Entrepreneurship Dr Ir Bambang Ali Nugroho, MS, DAA [email protected] 1.
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Transcript of Entrepreneurship Dr Ir Bambang Ali Nugroho, MS, DAA [email protected] 1.
Entrepreneurship
Economic theory approach Psychological trait personality characteristics approach Social behavioural approach
Economic Theory
Someone that coordinates different factors of production
Entre & prendre (french origin) : one who takes between
Cantillon & Say : landowners, workers & entrepreneurs (central economic actors)
Economic Thinkers
KIRZNER : a middleman who facilitates the exchange
SCHUMPETER : an innovator through the introduction of new technological processes or products
KNIGHT : a calculated risk taker ; someone who is prepared to undertake risk in an uncertain world
Economic Thinkers (cont.)
SHACKLE : someone who is creative & imaginative CASSON : have different skills from others, to make
judgements, to coordinate scarce resources
Psychological Approach
Mc Clelland : Proactivity : initiative & assertiveness (tegas) Achievement orientation : ability to see & act on
opportunities Commitment to others
Entrepreneurial Personality
Mc Clelland’s need for achievement Calculated risk taker High internal locus of control Innovative Ambiguity tolerance Vision
Meredith, et al
Self-confidence Risk taking activity Flexibilty Need for achievement Strong desire to be independent
Important Traits
Need for achievement Internal locus control High propensity for risk taking Need for independence Deviants Innovative behaviour
Measurement Problems
Characteristics are not stable & change over time There are subjective judgements Concentrating on personality characteristics means
ignoring environmental & cultural influences Placing too much importance personality characteristics
means reducing the role of education & training
The Ability to Learn
Someone who have ability to learn from problem solving & to gain from their business experience
They are often task-oriented Involves learning process : an ability to cope the
with problems & to learn from those problems The concept of double loop learning :a process
which involves examining why the problem occurred & to learn from that process (a process of learning ‘how to learn’)
Entrepreneurial Concept
Terdapat lima pertanyaan dasar berkaitan dengan konsep entrepreneurial, yaitu
(1) What exactly is entrepreneurship? (2) What does it mean to be “entrepreneurial”? (3) Who is the entrepreneur? (4) What an entrepreneurial mindset? (5) What’s an entrepreneurial university?
What exactly is entrepreneurship?
Kewirausahaan pada dasarnya memiliki berbagai sifat yang selama ini keliru diintrepretasikan, meliputi:
(a) Not simply the starting and running of a small business;
(b) Not a personality cult; (c) Not magic; (d) Not luck/right place, right time; (e) Not a birthright (f) Not genetic.
a philosophy of life
Kewirausahaan adalah a manageable process, a philosophy of life, a way of thinking atau a way of acting. Dengan kata lian kewirausahaan adalah
“The process of creating value by bringing together a unique package of resources to exploit an opportunity” atau “The pursuit of opportunity without regard to resources currently controlled”
a manageable process
A manageable process meliputi berbagai aktivitas, yaitu (1) Identify an opportunity, (2) Develop a business concept, (3) Assess the required resources, (4) Acquire the necessary sources, (5) Implement and manage, (6) Harvest the venture.
Life Experience Ambiguity, Stress, Excitement, Uncertainty, Responsibility, Self-reliance, Adaptation, Discipline, Change Learning.
Entrepreneurial Mindset
Untuk menjadi seorang wirausaha yang berhasil maka diperlukan kombinasi tiga aspek meliputi
INNOVATIVENESS, RISK-TAKING PROACTIVENESS, ketiga aspek tersebut merupakan komponen dari
entrepreneurial mindset.
Behavioural & Skills
Disamping itu, terdapat beberapa kunci sukses berkaitan perilaku dan ketrampilan seorang wirausaha, yaitu
Ability to learn, Social abilities, Adaptation, Guerrilla capabilities Growth propensity
Entrepreneurial Mindset
Seorang wirausaha memiliki entrepreneurial mindset, yang meliputi
Passionate pursuit of new opportunities Pursuit of opportunity with enormous discipline and tenacity Prioritizing opportunities and not exhausting oneself or resources
by pursuing every one of them Focus on execution and adaptation Tolerance of failure and learning from failure Spreading the entrepreneurial spirit to a team Healthy dissatisfaction/what did you see that could be better?
