construction Al-

engineering IIFINTERIM___QT -6research 0 2O ,Icaboratory LEV to-(D

I IIIII I )/ /'?REDICTINGUOISE IMPACT IN THEYICINITY OF

6 SMALL-ARMS RANGES,

0[ /c-,*

' i' 12 6 12 m--'

A /l 41. cBryan f

0-u

4,s

JeA~

*AN

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited. 7

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS____BEFORE COMPLETING FORM1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

~ ~CERL-IR-N-6I -

4. TITLE (and Subtitl.) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

PREDICTING NOISE IMPACT IN THE VICINITY INTERIMOF SMALL-ARMS RANGES

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

1. AUTHOR(*) 3. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e)

J. McBryan

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS -th).PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASKAREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORYP.O. Box 4005 4A762A896-03-O05Champaign, IL 61820

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October 197813. NUMBER OF PAGES

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Copies are obtainable from National Technical Information ServiceSpringfield, VA 22151

19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side It neceesay and fder.tily by block number)

day/night average sound level (Ld)dn

* isound-exposure level (SEL)calcul ationprediction

!20. ASTRACrC~ont ue mr -- .b if neceae'y ad ide-,Ifr by block number)IThis report describes the data collection and reduction methods used to determine

equations to provide sound-exposure level (SEL) vs distance curves for impulsive noise atArmy small-arms ranges. It also describes (1) the method for calculating SEL per round atany distance for MI 14 and M 16 rifles, a .45 caliber pistol, and a M60 machine gun, and 31(2) the tabular procedure for predicting the day/night average sound level (Ln) at Armysmall-arms ranges. This in turn allows for prediction of noise impacts o;, or adjacent toArmy installations.

DO JA 3 1413 EmnON OFI NOVSSSOBSOLETE UNCLASSIFIED

SECUI'.TY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Whren Data Entered)

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SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OP THIS PAGE(mWho Data Igntgtod

44

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGECIIhwn Dat, Ent.,ed- trod)

FOREWORD

This research was conducted lIm the Directorate of Military Construction. Office ofX7 -the Chief of Enigineers (OCli), under Project 4A762720A896. "En~vironmecntal Quality

for Construction and Operation of' Military Facilities"; Task 03, "Pollution ControlTechlnology"; Work Unit 005, "Development of the Integrated Installation Noise ContourSystem." The QCR number is 3.01.007. Mr. F. P. Beck, DAEN-MPE-l. is the OCE Tech-nical Monitor.

The work was performed by the Environmental Division (EN), U.S. Army EngineerConstruction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL). Dr. R. J1. Jain is Chief of EN.I

COL J. E. Flays is Commander and Director of CERL, and Dr. L. R. Shaffer is Technical 1Director.4

-1E

49R

31 4

3

SA+1 _ ____ ___ ____ ____ __M

CONTENTS

DD FORM 1473 1FOREWORD3LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 5

1 INTRODUCTION ............................. ............... 7BackgroundPurpose

A

ApproachMode of Technology Transfer

2 DATA COLLECTION ......................................... 7Close-in MeasurementsFar-Distance Measurements

3 DATA REDUCTION AND RESULTS ............................. 10RData ReductionFrequency PlotsResults

4 NOISE IMPACT PREDICTION METHOD: .........................- 17

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS------------------------17

APPENDIX A: Presentation of Data 19APPENDIX 8: Tabular Prediction Procedure 28

-: M

44

-- 77 10

TABLES

Number Paos 4

I Summairy of Mecasurementu Sites and Distances 8

2 Summary of Laboratory Data Reduction at Mid and Far Distances 1432-

Rf3 Summary of Close-in, Single Round Measurements 17

BI Number of Rounds vsdBNTOT 28

B2 Distance vs dBdist 29

B3 dBdis vs Distance 2

FIGURES

Number Page

I Close-in Measurements -9

2Typical Equipment Setup 10

3 Equipment Used During Measurements I

4 Typical Far-Distance Measurement Setup 12

5 Spectral Content Setup 13

-~6 Typical M14Grouping 15

7 Typical M 16 Grouping 15

8 Spectral Record ofMl16 Rifle (less than 50 m) 15

9 Spectral Record of M 16 Rifle (greater than 300 m) 15

10 SEL Per Round vs Distance 16 7

Al Fort McClellan: Range 22 20

A2 Fort Leonard Wood: Range 3.3 22 A

A3 Frt M~le~n. Rnge 1 2

A4 Fort McClellan: Range 13 23

AS Fort McClellan: Range 13 23

A6 Fort McClellan: Range 19 1

5

-i ____RE

FIGURES (Cont'h)

Number Page

A7 Fort Knox: Record Range 26

AR Fort Lewis: M60 Range 27

B31 Contour of Sinal!.rns Firing Range 30

B2 Planning Ld, as zz Funiction of NTOT and Distance 30N

A

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73I

6

PREDICTING NOISE IMPACT IN THE ance in selecting sites for i'ew small-arms ranges nearVICINITY OF SMALL-ARMS RANGES existing housing or noise-sensitive land use areas, or sites

for new housing adjacent to existing small-arms ranges.

