADMYUM (Cd) (mg/L) 0.1 -

NKO (Zn) (mg/L) 3 -

pH - 6-9 6-9

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EU Directives Some examples

Air Quality Frame Directive

Environmental Impact Assessment Directive

IPPC Directive

Birds and Habitat Directives Water Framework Directive

Drinking Water Directive

Urban Wastewater Treatment

Sewage Sludge Directive Bathing Water Directive

Waste Framework Directive

Landfill Directive

Package Waste Directive

Hazardous Wastes Directive

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Water Framework Directive - 2000/60/EC

to prepare a framework for the protection of all waters(surface, coastal, ground)

Drinking Water Directive - 98/83/EC

Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive -91/271/EEC (amended 98/15/EEC)

to protect human health from the adverse effects of anycontamination of water intended for human consumptionby ensuring that it is wholesome and clean

protect the environment from the adverse effects of thewastewater discharges of urban wastewater and

wastewater from certain industries

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Turkish Legislation

Published on 8 January 2006 dated, 26047 no: Official

GazetteRegulation on Urban Wastewater Treatment

UWWT Regulation accepts limit values in 98/15/EEC Urban

Wastewater Treatment Directive; for other articles it refersto Water Pollution Control Regulation

APPLICATION OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

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Name of The EULegislation

Condition of LegislativeHarmonization and

Application Area

Investment Oriented Activities(Precautions)

Directive on Urban Waste WaterTreatment (91/271/EEC)

By-law on Urban waste watertreatment (08.01.2006) Directive isapplied to all received areas where

population is more than 2000

Sewage systems and treatment plants will beconstructed and the existing ones will be rehabilitated.A main plan for environmental infrastructure will be

prepared to determine the needs of infrastructure.

Directive on the protection ofwaters against pollution causedby nitrates from agriculturalsources (91/676/EEC)

By-law on protection of waters againstnitrate pollution caused by agriculturalsources (18.02.2004) Environmentallysensitive areas defined by By-law.Eutrophic Areas or areas having atendency to become eutrophic

New fertilizer storage will be constructed.Equipments will be provided for transporting andspreading of fertilizer.

Water Framework Directive(2000/60/ECC)

Studies about Legislation are going on.(demand for extention)

The Drinking Water Directive(98/83/EC), concerns the qualityof water intended for humanconsumption

By-law on the waters intended forhuman consumption (17.02. 2005)

Water pipelines will be overhauled to supply sufficientamount of healthy water, if necessary, they will berestored and new drinking water pipelines will be laid.Treatment plants will be constructed for waterssupplied from resources which dont comply withdrinking water quality criteria

Directive on the quality requiredof surface water intended for theabstraction of drinking water inthe Member States 75/440/EEC

By-law on the quality of surface waterused as drinking water or intended forthe abstraction of drinking water (20.11. 2005) All surface waters used orintended for drinking water.

Quality standards will be monitored. Determination ofcategories and conformity of existing treatmentplants.Existing treatment plants will be overhauled and newtreatment plants will be constructed.

Directive on the methods ofmeasurement; frequencies ofsampling and analysis of surfacewater intended for the

abstraction of drinking water inthe MemberStates 79/859/EEC

By-law on the quality of surface waterused as drinking water or intended forthe abstraction of drinking water

(20.11. 2005) All surface waters used orintended for drinking water.

This directive is unified with the directive on therequired quality of surface water intended for the

abstraction of drinking water in the Member States



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APPLICATION OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGYName of The EU

LegislationCondition of Legislative

Harmonization andApplication Area

Investment Oriented Activities(Precautions)

Council Directive of on pollutioncaused by certain dangeroussubstances discharged into the

aquatic environment of theCommunity and daughterdirectives 76/464/EEC

By-law on Control of Pollution byDangerous Substances in Water and its

Environment (26.11.2005)

Institutions which construct advanced treatmentsystems will be encouraged. Usage of clean product

technology.Need for additional treatment plant.

Council Directive concerningthe quality of bathing water76/160 EEC

By-law on Bathing Water Quality(09.01.2006) Waters, which will be usedfor bathing and recreational purposes

Appropriate treatment plants, wastewater dischargeand disinfection systems will be constructed to enabledischarges into bathing waters in a manner not toeffect these water bodies negatively. The capacity oflaboratories will be improved for monitoring andreporting waters used for bathing and recreational

purposes

Council Directive on theprotection of the environment,and particular of the soil, whensewage sludge is used inagriculture 86/278/EEC

By-law on Soil Pollution Control(31.05.2005)

Quantity of sludge to be applied per unit area will bedetermined by monitoring the analyses of treatmentsludge and the soil which is applied.