A lifetime philosophy…
Kewirausahaan merupakan lifetime philosophy, yang antara lain memiliki sikap meliputi:
Can Affect Change, There is a Better Way, Opportunities are Everywhere, Define Innovation and Growth Failure is Learning. Pursuing Opportunity, Innovating, Perseverance (tekun/keras hati)
Teaching, Research & Service
TEACHING
RESEARCH SERVICE
TEACHING
RESEARCH SERVICE
Evolusi PT Menuju Entrepreneurial University
Entrepreneurial University
TeachingService
Research
TeachingResearch
Service
TeachingResearch
Service
Teaching University
Research University
Entrepreneurial University
TeachingService
Research
TeachingResearch
Service
TeachingResearch
Service
Teaching University
Research University
Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur is an individual who accepts financial risks and undertakes new financial ventures.
The word derives from the French "entre" (to enter) and "prendre" (to take).
In a general sense applies to any person starting a new project or trying a new opportunity. (Written by Damir Wallener, copyright 2005 wiseGEEK)
Entrepreneurs, driven by an intense commitment and determined perseverance, work very hard. They are optimists who see the cup as half full rather than half empty. They strive for integrity. They burn with the competitive desire to excel. (Donald F. Kuratko and Richard M. Hodgetts)
Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs
Opportunity seeking Persistence Commitment to work contract Demand for quality and efficiency Risk taking Goal setting Information seeking Systematic planning and monitoring Persuasion and networking Self-confidence
Three Types Of Entrepreneurs:
TECHNOLOGY ORIENTED: Engineering, Manufacturing, Marketing, Financing
MOTIVATION ORIENTED: Personal Motivation, Organizational Motivation, education, training, personal evaluation, employees’ share holding, communication with employees and their families.
STRATEGY ORIENTED: Organization Strategy, Corporate Strategy.
All definitions tell us who the entrepreneurs are and what they do.
They refer to unique superpeople, Who react rationally to given and possible circumstances in order to grow and to make profit.
[email protected] 28Source: Professor Björn Bjerke
LOOKING AT SOCIETIES FROM AN ENTREPRENEURIAL POINT OF VIEW WE CAN DISTINGUISH THREE SECTORS IN ALL OF THEM:
PUBLIC SECTOR: entrepreneurs here try to come up with better use of the government budget in a society.
MARKET SECTOR:
entrepreneurs here try to come up with new products and/or services for anyone to buy at their own choice.
SOCIAL SECTOR: entrepreneurs here try to preserve, maintain and develop the cultural capital of a society.
[email protected] 29Source: Professor Björn Bjerke
And most societies look different in these respects!
MAKE A DISTINCTION BETWEEN:
ENTREPRENEUR
Long-term thinking
A set of attitudes to life Requires mental skills
MANAGER
Short-term thinking
A profession
Requires technical skills
[email protected] 30Source: Professor Björn Bjerke
Different stages of the development and progress of a new business need a different mix of management, leadership and entrepreneurship!
[email protected] 31Source: Professor Björn Bjerke
Definition of EntrepreneurshipClassic Definition by Joseph A. Schumpeter:
Development as carrying out of new combinations: introduction of a new good introduction of a new method of production opening of new market conquest of a new source of supply of raw materials
or half-manufactured goods carrying out of the new organization of any industry
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IS TODAY A MULTIDISCIPLINARY SOCIETY
Even if entrepreneurship has obvious economic consequences (like providing jobs and securing our economic welfare), we should not only (or maybe not even primarily) understand it economically, but politically, culturally, sociologically, geographically and more.
[email protected] 33Source: Professor Björn Bjerke
Management is a profession. In order to be a good manager, you need ”technical” skills
Leadership is a role. In order to be a good leader, you need social skills
Entrepreneurship is a disposition, an approach to life itself. In order to be a good entrepreneur, you need mental skills
[email protected] 34Source: Professor Björn Bjerke
Knowledge and skills needed for successful entrepreneur
SUCCESSFULENTREPRENEUR
Ability to make visions and strategic plans
Managing Different Areas of making Business (knowledge and skills)Marketing and sales,R&D, finance, legal affairs, managing projects …, understanding of whole business entity, how to integrate different parts to a whole
Starting your own BusinessCritical evaluation of ideas for new businesses, making business plan, ability to manage the starting process
Identification of OpportunitiesCreativity, understanding of clients´ needs, recognizing emerging areas for new businesses
EthicsEthically high level behaviour, honesty, sense of responsibility, fulfilling contracts
Entrepreneurship as a career of lifeAttitudes towards life, do you like or dislike being an entrepreneur, to understand good and bad sides being entrepreneur, positivism, sincerity, strong and realistic self-confidence, ability to make decisions
Skills of Human RelationshipsDeveloping a team, team management, how to sell the vision to the team, leadership, how to integrate my and team´s know how, respect for other team members, make no difference between people
Risk Management and Syndicating
©Juhani Ylikerälä
Risk Factor
Entrepreneur is a risk taker but not a gambler Calculated vs. uncalculated risks Dealing with uncertainty, the entrepreneur has to identify,
assess, evaluate, manage & transfer risk Risks (productions, financial, marketing, legal, human
resource) Not taking a risk is also a risk (self of establishment,
status-quo)
Innovation
Managing change More than just pure scientist Have the additional skills & ability to recognize the
commercial application of technological advance Invention –> Innovation –> Diffusion As all activities that give rise to a new product or
process of production
Innovation (cont.)