ApproachINTRODUCTION A literature search was conducted to identify the

existing SEL data base. Tests were then developed toextend nd supplement this data base. Noise levels of

l)epartrent of Defense (IDOD) Technical Manual existing small-arms ranges were measured at distancesTM 5-803-2, l:nvronmental l'rcutection: Planning in the equivalent to the probable sizes of family housing or

other noisc-sens-tive land uses. Noise levels of typicalNois Dzironge: reuirs tat ois-senitie tcibies small arms in the Army iriventory-M 16 and IM 14 rifles,

be sited in low-noise areas. The standard by which both s cal ber istl and m 1u reDOD and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) measre coin (2to in t a nu er emeasure an activity's noise impact is the day/night aver-age sound level or Lto tesi the directionality of the weapons; mid-distance

r Ld.- (100 to 200 m) and far distance (approximately 1500In orde' to predict Ldn levels of existing or proposed in) levels were also measured (Chapter 2).

small-arm-. ranges and/or to determine appropriate loca- Darl

tions for olse-sensitive land uses with respect to exist- Data w n an e (Capter 3). Chapter 4 out-ing small-rms ranges, it is necessary to be able to predictthle Ld generated by small-arms ranges as a function lines the method used a predict noise levels in the vicin-

of distance. To do this, the following must be deter- tmined: suits of the laboratory data reduction and the layout of

each small-arms range measured by this investigation.

1. The sound energy in decibels (dBs) or sound Appendix B presents the tabular procedure recom-exposure level (SEL)* produced by each round fired, mended for use by Army personnel for selecting suitable

sites for new small-arms ranges or new noise-sensitive2. The number of rounds fired, land uses in the vicinity of existing small-arms ranges.

3. Whether the rounds are fired during the day (0700 Mode of Technology Transfer Ato 2200hours)orduringthenight(2200toO700hours). Results of this study will be issued as a TAG letter

and incorporated into TM 5-803-2, Environmental Pro-Purpose tection: Planning in the Noise Environment.

The overall objective of this study is to provide datafor the prediction of noise impacts on or adjacent toArmy installations.

The purpose of this report is to provide SEL vs dis- 2 DATA COLLECTIONtance curves for existing small-arms ranges, and to pro- -

vide the means by which Ldn levels for small-arms rangescan be predicted and used by Army master planners. The literature search conducted by this investigationfacility engineers, and environmental officers as guid- revealed considerable data regarding hearing-conserva-_ _tion criteria at distances less than 50 m, but little infor-

lnfonnmtion on Levels of Enrironmcntal Noise Requisite mation on the SELvalues of typical Army small weaponsto Protect Public Health and W$'elfare with an A dequate Mlargin at distances greater than 300 m. It was necessary, there-of Safcty. 55019-74-004 (USEPA, March 1975); Enriron. fore, to extend and supplement the available SEL datamental Protection: Planning in the Noise Environment. TM5-803-2 (Department of Defense IDODI, 15 June 1978); base.Guidelines for Preparing Enrironmental Impact Statements onNoise. Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics, and Siomechanics Noise measurements were made at existing small-(CIIABBA) Woiking Group 69 Report (National Academy of arms ranges at Fort Leonard Wood, MO; Fort McClellan,Science. February 1971). AL; Fort Knox. KY; and Fort Lewis. WA. Table I lists

*SEL is the time integral c the square of the sound pres- the site each measurement, the weapon measured, thesrc using the A-frequency weighting over the time period of distance at which each measurement was made, and thethe event, orientation of the measurement equipment.

7 ~

-~ ~ L-

_ __ _-

7q

Table dfSummary of Measurement Sites and Distances

Instullation Weapon Distance Orientation

Forit LewL .45 ct 25 i1 Rear and left %ide or single riflenanM16 25 m 0 4S, 9Wi. 135% 180: single

M14 25 m Rear offsingk riflemanM160 25 m Rear of Aingle riflenL.:.N! 6 50Mr 45*. 90%; single rifleman.

N16 50 m Right side of single riflemanFort McClellan WM60 90m Rear of firing line

.45 cai 100 m Rear of firing line ARM16 100 in Rear of firing line Al

Fort Knox .45 cal 120 Left side of fiinng line180 m

Fort Leonard Wood MI6 200 m Rear of firing lineFort MicClellan A45 cal 200 mn Right side of firing lineFor: Lewis M60 200 mn Rear of firing lineFort McClellan .45 cal 275 m

ort Leonard Wood N116 300 m Rear of firing line

M60 350 m Rear and right of firing lineFort McClellan M16 375 m Rear of fring line

M!6 400 t Right side of firing line1300 to Rear and right of fring line

Fort Lewis M 16 1700 m Rear of night fare range N

Two measurement techniques were used: one mas- ing windspeed and direction was noted on the dataured noise levels 25 to 50 m from the weapon to de- sheet; windspeed never exceeded 10 mph (I I kmh)termine the weapon's typical directivity pattern, i.e., during any measurement period. Because previous re-whether there was more sound to the left or right than searchers2 reported that different microphone orienta-to the rear of the weapon. The second technique meas- tions could produce varying values when measuringured noise where houses would be normally located, very dose to weapons, three different microphonei.e., 100 to 1500 in from the range. orientations were used in this investigation. The micro-

phone angle of incidence of the sound wave duringClose-in Measurements measurements was 00, 45o. and 90. Subsequent data

