EIA EMP The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical...

EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project ) of TANGEDCO

Bhagavati Ana Lab Ltd, Hyderabad i

Contents

Chapter 1 : introduction ......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Preamble ............................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Profile of the Project Proponent ............................................................................. 2

1.3 POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA & TAMIL NADU .................................................... 2

1.3.1 National ................................................................................................................ 2

1.3.2 State ..................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT SITE .................................................................... 4

1.5 SALIENT FEATURES OF STUDY AREA .............................................................. 4

1.6 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE LOCATION OF THE PROJECT ................................. 6

1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SCHEDULE .................................................... 7

Chapter 2 Project Description ......................................................................................... 9

2.1 PLANT LAYOUT .................................................................................................... 9

2.2 TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT ......................................................... 10

2.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE PATTERN OF SITE ....................................... 11

2.4 PROCESS DESCRIPTION .................................................................................. 11

2.4.1 Selection of Technology ................................................................................... 11

2.5 UTILITIES ............................................................................................................ 14

2.5.1 Cooling water System ....................................................................................... 14

2.5.2 Coal Handling System ....................................................................................... 14

2.5.3 Ash Handling System ........................................................................................ 15

2.5.4 Fuel Oil System .................................................................................................. 17

2.5.5 Compressed Air System ................................................................................... 17

2.5.6 Fire Fighting System ......................................................................................... 17

2.5.7 Other plant Auxiliaries ...................................................................................... 17

2.6 BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT ................................ 18

2.6.1 Fuel ..................................................................................................................... 18

2.6.2 Water Requirement and System ....................................................................... 19

2.6.3 Land Requirement ............................................................................................. 20

Chapter 3 : Description of the Environment ......................................................................... 21

3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................... 21

3.1.1 Meteorology ....................................................................................................... 21

3.1.2 Ambient Air Quality ........................................................................................... 23

3.2 NOISE ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................... 25

3.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................... 28

3.3.1 Water Resources ............................................................................................... 28

3.3.2 Water Quality ..................................................................................................... 28

EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO

Bhagavati Ana Lab Ltd, Hyderabad ii

3.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................ 32

3.4.1 Soil Quality ......................................................................................................... 32

3.4.2 Land Use Pattern ............................................................................................... 34

3.5 ECOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 35

3.5.1 Terrestrial Ecology ............................................................................................ 35

3.5.2 Marine Ecology .................................................................................................. 38

3.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 42

3.6.1 Demographic Aspects ....................................................................................... 44

3.6.2 Employment Pattern .......................................................................................... 44

Chapter 4 : Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures ............................... 46

4.1 Identification of Impacts ....................................................................................... 46

4.2 IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE...................................................... 46

4.2.1 Impact on Air Quality ......................................................................................... 46

4.2.2 Noise Environnent ............................................................................................. 47

4.2.3 Impact on Water Quality .................................................................................... 47

4.2.4 Impact on Land Environment ........................................................................... 48

4.2.5 Impact on Terrestrial Ecology........................................................................... 49

4.2.6 Impact on Solid Waste Generation ................................................................... 50

4.2.7 Impact on Socio-economic Environment ......................................................... 50

4.2.8 Storage of Hazardous Material ......................................................................... 51

4.2.7 Facilities to be provided by the Labour Contractor ........................................ 51

4.3 IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE ........................................................... 52

4.3.1 Impact on Air Quality ......................................................................................... 52

4.3.2 Impact on Noise Levels ..................................................................................... 56

4.3.3 Impact on Water Quality .................................................................................... 59

4.3.4 Impact of Solid Waste ....................................................................................... 62

4.3.5 Impact on Ecology ............................................................................................. 63

4.3.6 Impact on Socio-economic Environment ......................................................... 64

4.3.7 Impact on Health ................................................................................................ 64

4.4 Summary of the Impact ........................................................................................ 65

Chapter 5 : Environmental Monitoring AND FISCAL ESTIMATE ......................................... 67

5.1 Post Project Environmental Monitoring ................................................................ 67

5.3 Environmental Laboratory Equipment .................................................................. 69

5.4 Environmental Management Cell ......................................................................... 70

5.5 Budgetary Provision for Environmental Management Plan .................................. 71

Chapter 6 : Risk Assessment & Mitigation Measures .......................................................... 72

6.1 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 72


Bhagavati Ana Lab Ltd, Hyderabad iii

6.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ANALYSIS ............................................. 73