The first commercial application or production of a new process or product
The transformation of an idea into a new or improved saleable product or operational process in industry or commerce
Can be categorized into product & process innovations
Innovation Stages
Basic research : generates new knowledge Invention : application knowledge (a prototype model) Development of final product Absorption of technology into society Exp : vegeta, kaki-tiga, dvd, DNA-computer, HD-
terrabyte, communication via electric cable, position car microchip, digital camera, nuclear by product storage at gobi desert, etc.
Risk & Uncertainty
The opportunity of profit arises out of uncertainty surrounding change
If change is perfectly predictable then no opportunity for profit exists
The entrepreneur is someone who is prepared to undertake risk in an uncertain world
Risk exists when we have uncertain outcomes but those outcomes can be predicted with a certain degree of probability
True uncertainty arises when the probability of outcomes cannot be calculated
Leadership Qualities
Often described in terms of personal attributes, such as:
• intelligence• energy• initiative• enthusiasm• creativity
Leadership Qualities (Cont.)
Leadership Is:
• More than a personal attribute, a quality of personality, or a character
• A role determined by expectations of a group of people or an organization
Expectations of a Leader:
• Enable the group or organization to fulfill its mission
• Hold it together as a working unit
• A leader is a person who has the appropriate qualities knowledge, and skills to lead a group to achieve its objective
The Leadership Character (Turknett, 2005)
INTEGRITY
RESPECT RESPONSABILITY
1. EMPATHY
2. LACK OF BLAME
3. HUMILITY
4. EMOTIONAL MASTERY
1. ACCOUNTABILITY
2. SELF-CONFIDENCE
3. COURAGE
4. FOCUS ON THE WHOLE
Characteristics & Functions of a Leader
Five Distinctive Characteristics of Leadership
1. Sense of direction
2. Teamwork
3. Inspiration
4. Example
5. Acceptance by others
Functions of a Leader
1. Challenge the process
2. Inspire and share vision
3. Enable others to act
4. Model the way
5. Encourage the heart
Triple H & D.U.I.T.
Hoki (luck) Hoping (network, not a single fighter) Hongsui (ergonomic ; location ; layout) Plus : right time Doa ; Usaha ; Ilmu ; Tawakal (DUIT)
Do You Know the Secrets of Career Success?
Rule 1: Motivation Is the Key to Success Rule 2: Success Takes Hard Work Rule 3: Follow Your Dream Rule 4: Honor Your Talents (Understanding Yourself) Rule 5: Manage Yourself (Controlling & Using Your
Emotions) Rule 6: Take Calculated Risks (No Risk, No Reward) - not
taking a risk is also a risk
“Where you stand depends on where you sit.”
The point is that your perspective on life is heavily colored by what you do for a living.
If something can go wrong, it will, so the past is an imperfect guide to the future.
There Are No Perfect Career Choices There is no one right answer to the question “what do you
want to be when you grow up?” Nor is there any cookie-cutter formula for success.
GOOD CHOICES ARE INDIVIDUAL CHOICES. “Before everything else, getting ready is the secret of
success.”
Having Fun in Your Life Having Fun in Your Life : (Set smile goals for each and every
day) & Don’t worry. Be happy. Laughter Really Is the Best Medicine Laugh in the Face of Fear (“I laugh because I must not cry.”) Finding Everyday Fun From Play to Success (the relationship between fun and success) What Delights You? By choosing subject matter that delights you,
your day will automatically go more easily. Take on a New Adventure Improve Your Social Life (Besides the intrinsic interest and
excitement, it can also create more dynamic personal relationships).