Close-in measurements were made at Fort Lewis at analysis showed that microphone angle of incidence is25 to 50 m and at angles of 0. 450, 9 0 , and 1800, as not a significant factor at the distances used for theseshown in Figure 1. A single rifleman fired upon con- measurements. Figure 2 illustrates a typical measure-rand; each round was separatedby at least 3 sec from mert setup. Figure 3 is an expanded view of equipmentthe previous round. Measurements were tape recorded used to make the tape recordings.for later analysis. Peak levels recorded in the field werelisted by the investigating team on a data sheet. Far-Distance Measurements

At each range visited by this investigation, the rangeA B&K 2209 impulse precision sound-level meter safe' y officer was interviewed to determine the number

with an extension rod connected to a B&K-type 4149. of rounds fired per exercise, as well as to brief the1/2-in, microphone protected by a 1/2-in. windscreen CERL investigating team on the location of the firingwas used at the close-in measurement station. Tape points and the pattern of firing. The total number ofrecordings were made from the AC output of the sound- rounds fired per visit was determined, as well as thelevel meter through a QCJA attenuator to the mixer number of rounds fired in each burst .3y each position.input of a Nagra DJ tape recorder. A calibration tone Measurement sites were chosen to the rear or side ofwas placed at the beginning of each reel of tape using a

B&K 4220 pistonphone. Calibration was performed at -2Garinth;, George R.. Transducer Tcchniquesfor Mewr-the beginning and end of each measurement period. At Mg the Effect of Small Arms' Noise on Hearing. TM-I 1-651the beginning of each measurement period, the prevail- ADA806921 L (US. Army Human Engineering Labs. 1965).

8

TARGET

5* I0RADIUS

Fue I. Close-in measurements. -

the ranges at distances ranging from 100 to 1500 mn. were printed out on the Model 270's associated print-

Peak levels and A-weighted sound levels were tabulated ei. these results werc later used to verify the tapefor later analysis and tape recordings were made. The recordings in the 12boritory. Figure 4 illustrates anoise monitoring setup was essentially the same as that typical far-distan~ce measurement setup.used for close-in measurements. with the addition of a10 mn microphone extension cable from the sound-level All ambient noise levels were at least 10 dB belowmeter to the microphone extension rod, and a CERL the measurement data. Winid noise -w insignificantModel 270 noise monitor connected to the output of because windspeed at all locations was less than I Ithe sound-level meter? CERL noise monitor results kmh.

3P. D). Schonwcr et aL- True Inregir*n EnrkonnwnwlNois Mo itr ad Sond xporc eid Vct. Vhim 2: Appendix A presents the site layout of each range

Llsen Guid. Technical Report N-41 (U.S. Armny Enginee at each installation, raw data sheets listing the numberConstruction Enginer ingeseaftit 1oratory !CERLJ. Ma of rounds per burst and number of rounds per exercise,

- I1978). and raw data fromt the laboratory analysis.

9-A

/ "-' -' --' H A N D

METER0

TAPE RECORDER

Figure 2. Typical equipment setup.

3 DATA REDUCTION AND RESULTS -To comp ute for-rfle fire only, the-f-olowing equationis used:

rNd ~2Data Reduction Ldn lOlog 0 ff(I~ t dti=lJ P0

Data collected by the CERL investigating team were N

reduced to determine the noise level generated (in Ldn +10 Y, f~ Qt2 dt - 49.4 [Eq 2]form) at small-arms ranges measured during this study. + =1 J 0 40Eq 1 is a formal definition of Ldn: where

.N d = rounds per day10 log 10 - dp(t) 2 p(t)1d Nn = rounds per night

L]J lo 2f d To omputehe sound-exposure of a blast the follow- '

day night ing equation is used: A.,-49.4 [Eq 1] SE f p2(t) dt [Eq 3]

..... ............ ... . .. .. where

where where

SE sound exposure |p(t) = instantaneous pressure SE'= normalized sound exposurepo = reference pressure

49.4 = 10 loglo (number of seconds in a day) Let SE' = SE - 10 loglo p02 ; the sound-exposure

= 10 loglo (86400) level of rounds per day and per night can now be com- jt = time puted by using the following equations:

10 ii

AA

-i WINDMETERWINDSCREEN 9RUEL 6 KJAER I I

4220 PISTONPHONE CLIP BOARD

Kf- 0STOP-WATCH

BRUELS KJAER

CONDENSERMICROPHONE WITHDEHUMIDIFIER

AB EXTENSION ROD

SLINGRE KAPSYCHROMETER- BRUEL S KJAER

2209 IMPULSEo PRECISION SOUNDLEVEL METER

0. NAGRA DJ

TAPE RECORDER _

& 0

NAGRA OCJASTEPATTENUATOR . _._

Figure 3. Equipment used during measurements.

