EnCon in Buildings

GREEN FIEND

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT

Energy Conservation


Energy Conservation in Buildings

• Conditions for human comfort– The primary purpose for which energy is used

in buildings is to provide comfort for occupants.

– The comfort zone is combination of temperature, humidity & other factors in which majority normally clothed adults engaged in activities which express satisfaction with their environment.

21/04/23 2Engr. Ahsanullah Soomro



– Generally the temperature in comfort zone range from 22 oC to 25 oC.

– With additional clothing human beings can be comfortable at lower temperature as low as 18 oC to 20 oC

– The young children & older persons don’t have the same comfort zone as adults.

– Therefore it is common practice to select 22 oC as heating design temperature & 26 oC as cooling design temperature for rating of equipment.




• Buildings require continuous air conditioning because of rising temperature due to global warming.

• The Building Energy Code of Pakistan' developed by The National Energy Conservation Centre in 1990 is now undergoing a review by the ministry of environment.

• It is expected that the implementation of energy codes would help control wastage and would save 20--30 per cent of the energy used in buildings.

Engr. Ahsanullah Soomro



• There is an extensive array of technologies that can be used to reduce energy consumption in new and existing residential and commercial buildings.

• Prior to discussing options for reducing specific end-uses of energy in buildings it is useful to present an overview of energy end-uses in the residential and commercial sectors,



Building/Systems Survey:

• Before you can determine the applicability and cost effectiveness of any of the ECMs you will need to collect some basic information about your development.

• This information is collected in the Building/Systems Survey, or "Walkthrough" Survey,

• Familiarity with the development and its systems is the most important tool that you will need to complete this survey.




• For some items, you may need to refer to the development’s architectural or mechanical drawings.

• If your HA has a capital improvement plan or recent energy audit, these can be used to help complete the Walkthrough




• Organization of the Survey Questions• The survey is divided into the following sections:

– General Development Data– Architectural Data– Heating and Cooling Systems Data– Domestic Hot Water System/Water Supply Systems Data– Lighting Systems Data– Miscellaneous Data




ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY– Determine which services or "end uses" are provided by

each fuel type– Collect all the utility bills for your development for the past

three years– Determine the average annual cost for each utility.– Determine the energy consumption used for heating.


ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT Instructions for Evaluating the ECMs and

Completing the Worksheets

• Before you start filling out the cost/benefit worksheets,

• you should complete both the Walkthrough Survey and the Energy Consumption Survey .

• The information that you collect for these two surveys will be necessary to complete the cost/benefit worksheets.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTInstructions for Evaluating the ECMs and


• Next, you should go through all of the ECMs and determine which ECMs are applicable to your development.

• The applicability is indicated at the top of each ECM.

• If a particular ECM is not applicable to your development, write "N/A" (not applicable) in the margin and go on to the next ECM.



• After determining which ECMs are applicable, you should then read through the description of each of the applicable ECMs.

• Information about the savings that can be expected from the measure, maintenance issues related to the measure, and other items to consider is provided for each ECM.



• A symbol at the top of each ECM indicates the cost range associated with that ECM for a typical development:

• "$" indicates a relatively low-cost ECM, • $$ indicates moderate cost, and • $$$ indicates a high-cost ECM.



• You are now ready to begin to calculate the simple payback for all applicable ECMs using the cost/benefit worksheets.

• Each worksheet is organized in a series of steps, which follow the same general pattern:



• Obtain total cost of implementing the ECM• Transfer survey data needed to complete the

calculations• Calculate energy savings• Calculate cost savings in terms of dollars• Calculate payback period


Completing the WorksheetsObtain Cost Estimate• The first step on every cost/benefit worksheet is to

estimate the cost of purchasing and installing the ECM.

• Cost estimates should made for the entire development rather than for a single piece of equipment



Transfer Survey Data• In this step on the worksheet, you simply transfer

specific pieces of information that you collected in the Walkthrough Survey, and the Energy Consumption Survey.


Completing the WorksheetsCalculate Energy Savings• This step uses simple formulas to determine the level

of savings in terms of therms, gallons, or kilowatt hours per year.

• Each box in the formula is labeled with a number, such as "2a“ or "2b" or "3".

• To fill in a box labeled "2a", simply enter the amount found in Step 2a.

• Similarly, to fill in a box labeled "2b", enter the amount found in Step 2b, and fill in the box labeled "3" with the amount found in Step 3, and so on.


Completing the WorksheetsCalculate Cost Savings• This step uses formulas to determine the level of

savings in terms of dollars per year. • As in the previous step, each box in the formula is

labeled with a number (for example "2c" or"4a").• Again, simply fill in the box using the amount found

in that step number (for example Step 2c or Step 4a).• As with the previous step, it will be helpful to have a

calculator on hand to assist you in calculating the cost savings.



Calculate Payback Period• The last step on each of the cost/benefit worksheets

estimates the simple payback period. • the simple payback period is the number of years it

takes before the energy savings equal or exceed the cost of implementing the ECM.

• The payback period is found by dividing the cost of the measure by the annual cost savings.



Calculate Payback Period• The ECMs with the shortest payback periods

are the most economically viable ECMs for your development.

• All ECMs with paybacks of fifteen years or less are considered to be cost-effective, as long as the payback is less than the useful life of the measure.


ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES

• The ECMs are grouped into five categories:– Architectural, – Heating/Cooling, – Domestic Hot Water, – Lighting, – Miscellaneous, and




Architectural ECMs.• Architectural ECMs are measures that affect the

exterior or "envelope" of a building. • Architectural ECMs save energy used for heating

and/or cooling by helping to reduce the amount of heat needed in the winter and/or cooling needed in the summer.

• Examples of architectural ECMs include – storm windows, replacement windows, window sun

shades, – storm doors, roof insulation, wall insulation, and – air leakage control.




Heating/Cooling ECMs.• Heating/Cooling ECMs are measures that save energy

by directly affecting heating or cooling equipment. • These measures include ECMs that involve changes

directly to the equipment,




Domestic Hot Water ECMs. • measures that save energy used for domestic hot

water. • ECMs such as hot water tank insulation and replacing

inefficient hot water heaters save energy because the water is heated more efficiently.

• Other ECMs in this category, such as water-efficient showerheads, save energy by reducing the amount of hot water used.




Lighting ECMs. • Lighting ECMs save electricity through the installation

of more efficient lighting and/or by controlling the operation of lights.

• Examples of Lighting ECMs include replacing incandescent lights with fluorescent lighting in dwelling units and common areas,

• installing lighting controls in common areas, replacing outdoor lighting with high-efficiency lighting, and installing outdoor lighting controls.



Energy Audit Reporting Format



Miscellaneous ECMs. • Miscellaneous ECMs include installing efficient

refrigerators, • upgrading or replacing inefficient motors,• installing water-saving toilets,



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21/04/23 36Engr. Asif Saleh Qureshi

EnCon in Buildings

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