6.2.1 Fire and Explosion Index .................................................................................. 75

6.2.2 Consequence Analysis ..................................................................................... 77

6.2.3 Conclusions and Principal Recommendations ............................................... 78

6.2.4 Risk Mitigation Measures .................................................................................. 79

6.2.5 Emergency Planning ......................................................................................... 80

6.2.6 Manpower Details and Responsibilities of the Members of DMP ................... 83

6.2.2 Responsibilities Of Coordinators/Controllers ................................................. 89

6.2.8 Internal Resources ............................................................................................ 91

6.2.9 Audio Communication Channels [(ACC)(Alarms): .......................................... 91

6.2.10 Emergency Control Centre (ECC) ..................................................................... 92

6.2.11 Action Plan ......................................................................................................... 93

Chapter 7 : Project Benefits ................................................................................................ 95

Chapter 8 : Environmental Management Plan ..................................................................... 97

8.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................................................................... 97

8.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE ...................................................................................... 99

8.2.1 Air Quality Management .................................................................................... 99

8.2.2 Noise Environment .......................................................................................... 100

8.2.3 Water Environment .......................................................................................... 102

8.2.4 Ash Utilization Plan ......................................................................................... 105

8.2.5 Greenbelt Development .................................................................................. 105

8.2.6 Socio Economic Measure ............................................................................... 109

8.2.7 Fire Fighting & Protection System ................................................................. 109

CHAPTER 9 : Clean Development Mechanism ................................................................. 110

9.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 110

9.2 KYOTO PROTOCOL ......................................................................................... 110

9.3 OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT PROCESS ......................................................... 111

9.4 CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSION ................................................................. 112

9.4 CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSION ................................................................. 113

9.4.1 Types of Emission Factors ............................................................................. 113

9.4.2 Regional Grids ................................................................................................. 113

9.4.3 Baseline Data ................................................................................................... 114

9.4.4 Calculation Approach – Station Level ............................................................ 115

9.4.5 Emission Reduction Calculation (2x800 MW) ................................................ 115

Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................ 117

CHAPTER 11 : Disclosure of Consultants Engaged .................................................... 123


Bhagavati Ana Lab Ltd, Hyderabad iv

List Of Table

Table 1 : Salient Features of Project Site .............................................................................. 5

Table 2 : Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring (Summer 2008) ................. 7

Table 3 : Technical Details of the Proposed Power Plant .................................................... 10

Table 4 : Expected Range of the Coal Quality ..................................................................... 18

Table 5 : Breakup of the Land Requirement ........................................................................ 20

Table 6 : Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations ............................................................... 24

Table 7 : Ambient Air quality in the study area- µg/m3 ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 8 : Noise Quality Monitoring Locations ...................................................................... 25

Table 9 : Noise Quality of the Study Area (dB(A) ................................................................ 27

Table 10 : Details of Water Sampling Locations .................................................................. 29

Table 11 : Ground Water Quality ......................................................................................... 29

Table 12 : Soil Sampling Locations ..................................................................................... 32

Table 13 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Soil ...................................................... 33

Table 14 : Fertility status of the Soil .................................................................................... 33

Table 15 : Land Use Pattern of the Study Area (as per Census 2001) ................................ 34

Table 16 : List of flora in the study area .............................................................................. 36

Table 17 : List of Avi Fauna observed during field study ..................................................... 37

Table 18 : Summary of Socio-economic Details .................................................................. 44

Table 19 : Employment Pattern of the Study Area ............................................................... 45

Table 20 : Details of Stack Emissions ................................................................................. 55

Table 21 : Post Project Scenario of GLC of SPM, SO2 and NOx ......................................... 56

Table 22 ; Sources of Wastewater and effluent treatment methods proposed ..................... 59

Table 23 : Consolidated Wastewater Generation and Mode of Disposal ............................. 60

Table 24 : Wastewater characteristics of different units of power plant ............................... 60

Table 25 : Characteristics Final Effluent Discharged ........................................................... 61

Table 26 : Details of Solid Waste Generation ...................................................................... 63

Table 27 : Monitoring Schedule for Environmental Parameters ........................................... 68

Table 28 : Cost provision for Environmental Mitigation Measures ....................................... 71

Table 29 : Quality of Effluent at Inlet and Outlet ................................................................ 102

Table 30 : Plant Species Suggested for Green Belt Development ..................................... 106

Table 31 : Year wise plantation program ........................................................................... 108

Table 32 : Geographical Scope Of The Five Regional Electricity Grids ............................. 114

Table 33 : Weighted Average of All Indian Regional Grids for FY 2007-08 in TCO2/Mwh .. 114


Bhagavati Ana Lab Ltd, Hyderabad v

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1 : Location Map ..................................................... 4AError! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 2 : Study Area ......................................................... 4BError! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3 : Lay Out Map ....................................................................................................... 9A

Figure 4 : Water Balance .................................................................................................. 19A

Figure 5 : Sampling Locations for Air, Noise, Water and Soil23A-DError! Bookmark not

defined.

