Phnom Penh Urban Sprawl

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Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusion J.-P. Mund & A. v. d. Dunk Arbeitskreis Südostasien in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geographie (DGfG) Jahrestagung 2008 13. – 15. Juni in Hannover

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Analysing urban sprawl pattern in Phnom Penh with multi-temporal and multi-source remote sensing data

Transcript of Phnom Penh Urban Sprawl

Page 1: Phnom Penh Urban Sprawl

Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusion

J.-P. Mund & A. v. d. Dunk

Arbeitskreis Südostasien in derDeutschen Gesellschaft für Geographie (DGfG)

Jahrestagung 2008 13. – 15. Juni in Hannover

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 2

Content and Introduction

Introduction

Historical overview of the urban growth of Phnom Penh

Methods: Multi-source geospatial data-fusion techniques

Multi-temporal Data sources

Historical pattern of Urban growth 1920 - 1994

Recent pattern and structure of urban growth

1989

1991

2002

2005

Recent urban building structure

Results and conclusion

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Introduction

Rapid urban sprawl and unmonitored urbanization are important challenges for land managers and urban plannersin many Asian cities.

Urban sprawl herewith is defined as leapfrog spreading of urban patches into the rural countryside.

2001- 2006 Phnom Penh has experienced an annualpopulation growth rate and large scale in-migration ofaround 9 % per year.

This unsupervised urban expansion is characterized by patches of isolated tracts which are separated from other areas by vacant land.

This study combines multi-temporal remote sensing imagery with historical analogue urban maps to investigate long-term land-cover changes in Phnom Penh.

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Historical urban growth of Phnom Penh

1372 - Foundation of a fortified small sized royal capital1818 - Enlargement of the royal court and construction

of new water management channelsPopulation < 10.000 inhabitants

1865 - Foundation of the new colonial capital 1875 - Enlargement of Phnom Penh southwards along

the Mekong banks, > 30.000 inhabitants1890 - Construction of the “modern” colonial city

with typical colonial “Palais” style architecture and urban planning of six ethnical quarters:

Quartier européenneQuartier chinoisQuartiers cambodgiennes I, IIQuartier annamite (Vietnamese)Quartier catholique anciens (Vietnamese, Malay)

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Historical urban growth of Phnom Penh cont.

1920 -1939 Urban extension westwards and southwards and on the Mekong – Tonle Sap peninsula, up to 100.000 inhabitantsConstruction of the second ring dyke in the SW –Extend

1945 - 1953 Urban growth due to colonial industrialisation closing of the second ring dyke in the SWPopulation of more than 350.000 inhabitants

1954 - 1965 Urban enlargement and first urban planning period of Dr. Vann Molyvann (Period of Internationalism)

1966 - 1975 Consolidation of Phnom Penh and population growth up to 500.000 inhabitants

1975 - 1979 Khmer Rouge Period of Urban destruction and evacuation

1979 - 1989 Civil war and Vietnamese occupation, first steps of urban rehabilitation

1990 - 2003 Urban re-growth and extension to 1.4 Mill inhabitants

Since 2003 New urban vision of the municipality for Phnom Penh

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Multi-source geospatial data-fusion techniques

Change detection methods based on multi-temporal Landsat imagery

Applied quantitative remote sensing methods:

Standard statistical image procession methods like: sub-pixel information extraction

Supervised maximum likelihood classification

Knowledge based image segmentation

Identification of Urban patches = impervious surface areas

Preparation of multi-temporal urban sprawl maps

Single Building extraction base on a fused LIDAR and Quickbird imagery

Classification of urban structure due to density and elevation of built–up area

Urban changes are quantified using the Shannon’s Diversity Index (SDI)

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Multi-temporal Data sources:Town maps and plans 1903 -1943

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 8

Multi-temporal Data sources:Aerial Photos of plans 1943 and 1993

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 9

Multi-temporal Data sources:Remote Sensing Imagery 2001 and 2005

Ikonos 1m, 2001

Quickbird 0,6m, 2005

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Available EO and Geo Data of Phnom Penh

Landsat TM 1988-2002

Spot 1998 ; 2001

Ikonos 2001; 2002

Quickbird 2005; optional 2007 to be purchased

Aerial Images 1992 ; 2001-2002

LIDAR Imagery of Phnom Penh 2003

Older scanned images and plans 1898 - 1975

Urban master plan documents and surveys

Shape file of nearly all building in inner Phnom Penh 2001 (167.000 B)

Topo maps 1:100.000(1998) – 1:50.000 (1967-1974)

Other shape and dxf - Geodata

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 11

Historical pattern of Urban growth 1890-1994

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 12

Historical urban building structure 1920 -1995

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 13

Recent pattern and structure of regional urban growth

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 14

Recent pattern and structure of local urban growth

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 15

Land cover statistics 1989 - 2005

Urban-non-urban land cover typesin Phnom Penh province

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1989 2002 2005

Urban high density urban medium densityurban low density other land cover

Urban non-urban land cover types in Phnom Penh Municipality

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1989 1991 2002 2005

Urban high density urban medium density urban low density other land cover

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 16

Urban growth 1996-2001 and quarter rehabilitation

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 17

Discrimination of the recent urban building structure

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 18

LIDAR 2003

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 19

Building plan of 2003 overlaying QB.-Image 2005

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 20

3D- Building plan 2003 on QB-Image 2005

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 21

3D- Building heights analysis 2003

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Landscape metrics results of Shannon’s Diversity Index

Results:Spatio-temporal database of the growing

building dispersion of Phnom Penh. SDI was applied to the building structure

with values range from:0,15 in 1922 0,68 in 2005.

Limits of the method:• SDI is a suitable landscape metric to measure

urban expansion and compaction.• Difficult to combine with analogue data • Building footprints are too detailed to be

compared with RS impervious areas.• Exact date of age of construction proved

difficult to be obtained.

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 23

Urban development master plan

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 24

Urban growth 2001 – 2007 open land speculation

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 25

Urban growth 2001 – 2005 open land speculation

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AK- SEA – 2008 - Hannover Dr. Mund & v.d. Dunk Analyzing urban sprawl using multi-temporal and multi-source geospatial data fusionFolie 26

Conclusion

Government officials, planners and NGO need proven scientific methods to measure and monitor urban sprawl in rapidly growing Asian cities.

These results show the potential of landscape metrics, especially SDI in quantifying and visualizing urban sprawl over time with RS approaches.

Spatial and methodological problems remain applying landscape metrics to information extracted from historical analogue maps

Cartographic generalisation remains a problem of historical maps.

Analogue maps should discriminate building structure at least down to block level.

Defining the sociological and qualitative reasons and driving forces of urban sprawl is a greater challenge than its simple quantification via landscape metrics

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Thank you for your kind attention

J.-P. Mund (PhD)German Aerospace Centre (DLR)

German Remote Sensing Data Centre (DFD)Oberpfaffenhofen

82234 [email protected]