Ldn = l0 logl 0 (NdSE' + 10NnSE') -49.4 [Eq 41 Similarly, the SEL per round can be determined by ]1l 0 ( + N 4using the following equation:= 10 lOgl0 SE'(N d + I10Nn ) - 49.4

L1-4SELrd = SELtotai ,umber of rounds [Eq 7]: ,.oLdn =SELrd + 10 lOgl(Nd + 10N n) - 49.4 [Eq 5]

(Since SELrd = 10 logl0 SE' and - 10 logl0 (total number of rounds).

log aX b log a +log b.)- -SELs for the total number of rounds of a burst of

where fire were determined from tape recordings or by meansof the CERL Model 270 noise monitor. Eq 7 was then

SELrd = sound.exposure level per round applied to these quantities to determine the SEL per

round for each noise burst or noise event.* ~For small-arms range fire, Eq 5 reduces to: rudfrec os us rnieeet

- Fr n n re f, Eq rFigure 5 illustrates the analysis setup in the labora-Ldn =SE,d + 10 logl 0 (number of rounds per day tory. The tapes were played back on a Nagra D tape

+ 10 [number of rounds per night]) -49.4 recorder and the signal s.;nt into three systems: an[Eq 6] audio monitor, a spectrum analyzer, and the CERL

781 1 ,I_ __ jZ- r- - 1 A-

tF

WINDSCREEN

BRUELa KJAER4149 I/2"CONDENSERMICROPHONE WITHDEHUMIDIFIER &EXTENSION ROD

I

TRIPOD

NAGRA DJTAPE RECORDER! i 3Om CABLE

~~STEP -

BRUEL 8 KJAER ATTENUATOR2209 IMPULSE I~PRECISION SOUNDLEVEL METER 0

-IR

NOISE 1

MONITOR e

Figure 4. Typical far-distance measurement settip.

Model 270 monitor. The audio monitor (an ordinary Eq 7 was used to calculate the average SEL peramplifier driving a speaker) registered voice commands round from the SELs for the total number of rounds.recorded on the range such as "watch your lane. . ." or Field trip records were surveyed to determine the num-ready with a 5-round magazine..."; this provided a ber of rounds fired for each burst of noise. These noise

recLrd of which firing table was being measured. A events had several different meanings:Federal Scientific Spectrum Analyzer (UA14A) wasused to determine the frequency contribution of the 1. For the pistol noise, there was a definite schedulerounds. Two oscilloscopes were ued with the analyzer; of rounds (the firing order number). Some had seven011 showed the blast as it appeared in real time and the rounds per order, some had three, etc.other showed lhe spectral content. A camera recorded -spectral-content plots. The vertical scale (dB) and the 2. For M16 rifle fire, 10 rounds were typicallyfrequency range were recorded along with the blast .ssued to each rifleman. Firing continued until allsequence number on each photo. The CERL Model rounds were finished. The total number of rounds fired270 noise monitor was used in the single event mode to equalled the number of riflemen on the firing lineobtain the SEL of the burst. times the number of rounds per magazine.

12

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __-------

V SPEAKED

AMPLIFIER '

TAPE RECORDER :o S[ l(SPECTRUM / ANALYZER

7 ,'," ' CAMERA

NOISEMONITOR

CERL 2708

OSCILLOSCOPE

REAL TIME0000 BLAST SIGNATURE

0 0 0 0 0

CAMERA

0 ~ FREQUENCY 4111i PLOT

Figure 5. Spectral content setup.

3. For M60 machine guns, the total number of Table 2 gives the SEL per total number of rounds,rounds equals the number of rounds per belt of am- the number of rounds for that noise event, and themunition times the number of belts used per position corresponding SEL per round determined from the

L[ per noise event times the number of firing positions. data analysis.

13

__ - - I- -~ -_ _ _k

Table 2Summary of Laboratory Data Reduction at Mid and Far Distances

Total No. Rounds/ SEL/ SEL[Weapon Installation Distance No. Rounds Burst Burst RoundM16 McClellan IOU m 780 156 98.2-100.4 76.2-78.4M16 McClellan 400 n 468 156 77.8-83.7 57.8-61.7M60 McClellan 90 m 5625 625 101.0-104.0 73.2-76.2M60 McClellan 350 n 1150 575 93.3-94.3 65.7-66.7IM16 McClellan 375 in 1i76 147 75.9 -81.3 54.2-59.6M16 Mc(lellan 1300 I 147 147 75.S 53.8

.45 cal McC(lehan 10111 2750 varied N/A 75.4-76.9.45 cal McCIi!a, 275 in 2200 varied N/A 60.2-62.5

.45 cal McClellan 100 in 2200 varied N/A 64.9.67.4

.45 cal Knox '801,, 1200 varied N/A 69.2-70.2M16 Wood 200 in 2304 144 82.2- 85.4 60.6-63.8M16 Wood 300 ni 2160 144 73.8.83.1 52.2-61.5M60 Lewis 200 in N/A varied N/A 59.2-66.2