Figure 6 : Wind rose diagram .............................................................................................. 23

Figure 7 : Landuse Pattern of the Study Area ................................................................... 34A

Figure 8 : CRZ Map demarcating, LTL, HTL and CRZ area .............................................. 34B

Figure 9 : Location of marine sampling station .................................................................... 40

Figure 10 : Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of SPM (ug/m3) ...................................... 56A

Figure 11 : Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of SO2 (ug/m3) ....................................... 56B

Figure 12 : Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of NOx (ug/m3) 56C

Figure 13: Organizational Setup of Environmental Management ......................................... 71

Figure 14 :Schematic Diagram of Effluent Treatment Plant for Proposed Plant ................. 103

Figure 15 : Location of Intake of Sea Water and Hot Water Discharge Points ( Fig 8) ....... 34B

Figure 16 : Greenbelt Layout .......................................................................................... 108A

Figure 17 : Project Process ............................................................................................... 112

LIST OF ANNEXURE

Annexure ( A ) : Ambient Air Quality test results

Annexure ( B ) : Noise Level Monitored Data

Annexure ( C ) : Village wise demographic details of the study area as per Census 2001

Annexure ( D ) : Budget allocation on socio-economic development to the villagers

Annexure ( E ) : Ash Pond Details

Annexure ( F ) : Details of CRZ demarcation and its proceedings

Annexure ( G ) : Authenticated list of Flora & Fauna

Annexure ( H ) : Desalination Plant

Annexure ( I ) : Meteorological Data

Annexure ( J ) : Fly ash utilization plan

EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project ) of TANGEDCO

Bhagavati Ana Lab Ltd, Hyderabad 1

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 PREAMBLE

Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation (A subsidiary of TNEB Ltd) is a state

Government utility undertaking power Generation, Distribution and operation and

maintenance of power plants. TANGEDCO has improved the economy of the state of

Tamil Nadu by extensive electrification of villages; large scale energization of agriculture

pump sets and extension of electricity services to the poor/backward and downtrodden

sections of the society, in addition to extension of supply to large number of industries has

been well recognized. Tamil Nadu state is the most preferred State for IT and

industrialization. Henceforth, the demand for power in the state is increasing fast due to

industrial growth, agriculture need as well as domestic consumption coupled with the

improved standard of living.

To meet the increasing demand for power supply in the sectors of agriculture, domestic,

industrial and commercial purposes in Tamil Nadu, TANGEDCO has proposed to install coal

based power plant of capacity 2 x 800 MW coal based Thermal Power station with

supercritical technology at Udangudi village, Thiruchendur taluk, Thoothukudi district of

Tamil Nadu.

For executing the project. EIA studies were conducted and EMP reports were prepared

.MoEF was approached for Environmental Clearance with the domestic coal (Mandakini B

coal block) and imported coal (Indonesia) in the ratio 30:70.

The Experts Appraisal Committee of EIA of Thermal and Coal Mine Projects discussed the

proposal in the meeting held on 01.05.2010 and recommended the project for Environmental

Clearance .However the MoEF, kept the proposal in abeyance and de-listed till the coal

linkage or environmental clearance for Mandakini B Block is obtained, vide MoEF

Reference: J-13012/19/2008-IA.II dt. 28.05.2010.

Subsequently various options for the fuels to be used and the feasibility of getting linkages

were explored and it has been decided to execute the project with 100% imported coal from

Indonesia. In this regard an MoU has been executed with MMTC for the supply of required

quantity of 4.5 MTPA of imported coal from Indonesia.

MoEF accorded Environmental clearance and CRZ clearance for establishing captive coal

jetty, including out fall and intake points for the cooling water system, coal conveyor system,

for the project vide MoEF Reference: F.No.11-48/2009--IA.III dt. 06.06.2011.

http://www.tneb.in/



1.2 PROFILE OF THE PROJECT PROPONENT

Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation ( TANGEDCO) a subsidiary of TNEB

Ltd. , is a state Government utility undertaking power Generation, Distribution and operation

and maintenance of power plants. The demand for power in Tamil Nadu is increasing due to

industrial growth, agricultural need as well as domestic consumption. Tamil Nadu Electricity

board (TNEB) is engaged in power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Operation

and Maintenance of power plants. TNEB is formed under the Electricity Supply Act as a

successor to the erstwhile Electricity Department of the Government of Madras. Starting with

the modest installed capacity of 156 MW with annual gross generation plus purchase of

additional 630 Million units on the dawn of independence and now the capacity has reach to

10,122 MW as on March 2008.