Council Directive on theprotection of groundwateragainst pollution caused bycertain dangerous substances80/68/EEC

A draft of By-law on the protection ofthe groundwaters against pollution

caused by dangerous substances isprepared.

Council Directive on the qualityof fresh waters needingprotection or improvement inorder to support fish life78/659/EEC

Studies about compliance of legislationare being continued by The Ministry OfAgriculture and Rural Affairs.

Council Directive on the quality

required of shellfish waters79/923/EEC

Studies about compliance of legislation

are being continued by The Ministry OfAgriculture and Rural Affairs.

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EU Urban Wastewater Directive

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EU Urban Wastewater Directive

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Harmonization with EU Directives

Regulations related to Urban Wastewater discharges

Population Treatment Plant

Dischargesaccording to WaterPollution ControlRegulation (Year)

Treatment Plant

Dischargesaccording to urban

WastewaterDirective (Year)

>100000 2008 2022

100000-50000 2009 2022

49999-10000 2010 2022

9999-2000 2011 2022

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1)Domestic WW

2) Industrial WW

3) Inflow/Infiltration

4) Stormwater

Components ofWastewater Flows

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Definitions

Sewage: Liquid waste conveyed by a sewer and mayinclude domestic and industrial discharges as well asstorm water, infiltration and inflow

Domestic (sanitary) Sewage: Originates in thesanitary convenience of dwellings, commercial,institutional and similar facilities.

Industrial wastewater: Liquid wastewater fromindustry such as pulp and paper mill or petroleumrefinery.

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Storm Sewage: Flow derived from rainfall events,and deliberately introduced into sewers intended forits conveyance

Infiltration: Water which enters the sewer fromground through leaks

Inflow: Water which enters the sewer from thesurface during rainfall events through flaws in thesystem or through connections to roof or basement

drains.

Definitions

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Wastewater - QUANTITY

Residential: Based on population density, average percapital contribution of wastewater

Dry weather flow ~ 70-100% of water demand

Qdry = ww/w*Population*daily water consumption rate percapita

Commercial: Depends on function and activity

Institutional: Region, climate and type of the facility Recreational Facilities: Seasonal variations

Industrial: Type and size of facility, the degree of waterreuse, onsite wastewater treatment plants

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SEWAGE - QUANTITY

Infiltration:

- A portion of the precipitation in a given area runsquickly into the storms.

- Groundwater

Rates:

Soil type, type of pipes, climate,

topography, water table

Pipes: 0.01-1 m3/d.mm-km (size-length)

0.2-28 m3/ha.d (Drainage area)

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Fluctuations in Wastewater Flow

Short term variations: within the day (diurnalpattern)

Seasonal variations:

Resort areas, small

communities with

collage campuses and

communities with seasonalcommercial and industrial

activities

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Wastewater Peaking Factor

Can be developed based on maximum hour,maximum day or other time periods

Peaking factor = Ratio of peak flow to average flow= Qp/QA

For small residential areas : Peaking Factor is higher(up to 5)

For commercial areas: up to 1.5

Industrial area: less than 1.5

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Example

A development is connected to an intercepting sewer with atrunk sewer. Land use for the development, averageflowrates, the peaking factors and peak infiltrationallowance are given in the following table. Assume Peak

infiltration/Average Infiltration ratio is 1.4.

Determine the maximum and average flowrate from the

development.

Land use Area (ha) AverageFlowrate(m3/ha.d)

PeakingFactor

PeakInfiltrationAllowances(m3/ha.d)

School 10 5 3 3Commercial 15 15 1.5 1.5Industrial 10 25 2 2Residential 150 35 2.5 2.5

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Wastewater Quality Characterization

Wastewater Quality Characteristics

Physical Chemical Biological

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Wastewater Characterization

Need for Characterization:

Determine the most suitable treatment

plant unitsAmount of sludge produced

Amount of oxygen needed

Effluent concentration

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Physical Characteristics:

Turbidity

Color:

Fresh wastewater (2-6 hrs old) is a light tan. Wastewater over 6 hrs old is usually grey color to

dark grey.