Frequency Plots Figures 8 and 9 show typical spectral records for anFigure 5 also illustrates how the camera was used M 16 rifle at close (less than 50 m) and far (greater thanto record the spectral content of typical rounds. All 300 m) distances, respectively. These figures illustraterecords were made at the same frequency range (0 to the attenuation of the higher frequencies with distance.10 kHz). These photographic records enabled the This high-frequency attenuation causes the A-weightedCERL investigating team to estimate the typical spec- SEL values per round to decrease at a rate of moretral peaks of each type of weapon, and yielded some than 6 dB per doubling of distance from the noiseindication of the attenuation of the sound with dis- source.tance. When the photogtaphs were sorted into groups 4_oof like shape, it became apparent that the M14 rifle Rsultsiand the M60 machine gun records differed slightly Table 2 summarizes the data obtained at far dis-from those of the M16 rifle and the 45 caliber pistol. tances as described in Appendix A. Table 3 summarizes AFigures 6 and 7 are typical of these two groupings. The the data during close-in measurements. Figure 10 plotsM60 and M14 show a predominant spectral peak in the data of Tables 2 and 3 to a log-distance scale. Theapproximately the 400 Hz range. In contrast, the MI 6 spread of values is caused by weather conditions, withrifle and the .45 caliber pistol have a spectral peak adverse conditions raising the SEL values by as much asclose to 1000 Hz. Moreover, the M16 and .45 cai have 20 dB at 300 m.a relatively lower peak amplitude than the others; they The data in top of the "fan" in Figure 10 should bealso appear to be more "broad banded." The M14 and used by Army planners when preparing noise impactM60, which had larger rounds in terms of charge predictions since it depicts a "worst case" situation.weight, have greater total energy per round than thesmaller M16 rifle and .45 caliber pistol rounds. How- The equation to de'ermine SEL per round is:ever, the A-weighting is such that these larger roundsare attenuated about the sawe amount as their weight SELrd = 127.5 -23 log10 (distance [m]) [Eq 81of charge tends to increase their sound level. That is, tA-weighting attenuates the 400 Hz peak by about 3 dB

-in comparison to no attenuation on a 1000 Hz peak. L=0: Ln = 78.1 -23 lOgl0(distance [nilThis effect roughly balances the effect of the increasea -2 dweight of charge in the larger rounds. + 10 log (Nd + IONn) [Eq 91

-- _

14

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 100

C- 90

80

70 1I I I I I

kHzFigure 6. Typical MI 14 grouping.

910

0

0f IL 224 5 ME78T9RS

90

10dB 80

kHZ

Figure 8. Se Tralcd oM 16 groif ls ng5. i)

61010dB FO RT LEWIS I

M16 RAIDFIE 510010dB 230 METERS 4

10dB Y30

10dBI I I I I

kHzFigure . Spectral record of M 6 rifle (ete than 30 i). a4Mi

150

I~dB

FORT______________ LEI 7 im

000

Vw 4.. ......-..... L

-

... . ..-

...-~ ....... .W

U) .4.........

0 04....... . ..-.... ...... .. ..

.~ ............ . .. ..

0~~ 0 L

.... .. . ~ ..

16 Ii... .... . IM .

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _......................... I..... .......

.~ .. ... ..... .....- ............

Table 3Summary of Close-in, Single Round Measurements fi

Distance Weapon Orientation SEL/Round

20 m .45 cal Left side 97.0- 98.925 m .45 cal Rear 91.1- 92.8

Left side-M 36 00 103.8-105.2

450 95.2- 96.690* 91.5- 92.6

.1350 92.6. 93.8 51800 96.9- 974

M14 Rear 86.2- 882 a8M160 Rcar 85.0- 87.8

F 50 in M16 Rear (90*) 86.1- 87.0Rear (45°) 90.2- 91.0

M60 Right side 90.9- 93.7

4 NOISE IMPACT PREDICTION METHOD a function of the distance, the number of rounds perday (Nd), and the number of rounds per night (Nn):

Figure 10 indicates the range of A-weighted sound- Planning Ldn = Ldn + 5exposure levels vs distance to be expected at any given = 83.1 - 23 logl0 (distance [m])distance in the vicinity of Army small-arms ranges. + 10 lOgd0(Nd + IONn) [Eq 101Because of the effects of terrain and weather, the pos- Asible range of values increases with distance. For The procedure for implementing Eq 10, using tables Zplanning purposes, it is wise to use the upper limit and graphs, is given in Appendix B. Appendix B alsoof this range as given in Eq 8. By means of Eq 8, tl . gives procedures for manually developing Ldn contours

Army planner can predict the SEL per round in the around a small-arms firing range.vicinity of Army small-arms firing ranges. It is essential.however, that the Army planner take into account that 3the noise emanating from small-arms ranges is impul- Asive in nature. Helicopter noise, which also produces 5 CONCLUSIONS ANDMimpulsive noise, has been assigned a penalty (in dB) by RECOMMENDATIONSDOD for planning purposes.4 The EPA has indicatedthat a penalty of 5 dB is appropriate for impulsive 7M

noise; the International Standards Organization (ISO) This report provides SEL vs distance curves for exist-also recommends a 5 dB penalty.' Therefore, it is sug- ing Army small-arms ranges. Measured SELs pet roundgested that Army planners add a 5 dB penalty to Eq 8 at various distances are provided in Figure 10. SELin order to compensate for the impulsive nature of the per round can be calculated at any distance by using Zsound of small-arms ranges. The following equations Eq 8. Eq 10 is for use by Army planners in calculatinggive the total planning Ldn predicted for any point as the Ldn level as a function of distance; this equation________includes a 5 dB penalty to account for the impulsive

4 .r e o P nature of small-arms ranges' noise. For the convenience-Etronmenral Protection: Planning in the Noise Env'iron-

ment, TM 5-803-2 (DOD, 15 Jun 1978);AirInstallation Com- of planners, Appendix B provides a tabular means ofpatible Ue Zones {AICUZ) DOD Instruction 4165-57 (30 July solving for the various quantitative aspects of Eq 10.1973) as amended 3 August 1977._4Sri hlnformation on Levels of Environmental Noise Requisite It is recommended that procedures provided in Ap-to Protect Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin pendix B be used by Army master planners, facility

;- Iof Safety. 55019-74 (USEPA, March 1975); Assessment ofNoise iwith Respect to Community Response, International engineers, and environmental officers as guidance inStandards Organization [ISO Recommendation R1996 (ISO, selecting sites for new small-arms ranges or new hous-May 1971). ing adjacent to existing small-arms ranges.