1.3 POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA & TAMIL NADU

1.3.1 National

Electricity is one of the most vital infrastructure inputs for the economic development of a

country. After Independence, the Indian Electricity Sector has been consistently growing

both in terms of power generation and consumption. Soon after Independence, India‟s

installed power generation capacity was only 1300 MW, which has grown to 1,73,626 MW as

on March 2011 as follows:

Sector Hydro Thermal (MW) Nuclear Wind Total

(MW) Coal Gas Diesel Total (MW) (MW) (MW)

Total 37567 93918 17706 1200 112824 4780 18455 173626

Ref: CEA Executive Summary).

1.3.2 State

All the three sectors namely central, state and private contribute to the availability of power

in the southern region. The southern region consists of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,

Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. The potential of hydro power has already been exploited to the

maximum extent but is affected due to the variation in weather condition. The expected

future demand of power for southern region is as follows:

http://www.tneb.in/



Description Years Southern Region

Peak Demand (MW)

2011-12 40,367

2016-17 60,433

2021-22 80,485

Energy Requirement (Million

Units)

2011-12 2,53,443

2016-17 3,80,068

2021-22 5,11,659

The Peak Load Demand in Tamil Nadu State from 2002 to 2012 is indicated below.

Peak Load Energy(MU)

Years Demand Achieved Deficit % Required Available Deficit %

2002-2003 7364 7123 3.3 46262 43476 -6.0

2003-2004 7455 7228 3. 45665 45042 -1.4

2004-2005 7647 7555 1.2 47872 47570 -0.6

2005-2006 9375 8297 11.5 54194 53853 -0.6

2006-2007 8860 8624 2.7 61499 60445 -1.7

2007-2008 10334 8690 15.9 65724 63898 -2.8

2008-09 9799 9211 6.0 69668 64208 -7.8

2009-10 11125 9813 11.8 76293 71568 -6.2

2010-11 11728 10436 11.0 80314 75101 -6.5

2011-12 12813 10566 17.5 85685 76705 -10.5

Source - Central Electricity Authority)

The expected future demand of power in Tamil Nadu state is as follows

Energy Power Year Tamil Nadu

Peak Demand (MW)

2011-12 14,224

2016-17 21,976

2021-22 29,815

Energy Requirement

(Million Units)

2011-12 87,222

2016-17 1,34,755

2021-22 1,82,825

In order to narrow down the gap between demand and supply, installation of

2 X 800 supercritical thermal power plant at Thoothukudi District by TANGEDCO is well

justified.



1.4 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT SITE

The proposed project will be located at Udangudi village of Thoothukudi District, Southern

Tamil Nadu in 939 acres of land. The site is on the Western side of Bay of Bengal. Distance

between seafronts to site is 1.2 km and site is near to the existing State Highway -176. The

nearest railway station is at Thiruchendur which is about 12 km from the site. The nearest

airport is at Vaagaikulam, which is about 60 km from Udangudi site. The nearest sea port is

Thoothukudi port, which is about 45 km from the site.

“Topography of the proposed site is generally flat and the Natural Ground level (NGL) is

around +2.00 m AMSL. Certain land filling will be required for raising the ground level above

the high flood level. The finished ground level is fixed at +2.45 m AMSL. The site is naturally

sloped towards sea on the Eastern side of the proposed power plant. The location map is

shown in Figure 1.

1.5 SALIENT FEATURES OF STUDY AREA

The study area is 10 km radial distance surrounding the project site. The salient features in

and around the project are described in Table 1. The study area map is shown in Figure 2.



Table 1 : Salient Features of Project Site

Nature of the Project 2X800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal

Power Project (Coal Fired Power Plant)

Location of Project

Top sheet 58 L/3

Village Udangudi (Approx. 2.5 km west)

District & State Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu

Latitude 08° 25‟17.557” to 08° 26‟45.87” N

Longitude 78° 03' 18.27” to 78° 04' 15.29” E

Elevation Above Mean Sea Level +2.00 m AMSL

General Climatic Conditions (Source : Climatological Table of IMD Thoothukudi, Based

on observation from 1955 to 1980)

Monthly Mean Temperature Maximum : 35.6°C, Minimum : 28.1°C

Monthly Mean Relative Humidity Maximum : 80%, Minimum : 52%

Total Annual Average Rainfall 625.8 mm

Predominant Wind Direction From West

Height of the IMD observatory station 4.0m AMSL

Accessibility

Road Connectivity State Highway (176), 0.5 km away

Rail Connectivity Thiruchendur Railway Station (12km NE from site)

Airport Vaagaikulam 60 Km from site

Sea Port Thoothukudi, 45km from site

Nearest river Karamaniyar (approx. 6 km south)

CRZ >700 m

Seismicity Seismic zone-II as per IS: 1893-2002 BIS, GOI.

