DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENERDNV GL © 2013 CEM 2014, Istanbul Turkey

May 14 2014

Frans Blank; DNV GL - Energy advisory, the Netherlands

ENERGY

Continuous Flue Gas Flow Calculation in the New Standard EN ISO 16911

1

for volume flow rate in ducts

Henrik Harnevie; Vattenfall Research and Development, Sweden

David Graham; E.ON New Build & Technology, United Kingdom

DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

Continuous Flue Gas Flow Calculation in the EN ISO 16911 Contents

Results and where to find them

History and rationale for the project

How to implement as a continuous measurement system?

Input based flue gas flow calculation

Results of Validation and measurement uncertainty

Thermodynamic calculations;

“output based”

Validation and measurement

uncertainty

Conclusions

2

E.ON Power plant; the Netherlands

DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

Results and where to find them

ISO 16911-1 “Stationary source emissions – Manual and automatic determination

of velocity and volume flow rate in ducts – Part 1: Manual reference method”

in Annex E Calculation of flue gas volume flow rate from energy consumption

VGB – “Validated methods for flue gas flow rate calculation with reference to

EN 12952-15” at www.vgb.org/vgbmultimedia/rp338_flue_gas.pdf

EN 12952-15 “Water-tube boilers

and auxiliary installations –

Part 15: Acceptance tests” (Annex A)

CEMS 2014 Proceedings “Continuous

Flue Gas Flow Calculation in the New Standard EN ISO 16911

for volume flow rate in ducts”

3

Library of Celsus; Efes Turkey

DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

History and rationale for the project

Comparison in the VGB European Working Group “Emissions Monitoring” showed

that calculation formulas for flue gas flow differ between companies and countries

In the Netherlands, for example, official published calculation formulas exist,

which are derived from DIN1942 (DIN, 1979)

In Sweden about 200 bio-fuel fired plant use the calculation method, and are

included in the Swedish NOx-fee system, and fossil fired power plant calculate flue

gas flow throughout Europe

It is important that accurate calculation

methods are available and can be

universally applied

4

Mount Nemrut; Turkey

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How to implement as a continuous measurement system?

ISO 16911-2 “Stationary source emissions – Manual and automatic

determination of velocity and volume flow rate in ducts – Part 2: Automated

measuring systems”

Calculation is allowed as a continuous measurement procedure. In the Annual

Surveillance Test the calculation procedure is checked against reference

measurements: 5-10% difference allowed

New VGB Project starts in 2014: “Compliance with new flue gas flow rate

standards at power stations”

– 2 Field trials for implementation and Quality Assurance

– Provide guidance on the choice of stack testing methods

for use at coal and gas fired plant (new and existing)

– Public Excel tool to implement the Quality Assurance requirements

5

DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

Input based flue gas flow calculation;From composition: Stoichiometric

VGod = 8.8930 C + 20.9724 H + 3.3190 S - 2.6424 O + 0.7997 N

With:

– VGod Flue gas volume (at 273.15K and 101.325 kPa) m3/kg

(per unit mass of fuel)

– G Flue Gas (combustion gas)

– o Stoichiometric

– d Dry (basis)

– C Carbon content of fuel (by mass) kg/kg

– H Hydrogen content of fuel (by mass) kg/kg

– N Nitrogen content of fuel (by mass) kg/kg

– S Sulphur content of fuel (by mass) kg/kg

– O Oxygen content of fuel (by mass) kg/kg

Not known in many cases or unreliable analysis

6

DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

Input based flue gas flow gas calculations;From fuel Net Calorific Value

Solid fuels:

VGod = -0.06018 (1 - Ash - H2O) + 0.25437 (H(N) + 2.4425 H2O) m3/kg

– Ash Ash content of fuel (by mass) kg/kg

– H2O Water content of fuel (by mass) kg/kg

– Ash Ash content of fuel (by mass) kg/kg

– H(N) Net Calorific Value (as-received fuel) MJ/kg

Liquid fuels:

VGod = 1.76435 + 0.20060 H(N) m3/kg

Gaseous fuels:

VGod = 0.64972 + 0.22553 H(N) m3/kg

VGod = 0.2 + 0.234 H(N) (with H(N) in MJ/m3 m3/m3

Fuel Factor:

S = VGod / H(N) m3/MJ

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DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