17

~V

APPENDIX A: PRESENTATION OF DATA

This appendix presents the results of the laboratorydata reduction described in Chapter 3, and includes thelayout of each small-arms range measured by thisinvestigation.

. .19

I

I-

iiiI

I

Location: Fort McClellanRange No.: 22 (Figure Al)Weapon fired: M 16 rifleNo. Positions: 52No. RoundsjEvent: 3 X 52 =156 22.0 dBDistance to microphone: 100 iii

Time (dB) L ~ SEL SEL/rd Comments

18.6 79.6 98.2 76.2 All downwind16.8 84.2 99.2 77.2 5-7 mph16.7 82.4 99.1 77.117.0 83.4 100.4 78.4 9 mph.17.0 81.3 98.3 76.3 15 mph gust

Distance to microphone: 400 m

Time (dB) L ~ SEL SEL/rd CommentsA

15.4 68.3 83.7 61.71 1Echos, low clouds,16.4 67.1 83.5 61.5 J crosswind, tornado alert -

18.9 58.9 77.8 57.8 5-7 mph upwind, echos

107 m- 5(----43400m

MEASUREMENT

POSITION

Figure Al. Fort McClellan: Range 22.

E 20

IL I -

F7 _i_

Location: Fort Leonard WoodRange No.: 33 (Figure A2)Weapon fired: M 16 rifleMNo. Positions: 48

No. Rounds/Event: 3 X 48 =144 21.6 dB

f- : Distance to microphone: 200 m

Time (sec) Loq SEL SEL/rd CommentsF t35.1 69.8 85.3 63.7 Crosswind32.5 69.5 84.6 63.0 6-10 mph A

kP34.4 68.7 84.1 62.5_k30.6 67.9 82.8 61.233.0 70.2 85.4 63.832.7 68.8 83.9 62.332.7 69.2 84.4 62.8 -Y33.2 70:2 85.4 63.834.3 68.7 84.1 62.532.0 69.1 84.2 62.631.2 68.0 83.0 61.432.6 68.9 84.0 62.4

Th32.8 69.3 84.5 62.9 Afternoon35.5 67.3 82.9 61.3z28.8 67.7 82.3 60.726.7 68.0 82.2 60.6

Location: Fort Leonard WoodRange No.: 33 (Figure A2)Weapon fired: M16 rifleNo. Positions: 48No. Rounds/Event: 3 X48 144=21.6 dBDistance to midcrophone: 300 m

Tne (sec) Laq SEL SEL/rd Comments

_ I ~S

-Ta

L 200m I300 M

MEASUREMENTPOSITION

i Figure A2. Fort Leonard Wood: Range 33.

Location: Fort McClellanRange No.: 51 (Figure A3)Weapon fired: M60 machine gunNo. Positions: 25No. Rounds/Event: 25 X 25 =625 (max) 28.0 dBDistance to microphone: 90 mn

WindTime (dB) Leq SEL SEL/rd Speed DirectionIS

15.3 88.3 103.6 75.8 12-14 30

14.8 88.5 103.3 75.7 8 4?015.1 88.2 103.3 75-7 10-12 0015.0 88.5 103.5 76.1 10 450

18.4 85.6 104.0 76.214.4 89.2 103.6 75.8 10-14 45013.6 88.0 101.6 73.8 5 500ZI14.8 86.2 iOI.0 73.2 7 5V~16.8 84.8 101.6 74.0 4 600 3

Distance to microphone: 350 mnJ

lim~e (dB) Lq SEL SELfrd Comments

16.8 77.5 94.3 66.7 10 mph crosswin18.6 74.7 93.3 65.7 1

- IM

22 !-

_ .---- 120 m-

- 90m

350 m

0MEASUREMENTf 0 POSITION

Figure A3. Fort McClellan: Range 51.

Location: Fort McClellanRange No.: 13 (Figure A4) zI; Weapon fired: .45 cal automatic pistolNo. Positions: 55No. Rounds/Event: See belowDistance to microphone: 100 m

Time (sec) Le SEL No. rds SEL/rd Comments

104.9 82.6 102.8 550 75.4 Light wind,-

104.8 82.9 103.2 550 75.8 30 yd

91.7 83.5 103.1 550 75.7 Elevation,85.2 101.3 275 76.9 Forest cover

80.6 84-3 103.3 550 75.914A 88.6 100.2 275 75.8

Distance to microphone: 275 m

Time (sec) Lee SEL No. rds SELrd Comments -s

106.7 68.9 89.2 550 61.8 Light windA91A 70.3 89.9 550 62.5 --M

40.9 70.3 86.4 275 62.078.9 68.6 87.6 550 60.2

16.6 73.0 85.2 275 60.8

'(----180 M 3 0

100 m (

MEASUREMENTPOSITION

Figure A4. Fort McClellan: Range 13.

