Emission inventory of air pollution from vehicle fleet in phnom penh

6/11/2015 Yoeung Visal

Examination CommitteeProf. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh (Chairperson)

Prof. Ajit P. Annachhatre

Dr. Thammarat Koottatep

By

Visal Yoeung

Asian Institute of Technology

School of Environment, Resources and Development

Environmental Engineering and Management Program

Emission Inventory of Air Pollution from Vehicle Fleet in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Final Thesis Examination

Contents

6/11/2015 Yoeung Visal

01 Introduction

04 Conclusion and Recommendation

Methodology02

Results and Discussions03

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Introduction

6/11/2015 Yoeung Visal3/26

Source: www.phnom penh.gov.kh, 2014

PNH is the capital of Cambodia

area of 678km2

1.5 million people

2,213 of population density

9 districts and 99 Communes

Source: NIS, 2011& MPP , 2014

12 42 3

Introduction


The growth of vehicle fleet in PNH from 2000 to 2014

2,083 roads – Total Length: 1,230 km (MPWT, 2010)

32% of arterial roads are in bad condition

Both bad road conditions and rapid increase numbers of vehicle possibly cause air pollution

in PNH in the near future.

Source: Department of Vehicle Registration of MPWT, 2014

142 3

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

Nu

mb

ers

of

Veh

icle

s

Car/10 Van Small Truck Heavy Truck Bus MC/100

MC, 77.30%

Car, 14.35%

LDV, 5.75%

Bus, 0.26%

HDV, 2.34%

MC Car LDV Bus HDV

Introduction


Pollutants Power Industry Residential Transportation

SO2 7 13.7 7.6 6.1

NOx 3.6 5.8 3.2 14.3

CO 0 10.7 485 74.2

NMVOC 0.1 6.2 56.7 50.3

PM10 0.9 3.2 63.2 0.5

PM2.5 0.6 2.2 57.4 0.5

BC 0 0.1 6.4 0.1

OC 0 0.1 31.9 0.2

Emission of Air Pollutants from Different Sources in

Cambodia (Gg/ year)

Source: CGRER, 2006

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Objectives


To investigate the current vehicle fleet and driving

pattern in Phnom Penh

To develop emission inventory for mobile sources in

Phnom Penh using Mobilev 3.0 Model

To quantify the co-benefits on air quality and climate

mitigation under an optimistic vehicle technology

scenario for Phnom Penh

431

42 3

Scopes


Public transportation (bus), private vehicles (i.e., motorcycles and

personal cars), and goods transport (truck) in the base year 2014

EI for pollutants: CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, PM, Benzene, NH3, N2O,

CH4, BC and NMHC.

this study focused on the only the running emission from vehicle

fleets

Scenario of the faster technology intrusion: at least meet Euro 3

standard

Climate effect of the emission reduction will be estimated using

GWP metrics (CO2-eq)

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2 3


Research Methodology

Data Collection

Data Processing

Mobilev 3.0 Modelling

241 3

Research Methodology


Output Mobilev

model

Input Mobilev

model

Data

processing

and analysis

Results and Recommendations

Result evaluation

Mobliev model

Data collection

Scenario development and

co-benefit analysis

Air quality and

climate co-benefit

Current fleet and driving

activities in PNH

• Emission factors

• Emission inventory

for PNH 2014

241 3

Data Collection


2 41 3

Bus: 99; Car: 360; MC: 598 Van: 105; Truck: 81 Total Survey: 1243Nov 5- Jan 10, 2015

5 GPS data loggers equipped with 13 vehicles to measure the daily speed for 13 hours

10 Main roads: Ezecom data3 Arterial roads: manually captured4 Residential Roads: manually captured24 hour recording

Questionnaire Survey

GPS Monitoring

Video Traffic Recording

Results and Discussions


341 2

MotorcycleFuel type: petrol:100%4-stroke:

>150cc: pre euro 1: 67.9%; euro 2: 0.55% <= 150cc: euro1: 55.78%; euro 2: 0.08%2-stroke:

>150cc: pre euro1: 77.68%; euro2: 6.1%<=150cc: pre euro 1: 66.8%, euro2: 0.18%

Car Petrol: 72.73%;

- Pre euro1: 5.96- Euro 1: 34.63%- Euro 2: 16.46%- Euro 3: 22.17%- Euro 4: 20.78% Diesel: 27.27%