Blackening is due to the production of various

sulfides, in particular ferrous sulfide. Conductivity

Temperature:

> average monthly temperature in winter

< average monthly temperature in summer


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Physical Characteristics:

Solids: TSS : Total suspended solids

VSS : Volatile suspended solids

nbVSS : Nonbiodegradable VSSiTSS : Inert TSS

Odor:

Fresh municipal wastewater: soapy or oily odor

and usually not offensive.

Stale municipal wastewater: rotten egg odorbecause of anaerobic bacterial action


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Escherichia coli

Biological Characteristics:

Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, viruses, algae, rotifers, etc.

Bacterial population : 10

5

to 10

9

cells/mL

Viruses
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Ebola_Virus_TEM_PHIL_1832_lores.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Ebola_Virus_TEM_PHIL_1832_lores.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Ebola_Virus_TEM_PHIL_1832_lores.jpghttp://www.scottcamazine.com/photos/EColi/pages/01toxigenicE_coli_jpg.htmhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg/800px-E_coli_at_10000x%2C_original.jpg

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Chemical Characteristics: Carbonaceous Compounds:


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Chemical Characteristics: Carbonaceous Compounds:


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Chemical Characteristics: Nitrogenous Compounds:


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Chemical Characteristics: Nitrogenous Compounds:


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Summary Tabulation

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Chemical Characteristics: Phosphorus

Organic Phosphorus: present in organic compounds suchas proteins and degradation products

Inorganic phosphorus: present in inorganic compoundssuch as phosphate (PO4

-3). Most of the inorganicphosphorus is from bacterial decomposition of organicphosphorus compounds

Chlorine ion (Cl-) Sulfate Ion (SO4

-2) Alkalinity pH Grease Heavy metal ions: Mercury (Hg), arsenic (AS), lead (Pb),

zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni),

chromium (Cr), and silver (Ag) etc.


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Example

For the following wastewater samples in the following table, with valuesfor conventional wastewater characterization parameters, determine (a)Inert total suspended solids (b) biodegradable COD (c) slowlybiodegradable COD (d) non biodegradable COD (e) Organic Nitrogen.

Parameter Concentration (mg/L)

TSS 220

VSS 200

COD 450

sCOD 130

BOD 200

rbCOD 40

TKN 40

NH4-N 25

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UNIT OPERATIONS &

PROCESSES-Unit operations: the methods of treatment wherephysical forces predominate

-Unit processes: the methods of treatment wherechemical or biological reactions are used.

Unit operations and processes are groupedtogether to achieve various treatment levels as;

preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary

(advanced) treatment.

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Levels of Wastewater Treatment

Preliminary Treatment

Screen (Physical Operation)

Grit chamber (Physical Operation)

Primary Treatment Sedimentation (Physical Operation)

Secondary Treatment

Activated Sludge (Biological Process)

Advanced treatment Precipitation, chlorination, adsorption, filtration, etc.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

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WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

-Basic Operations and Process-

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Preliminary WW treatment

Removal of constituents that may causemaintenance or operational problems

Screening

Grit removal for coarse suspendedmatter

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Primary Wastewater Treatment

Portion of the suspended solids and

organic matter is removed

Physical operations: Sedimentation,

flotation

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Conventional Secondary WWTreatment

Removal of biodegradable organics andsuspended solids.

Activated sludge

(fixed film reactors, lagoon systems etc.)

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Conventional Secondary WWTreatment

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Nutrient Removal Control

Reasons to remove nutrients:

Eutrophication

is the enrichment of water by nutrients, especially

compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus,

causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher

forms of plant life to produce an undesirabledisturbance to the balance of organisms present in

the water and to the quality of the water

concerned

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Nutrient Removal Control

Reasons to remove nutrients:

Eutrophication

Nitrification O2 depletion Recharge of groundwater used indirectly for

public water supplies

Nutrients : Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Nutrients can be removed by biological, chemicalor combination of processes

Nutrient removal is coupled with secondarytreatment

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Advanced WW treatment

Level of treatment required beyond conventionalsecondary treatment to remove constituents ofconcern including nutrients, toxic compounds, andincreased amounts of organic materials andsuspended solids

Nutrient removal, chemical coagulation,flocculation, and sedimentation followed byfiltration and activated carbon

Ion exchange, reverse osmosis

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ENVE 304 Notes 1

Documents

Transcript of ENVE 304 Notes 1