23___

L L = -a=~=~- ~== ~ -

Location: Fort MclelanRange No.: 25 (Figure A.-)Weapon fired: M 16 rifleNo. Positions: 49No. Rounds/Event: 3 X 49 147 21.7 dBDistance to microphone: 375 mn

Tim (0B) L-q SEL SEL/rd Comments

18.2 62.7 80.9 59.2 12-14 mph crosswind14.0 61.9 75.9 54.218.0 62.9 80.9 59.2 20 mph, 25 gust 116.1 65.1 81.2 59.5 4-10 mph18.7 59.8 78.5 56.8 8-12 mph, 25 mph gust16.5 62.8 79.3 57.618.0 61.0 76.0 57.3 <1 2 mph18.4 62.9 81.3 59.6 10-12 mph at45*

Distance to microphone: 300 m

Tne (dB) L" SEL SEL/rd Comments

13.3 62.2 75.5 53.8 15 mph downwind

375mr

oMEASUREMENTPOSITION

Figure AS. Fort hMcaellan: Range 25-

24

F-~

V Location: Fort McClellanIWeapon fired: .45 cal automatic pistol

2 No. Positions: 25No. Rounds/Event: see below

Distance to microphone: 100 mn

111.1 74.4 94.8 550 67.4 3-4 mph194.1 74.3 94.0 550 66.6 Crosswind40.1 74.2 90.2 275 65.880.4 73.2 92.3 550 64.9

14.0 78.1 89.5 275 65.1

Is E-180 M j

~MEASUREMENTPOSITIONA

Figure A6. Fort McClellan: Range 19.

IN-

25IH- ~ 7n,

________ _ ___

:-- !'

__ .. ._ __ _ _ :__._ T _ =__ - r - - -_ .. .. ... .- _ _______.____________

Location: Fort KnoxRange No.: Record range (Figure A7)Weapon fired: .45 cal automatic pistolNo. Positions: 20No. Rounds/Event: see belowDistance to microphne: 180 m

Time (see) Leq SEL No. rds SEL/rd Comments

41.5 74.5 90.7 140 69.2 7-9 mph89.3 74.6 94.1 260 70.0 Crosswind36.6 75.7 91.3 140 69.846.0 75.4 92.0 160 70.0i29.0 77.1 91.7 140 70.222.0 76.1 89.5 100 69.588.9 74.7 94.2 260 70.1

120 M 120M

30M000

r -200 m ->

MEASUREMENT 4

Figure A7. Fort Knox: Record range.

- 41

I

26I

-- _____ ZZ

MIAALocation: Fort LewisRange No.: M60 range (Figure A8)

MT. Weapon fired: M60 machine gunDistance to microphone: 200mi

No. rds; SEL SEL/rd

3 67.1 62.33 70.1 65.3

12 72.6 61.811 72.4 62.0

12 72.6 61.8 -

7 74.1 65.76 74.0 66.26 73.4 65.67 73.9 65.4

10 75.5 65.54 66.9 60.8-A

12 70.0 59.2 311 70.0 59.6

14 72.3 61.2

( BUILDING SHIELDEDI FP

2 OM

0 2Figure A8. Fort Lewis: M60 range.

27 5

- WI -

APPENDIX B: Table BITABULAR PREDICTION PROCEDURE Number of Rounds vs dBNTOT*

This appendix presents a tabular procedure for deter- NTOT dBNTOT Imining (1) Ldn in the vicinity of an existing or pro- 100 20posed small-arms range, (2) distance to a given Ldn 200 23zone boundary, and (3) number of rounds required to 500 27impact a given noise-sensitive area. 1.000 30

2,000 335,000 37In the first case, Ldn can be calculated for a given 10,000 40

location by determining the number of rounds fired 20,000 43per day and night, and the distance from the range area 40,000 46to a noise-sensitive land use. In the second case, the dis-tance to a given noise-zone boundary (Ldn 65, for *dBNTOT 10 logl 0 (NTOT)instance) can be calculated by determining the Ldn and

number of rounds fired. In the third case, the numberof rounds that could be fired without exceeding a givenLdn at a noise-sensitive area can be calculated. Fromthe above, it is apparent that if any two variables are dfdst is found from the distance from the firing lineIknown (Ldn, distance to impacted area, or number of to the impacted area. For a distance of 600 in, dBdist =knrondfed, dstae to aimaed aca, or nmbermi of 19.2dB. The final result, Ldn, is obtained by adding

rounds fired), the third variable can be determined. dBNTOT and dBdist. Therefore, for the example cited -

Case 1: Computing Ldn from Number of Rounds above, Ld- 59.2 dB.(Per day and Night) and Distance from Firing Lineto Noise-Sensitive Area Ldn dBNTOT + dBdist [Eq B2]

The total weighted number of rounds (NToT) iscomputed from number of rounds per day and night where dBNT contribution of rounds igh

using equation BI. Table BI is used to calculate fired per day and nightdBNToT from a determined value for NTOT. Table-132 (from Table B31)

is used to calculate dBdist from a determined value for dBdist contribution of distancedistance. The sum of dBNTOT and dBdist produce Ldn (from Table B2).