- pre euro: 1.94%- Euro1: 14.72%- Euro2: 34.85%- Euro3: 44.25%- Euro4: 4.23%

LDV Petrol: 10.89%- Pre euro1:5.96% - Euro1: 34.63%- Euro2: 16.46%- Euro3: 22.17%- Euro4: 20.78%Diesel: 89.11%- Pre euro1:1.94%- Euro1: 14.72%- Euro2: 34.72%- Euro3: 44.25%- Euro4: 4.23%

Bus Weight <=15t:

22.22%- pre euro1:

30.92%- Euro1: 17.31%- Euro2: 35.48%- Euro3: 16.30%

Weight >15-18t: 77.79%- Pre Euro:

30.92%- Euro1: 16.90%- Euro2: 37.43%- Euro3: 14.75%

HDVRigid Truck: 66.16%. More than 50% below Euro 3 standard. Trailer Truck:

33.84%. More 50% are under Euro3 standard.

( Table4.5, page 37)

Vehicle Technologies

Results and Discussions


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Model Year

Vehicle Model Year

MC Car Van Bus Truck

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MC Car Van Bus Truck

Age

Average Age of Vehicles

Average Age of Vehicle MC: 4(1-20) Car: 5(1-19) Van: 5(1-16) Bus: 3(1-9) Truck: 10(1-15)

(Based on registration data)

The actual ages based on the vehiclemodel year found that the majority of carand van’s ages are around 14-15 years old.

>>>There are many old vehicles except MCare being used in the city.

Vehicle Ages

341 2

Vehicle Fleet Composition


Vehicle Fleet Composition

MC, 80.67%

Car, 16.50%

LDV, 2.10% Bus, 0.15%

HDV, 0.58%

MC Car LDV Bus HDV

0

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1:00-6:00 7:00-9:00 10:00-15:00 16:00-19:00 20:00-00:00

Nu

mb

er

Couting Period

MC/10 Car/10 LDV Bus HDV

Normal hour: 1:00-6:00, 10:00-15:00, 20:00-00:00 Average traffic volume: 104,744 Rush hour: 7:00-9:00 and 16:19:00 Average traffic volume: 157,584

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Driving Pattern

Weekday

MC: 17.11 km/h

Car: 17.73 km/h

LDV: 17.64 km/h

Bus: 13.85 km/h

HDV: 16.44 km/h

Weekend:

18.35 km/h

20.47 km/h

20.92 km/h

14.62 km/h

19.28 km/h

Daily Speed and Stop-start Pattern Daily:

17.46 km/h

18.52 km/h

18.58 km/h

14.07 km/h

17.25 km/h

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Emission Factors


Pollutantsg/h*km

MC Car LDV Bus HDV Total

Benzene 8927.5 2649 601.13 1.5 9.4 12188.2

CH4 12048.7 2341 533 2.2 11.2 14936.5

CO 652346.2 230725 51892.3 276.9 1401.9 936642.7

CO2 4482364.5 14187200 2805659.1 112000.9 358344.9 21945570

NMHC 179807.9 39891 9034.8 88.1 368.6 229190.4

N2O 100.1 388 82.6 0.8 3.9 575.6

NH3 100.1 1142 237.8 0.3 2.5 1482.7

NOx 5155.4 39770 8077.8 1392.5 3715.5 58110.6

PM 0.00 2705 546.3 32.5 116.8 3401

BC 0.00 1990 402.6 12.9 47.2 2452.9

SO2 24.13 78 15.5 0.6 2.01 120.5

341 2

Pollutant Emission Factor by Vehicle Types

Emission Inventory


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

MC Car LDV Bus HDV

Ton

ne

CO= 48,885 tonne/year

MC, 70.02%

Car, 18.74%

LDV, 5.55%

Bus, 5.55%

HDV, 0.15% CO

MC, 20.6%

Car, 48.9%

LDV, 12.8%

Bus, 15.8%

HDV, 1.9%CO2

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

MC Car LDV Bus HDV

Ton

ne

CO2= 1,135 Kt/year

341 2

Emission Inventory


0

200

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800

1000

1200

1400

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1800

MC Car LDV Bus HDV

Ton

ne

NOx=3030.2 tonne/year MC,

8.94%

Car, 51.67%LDV,

13.86%

Bus, 18.00%

HDV, 7.53% NOx

0

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1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

MC Car LDV Bus HDV

Ton

ne

SO2= 6.23 tonne/year

MC, 20.24%

Car, 49.13%

LDV, 12.84%

Bus, 15.87%

HDV, 1.93%

SO2

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Emission Inventory

0.0

107.9

28.8 32.2

7.1

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

MC Car LDV Bus HDV

ton

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PM= 176.1 tonne/yearMC, 0.0%

