Electric bus technology: How will electric bus technology change the way in which public transport...

By Winstone Jordaan

ELECTRIC BUS TECHNOLOGY: How will electric bus

technology change the way in which public transport

networks are operated, managed and subsidised?

Overview

Build a case for electric

Measure-up some of the technology

Look at the business models

Coal Mine Power Station Distribution Electric Car

97% 34% 95% 70%

22%

Coal Mine Synfuel Plant Distribution Petrol Car

97% 32% 97% 12%

4%

Oil Well / Gas Refinery Distribution Petrol Car

96% 90% 97% 12%

10%

Solar Farm Distribution Electric Car

Free 95% 70%

66%

Comparison of Energy Crops vs. Electricity

0

*1Average usage 16kWh/100 km*2Average usage 7.4 I/100 km fuel equivalent*3Average usage 6.5 I/100 km fuel equivalent

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000

biodiesel*3

21,500 km

bioethanol (from wheat)*2

22,500 km

60,000 km

67,000 km

biomass to liquid*3

biogas (from corn)*2

200,000

electricity (with Solar Energy from 1 ha)*1

3,250,000 km or 50 EV’s with the same range as a biogas car

An average-sizedsoccer field is 0.75 ha

1 ha is

equal to

100 x 100 m

10,000 m2

Other Energy Alternatives?kWh invested to get 1kWh out

Compressed Air

H2 Fuel Cells

LiPO4 Battery

Input kW needed kW at the WheelStorage

Do we have the Energy

EV Feasibility

EV Feasibility

Slow Response Energy

(Days)

- Nuclear

- Coal

R 0.50 – R0.80

Medium Response Energy

(Hours)

- Hydro

R1.00 – R2.00

Fast Response Energy

(Minutes)

- Gas Turbines or Generators

Very Expensive (R3 - R5)

EV Feasibility

EV Feasibility

Electric Vehicle Will

Support the balancing of the grid

Result in lower electric prices

Better prediction and therefor stability

Eskom’s Demand Curve

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

18:0019:0020:0021:0022:0023:0000:0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008:0009:0010:0011:0012:0013:0014:0015:0016:0017:0018:00

30GWh

Enough for 1 million EV’s

Where is the industry going

Market Forecast

Redrawn from Frost and Sullivan

Electric and ICE Future Projection

We have new Pressures

Sustainability (Electric gives sustainable

options)

Simplification (Electric is simpler)

Technology (Electric is a better match)

Efficiency (Electric is more efficient)

Performance (…. Say no more)

Electric cars are Great

Busses use a lot of fuel

Busses stop, start and idle a lot

Busses go where the people,

congested areas

Busses are sometimes half full

Investing in busses is investing in

people new technology etc.

But Electric busses ROCK

Lets look into the technology

60kg Diesel Engine / Electric Motor

Diesel Electric

Power (kW) 75 180

Torque (Nm) 140 (4’000 RMP) 350 (Any RMP)

Service Cycle (km) 15’000 100’000+

Reasonable Life 400’000 1’000’000

Current Price R 40’000 R80’000

Parts Count 500-800 10-20

Diesel Engine

Electric HUB Motor

Diesel Engine

Electric Motor

150kW

760Nm

150kW

2000Nm

Electric Motor

Fuel Engine

Euro 6 Exhaust System

It is not all good news

200 L

170 kg

250 km

3’000 L

3’600 kg

250 km

The Challenge

Battery Placement

Future Outlook on Batteries

50km

1'000

800

600

400

200

080km 100km

160km200km

250km

400km

550km

1000km

Pb-acid Ni-Cd Ni-MH Li-ionFuture

Li-ionZn-air Li-S Li-air Ti-0²

Sp

ecific

En

erg

y (

Wh

/kg

Current 1 to 5 Years5 - 10

Years

10 – 15

Years

Titanium dioxide

nanotubes (Anode)

400kg Battery

200 L

170 kg

250 km

3’000 L

3’600 kg

250 km

The Challenge

200 L

170 kg

250 km

500 L

600 kg

250 km

10 Years from now

There are bigger challenges Electric Vehicles do not have Power Challenges,

they have Energy Challenges

This is the energy needed to travel 100km in a bus

So to get the same distance with LiFe Batteries as a 60 Liter Tank of petrol, we need a 1.5 Ton Battery (20x more weight)

Energy Source Weight

Fossil Fuels (Diesel/Petrol) 50 kg

Lead Acid Batteries 5’000 kg

LiFe Batteries 1’200 kg

Harness TNT Explosion 3’100 kg

Chocolate chip cookies 310 kg

Uranium-235 0.000016 kg

16 mg

Not all busses are Equal

Comparing 2 Electric Busses

Weight : 12’000kg

Battery : 190kWh

Range : 250km

Cost : R1’672’000

22Wh / Pass. Km

3.3c / km

Weight : 19’000kg

Battery : 300kWh

Range : 250km

Cost : R2’640’000

35Wh / Pass. Km

5.3c / km

The Future of Busses

Operational Models

Operational Costs

Diesel

R2’300’000

R11.80/L

Electric

R6’000’000

R1.40/kWh

Nuna, 2014 SA Winners

Adelaide Australia

World's first 100% solar-recharged electric transit bus

”Tindo” after the Aboriginal word for "sun"

Seats 27, 35kW Motors

11,480kg vehicle has a top speed of 75km/hr and an estimated operation range between fast charges is 200km

Solar Electric Bus

Powered by a ZEBRA

sodium nickel

chloride batteries

rated at 261.8kWh

Charging at 16A and 32A

6m

x 3m

6m

x 3m

6m x 3m Solar Carport : 18m2

20% Efficient Solar Panel : 3.6kWp

Mode 3, 16A Charging

Total Energy : 6 Hours x 3.6kW = 21.6kWh

BMW i3 : 18kWh

Nissan Leaf : 21kWh

6m

x 6m





Charging at 50kW

6m

x 6m

6m

x 6m

6m

x 6m

6m

x 3m

6m

x 3m





BMW i3 : 18kWh

Nissan Leaf : 21kWh

6m

x 6m






20% Efficient Solar Panel : 50kWp

Mode 4, 64A (3 Phase) Charging

Total Energy : 30 Min x 50kW (Profiled)

= (80% of Full)

6m

x 6m

6m

x 6m

6m

x 6m

6m

x 3m

6m

x 3m

300kWh Battery, Full in 6 Hours

Solar Bus

<36m2 on the Roof

7.2kW

Drive at 4km/h with full sunlight

Formula E Car

Lean◦ Energy Efficiency

◦ Space Efficiency

◦ Cost Efficiency

4% 66%

Why is Electric Better

Diesel Electric

Charging Networks are Growing

44

Charge Points In South Africa

Unido Funded, IDC Solar Charging

Solar

7kW, 30kWh / Day

Can charge 4 x EV’s (max 20kW)

30kWh Battery Pack

Can Deliver 60kWh per day peak

Grid Connected

Can charge 4 x EV’s (max 30kW)

Can Deliver 600kWh per day average

The End

The BeginningEmail : [email protected]

Phone : 083 284 7747

mailto:[email protected]

Electric bus technology: How will electric bus technology change the way in which public transport...

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