(see Eq 132).

Case 2: Computing Distance From Number of RoundsEq B I is used to compute NTOT from the number (Per Day and Night) and Ldf

of rounds fired per day and night. (Since night firing is The NTOT is calculated from the number of roundsmore annoying to people than day firing, a penalty has fired per day and night by using Eq B1. Table B1 isbeen assessed in this equation for rounds fired at night.) used to fid dBNToT. The dBdist is found by subtract-

NTOT = Nd + 10N n [Eq B I ] ing dBNToT from Ldn (see Eq 133). Table B3 is used to

find distance from dBdist. As Figure B I shows, a con-where Nd = number of rounds per day tour has been drawn around the firing line. This con-

(0700 to 2200 hr) tour line signifies constant Ldn at the calculated dis-Nn number of rounds per night tance from the firing line.

(2200 to 0700 fir) 1As in Case 1, Eq BI is used to find NI.J- from the

For example: 5000 rounds fired per day and 500 per number of rounds fired per day and night. For 500night would produce an NTOT of 10,000 rounds. rounds fired in the day and 50 at night, the N,1 o.1 is

1000 rounds. Table BI is used to find dBNI., know-Table BI computes dBNToT from the previously ing NTOT. In this example, NTOT of 1000 gives a

calculated NTOT. For an NTOT of 10,000 rounds, dBNToT of 30. The dBdist may be found by using EqTable B1 yields a dBNTGT of 40. From Table B2, 133: 7 I:

W,,

~~t~i _~ ~- t - - -FLl dB OT ddit[Eq 1331 that one night round has the same impact as 10 roundsper day.)

wher Ldl =leve ofconour inedesredTo find the number of iounds fired (N-roT) to ex-

OBNTO contribution of day and night firing tend a Ldf 65 line to 500 in, use Eq 134.(from Table B31) 'rempe

Therefore, for an Ldn of 65, dBdi~t would equal 35. dN 6.24Table B33 is used to find distance knowing dl~dl~t. III dB'roi 6 214this casc. distance = 120 in.

which yields NTOT = 20,000 rounds (Table 13l). ACase3: omptin Nuberof ouns Fredtypical distribution would be Nd 18,000 rounds;

- ~~From Distance (Between Firing Line and N 0 onsImpacted Area) and Ldn Figure B 1 is a graph of planning Ldn as a function of

Table B2 is used to find dBdist from distance. Eq B4 NTO and distance.is used to calculate dBNTOTl from Ldfl and dBdist. Table TO

B31 is entered with dONTO, to produce NTOT. The Table B3optiumn mix of rounds per day and night can then be dBdist vs Distance*found by using the weighting equation (Eq B31). Dis.tance is used to find dBdist by using Table B2. For a dd~Dsacdistance of 500 m, dBdist 21.0 dB. 0 4100Cm

1 3700 mEquation B34 is then used to calculate dBNTOT 2 3400mi

knowing Ldnan dBd1.. t:330m~ nd4 2700mi

5 250CmndBNTOT =L - dBdist [Eq 134] 6 2200Cm

7 2000 inkTable B31 is then used to determine NTOT from 8 1800 in

BN .The optimum selection of17an0Cm mdTOT p o~dandN s mde10 1500 mn

by using Eq 131. (Note: it is important to remember 11 1400 m U13 1100Cm

Table B2 14 1000m Lis 91CmiDistance vs dedist* 1 16 830 in17 750CmDistance dBdist 18 60i l

100Cm 37.1 19 610Cm200Cm 30.2 20 550 imS300 m 26.1 21 500Cm

500Cm 21.0 23 410Cm

600Cm 19.2 24 370Cm

2-700mi 17.7 25 340Cm

900 m 15.2 27 270Cm1,000 in 14.1 28 250Cm1,200Cm 12.3 29 225 n

1,40Cmi 10.7 30 .0 m L1,600Cm 9.4 31 18Cmi1.800Cm 8.2 32 170Cm2,000Cm 7.2 33 150Cm

2,500 mn 5.0 34 140Cm3.000 in 3.1 35 120 in M4.000 i 1.3 37 10Cm4,500Cm -. 9 /8. ddt

*dldist =83.1 - 23 logj0 (distance [ml]) *distance (m>',= 10 23)

29L

P-AM

RANGE FIRING LINE

Figure 01. Contour of smnlarms firing range.

10 100 1K 10K1OOK - IL OK

ILI

1- OK

z

0

z

1030 1K 1K

03

EIIA

CERI DISTRIBUTION

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7-7~

I IN

McBryan, Joseph CPredicting noise impact in the vicinity of small-

arms ranges. - Champaign, IL : Construction EngineeringResearch Laboratory ; Springfield, VA : available fromNTIS, 1978.

30 p. ; 27 cm. (Interim report ; N-61)

1. Rifle ranges--noise. 2. Shooting, military--noise. I. Title. II. Series: U.S. ConstructionEngineering Research Laboratory. Interim report ;N-614

I -N

I