Car, 61.3%LDV, 16.4%

Bus, 18.3%

HDV, 4.0%

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9000

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MC Car LDV Bus HDV

ton

ne

NMHC=11,919 tonne/year

MC, 78.64%

Car, 13.27%

LDV,

3.96%

Bus,

3.97%HDV, 0.17%

NMHC

341 2

Emission Inventory


PollutantsTonne/year

Total MC Car LDV Bus HDV

Benzene 665 69.99% 20.48% 4.71% 4.72% 0.06%

CH4 777 80.89% 11.94% 3.58% 3.56% 0.07%

CO 48885 70.02% 18.74% 5.55% 5.55% 0.15%

CO2 1134997 20.64% 48.90% 12.78% 15.79% 1.89%

NMHC 11919 78.64% 13.27% 3.96% 3.97% 0.17%

N2O 30 17.50% 51.57% 14.43% 15.00% 0.73%

NH3 77 6.82% 59.55% 16.14% 17.03% 0.13%

NOx 3030 8.94% 51.67% 13.86% 18.01% 7.53%

PM 176 0.00% 61.33% 16.38% 18.32% 4.03%

BC 127 0.00% 62.49% 16.72% 18.30% 2.22%

SO2 6 21.00% 51.00% 13.33% 16.50% 2.00%

341 2

Emission from Vehicle Types

Air Quality Benefit


CO/10 VOC/100 NOx SO2*1000 PM*10

2014 (Base Case) 4888.517 11349.97 3030.22 6230 1761.1

Scenario: Euro3 1277.7 24.85 310 9000 960

Reduction rate 73.86% 99.78% 89.78% -38.55% 45.49%

0

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4000

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12000To

nn

e/ye

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2014 (Base Case) Scenario: Euro3 Reduction rate

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Climate Co-benefit


CO2/1000

N2O CH4 VOC/10 NOx BC Sulfate

GHGs O3 Aerosol

2014 (Base case) 1134.997 30 777 1191.9 919 127 18

Scenario Euro3 489.309 1.3 572.5 248.53 94 4.5 27

Reduction Rate 56.90% 95.60% 26.40% 79.10% 90.85% 96.40% -50.00%

0

200

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1000

1200

1400To

nn

e/ye

ar

2014 (Base case) Scenario Euro3 Reduction Rate

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Air Quality and Climate Co benefit


0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Total Pollutants excluding BC, CO2 Total GWP/10

Ton

ne/

Year

2014 (Base Case) Scenario Euro3

61.48%

40.5%

341 2

Summary and Conclusion


1. Vehicle Technology:

MC: petrol: 100%, 100% not meet the euro 3 standard yet.

Car: petrol: 72.73%; diesel: 27.27%, more 50% are below euro 3 standard

LDV: petrol: 10.89%; diesel:89.11%, more 55% not complied with eur03 standard

Bus and HDV based on the weight capacity are more 70%, 50% accordingly below

the euro 3 standard.

2. Driving Pattern:

Daily average speed of MC: 17.46 km/h; car: 18.52 km/h; LDV: 18.58 km/h; Bus:

14.07 km/h; HDV: 17.25 km/h.

The average number of stop and start of MC: 4times; Car: 4times, LDV: 4times, Bus:

7 times; and HDV: 2 times.

431 2

Summary and Conclusion


3. Emission Factors:

MC fleet has the highest EF contribution of CO and NMHC: 652.34 kg/(km*h) and

179.8 kg/(km*h) while the highest emission factor contribution of car were

CO2=14.18tonne/(km*h), NOx,= 39.7 kg/(km*h); PM= 2.7kg/(km*h) and SO2=

78g/(km*h).

4. Emission Inventory:

MC shared 70.02% of CO and 78.64% NMHC while car highly contribute 48.90% of

CO2, 61.33% of NOx,, 62.49% of PM and 51% of SO2

5. Air Quality and Climate Co-benefit

The reduction of air pollutant under at least Euro 3 standard decreased to 61.48% and

climate change forcing was 40.5%.

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PNH vehicle fleet should be used directly in order to get the accurate result.

To complete emission for PNH, cold start emission should be considered in the further study.

Cost-benefit analysis should be conducted for proposed scenario considering also the technology cost, benefit for air quality and climate change mitigations, i.e. both direct and indirect costs

The cleaner fuel scenario i.e compress nature gases (CNGs) and its cost-benefit analysis should be considered in the next study.

Fuel types and emission stage of both buses and heavy duty vehicles should taken into account of vehicle layer and emission stage table in Mobilev model.

Recommendation


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Emission inventory of air pollution from vehicle fleet in phnom penh

Environment

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