Validation of the input based method

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KEMA Dataset - Dry coal & biomass

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Caloric value dry (MJ/kg)

Sto

ichio

metr

ic d

ry flu

e g

as

volu

me (

Nm

3/k

g )

EN 12952 Stochio coal EN formula 0,25437x-0,06018

EN 12952 Stochio biomass Linear (Stochiometric calculation)

KEMA Dataset - Dry coal & biomass

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Caloric value dry (MJ/kg)

Sto

ichio

metr

ic d

ry flu

e g

as

volu

me (

Nm

3/k

g )

EN 12952 Stochio coal EN formula 0,25437x-0,06018

EN 12952 Stochio biomass Linear (Stochiometric calculation)

DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

Validation of the input based method

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E.ON Hard Coal Database

0

2

4

6

8

10

10 15 20 25 30 35NCV (MJ/kg)

VG

od

(m3/k

g)

Ex composition

Ex NCV

DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

FF different fuels, VGod based on Annex A in EN 12952-1

0,200

0,220

0,240

0,260

0,280

0,300

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FF analysis (bark) FF milne (bark)FF analysis (char from food industry) FF milne (char from food industry)FF analysis (industrial sludge) FF milne (industrial sludge)FF analysis (brown coal) FF milne (brown coal)FF analysis (municipal waste) FF milne (municipal waste)FF analysis (peat) FF milne (peat)FF analysis (recovered wood) FF milne (recovered wood)FF analysis (straws and grass) FF milne (straws and grass)FF analysis (untreated wood) FF milne (untreated wood)

Fuel Factor for alternative fuels from measured and calculated Net Calorific Value (From Phyllis database)

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Uncertainty of the calculation methods

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Fuel type

Fuel factor; SNatural

gasGas oil Fuel oil Hard coal

m3/MJ at 0% O2 dry 273.15 K, 101.325 kPa

0.240 0.244 0.248 0.256

Relative Uncertainty, 95 % CI, (%)

0.7 1.0 1.0 2.0

DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

The influence of high water content in solid fuels

VGod = -0.06018 (1 - Ash - H2O) + 0.25437 (H(N) + 2.4425 H2O ) m3/kg

Table with Relative Uncertainty by ±10 %

mass fraction moisture:

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Fuel moisture (% mass fraction)

Fuel factor, S, m3/MJ at 0 % O2

dry

Relative Uncertainty

95 % CI, (%)

20 0.260 2.8

30 0.267 3.6

40 0.276 5.0

50 0.290 7.7

60 0.314 13.9

Severan Bridge; Turkey

DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

Performance requirements of the calculation approach

Calculate heat output from efficiency

Multiply heat output with Fuel Factor

For hourly values

Use Efficiency

corrections

Boilers perform

better (efficiency

> 90%)

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Actual flow Stoichiometric flow (dry)

VG [m3/s] VGod [m

3/s] = S x Pth

T [K] 273.15 K

P [kPa] 101.325 kPa

O 2 , H 2 O 0% O 2 , 0% H 2 O

Fuel Input Power output

mF [kg/s] Pe [MW]

H(N) [MJ/kg] h [-]

Net Calorific Value Thermal efficiency

Flue gas flow

Process

Heat release

Pth [MW] = mF x H(N) = Pe / h

Gas Release

S [m3/MJ]

Fuel Criterion (of flow rate)

Gas ≤ 2.0 %

Liquid ≤ 3.0 %

Solid ≤ 7.5 %

DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

Conclusions

The flue gas flow calculation formulas from EN 12952-15

and now ISO 16911-1 was verified for a wide range of fuels

– Directly from the Net Calorific Value for gas and oil

– The constant Fuel Factor gives a low Uncertainty

– Solid fuels from fuel input or thermal efficiency

– Perfect for boilers or with efficiency curves for electricity

generation

– Also for fuel mixtures like coal and biomass

– Use appropriate Fuel Factor for

high moisture fuels

New VGB project brings worldwide

implementation further

Cheap, accurate and relatively simple

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Obelisk of Theodosius; Istanbul

DNV GL © 2013 May 14 2014

SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER

www.dnvgl.com

THANK YOU for your attention

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Any Questions?

Frans.Blank@dnvgl.com

Tel. +31 26 356 2300