Nearest Historical / Important Places

Archaeological/ Historically Important Site Nil

Nearest sea Bay of Bengal (1.2km, East)

Sanctuaries / National Parks Gulf of Mannar (Approx. 45kms NE)

Industries / Mines Nil

Nearest Forest Area Kudiraimoliteri R.F.

(About 8 km West from the project site)



1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY

As per the New Notification 14th September, 2006 issued by Ministry of Environment and

Forests (MoEF), Government of India (GOI) in the vide notification number S.O. 1533(E),

issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Supercritical Thermal Power Plant

Project comes under item 1d, category „A‟ as per schedule given in notification.

The Terms of Reference (TOR) under above mentioned notification of MoEF, prescribed the

„Expert Appraisal Committee (Thermal Power and Coal Mine Projects) has considered the

project vide letter no. J-13012/19/2008-IA.II (T) dated 20.03.2008 based on the

consideration of documents submitted and presentation made by the project proponent, the

committee prescribed the ToR for the preparation of EIA report.

The EIA studies were conducted and EIA/EMP reports were prepared through M/s.

„Bhagavathi Ana Labs Ltd.‟, Hyderabad and approached MoEF for Environmental Clearance

with the domestic ( from Mandakini Coal Block ) and imported coal ( from Indonesia ) in the

ratio 30:70 .The Experts Appraisal Committee of EIA of Thermal and Coal Mine Projects

discussed the proposal in the meeting held on 01.05.2010 and recommended the project for

Environmental Clearance .However the MoEF, kept the proposal in abeyance and de-listed

till the coal linkage or environmental clearance for Mandakini Block is obtained, vide MoEF

Reference : J-13012/19/2008-IA.II dt. 28.05.2010.

Now TANGEDCO has decided to go for 100 % imported coal sourced from Indonesia and

has entrusted „Bhagavathi Ana Labs Ltd.‟, Hyderabad to carry out the revised EIA studies

due to the change of fuel from blended coal (70:30) to 100% imported coal and to provide

applicable and feasible EMP. For carrying out the Environmental Impact assessment studies

Bhagavathi Ana Labs Limited have undertaken one season field studies for April, May and

June 2012 for important environmental components viz., Air, Noise, Water, Land and Socio-

Economics in a 10 km radial zone surrounding the proposed Supercritical Thermal Power

Plant.

1.6 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE LOCATION OF THE PROJECT

Udangudi site is selected for the proposed 2x800MW supercritical thermal power project

based on the following criteria.

Availability of suitable and adequate land with no Resettlement & Rehabilitation

issue

http://envfor.nic.in/

http://www.bhagavathianalabs.com/




Topography and geological aspects.

Availability of Water and Proximity to proposed plant site

Availability of adequate draft for coal unloading

Feasibility of transportation of fuel from the jetty

Road and railway access

Proximity to the grid for evacuation of power

Acceptability from the environmental consideration

Availability of infrastructural facilities

Availability of the land with the Govt. of Tamil Nadu to the maximum extent so as to

reduce land acquisition issues.

Proposed project site distance is away from sea coast in compliance with coastal

zone regulations.

Probable location of the water front to reduce the distance of coal conveyor system

for transportation of coal from jetty to the site.

Minimal issues for Right of way for seawater pipeline and coal conveyor system.

The well developed infrastructural facilities proximity to the project site

1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SCHEDULE

Field studies were conducted for a period of three months in summer (April to June) 2012 to

determine the baseline environmental attributes of the study area for the proposed thermal

power plant. The environmental attributes and frequency of monitoring for summer 2012 are

presented in Table 2.

Table 2 : Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring (summer 2012)

Sr. No. Attributes Parameters Frequency

1 Ambient Air

Quality

SPM, RPM, SO2, and NOx 24 hourly samples twice a week

for three months at 7 locations.

2 Meteorology Surface Wind speed and

direction, Temperature,

Relative humidity and

Rainfall

Surface Near Project site

continuous for 13-weeks with

hourly recording and data also

collected from secondary sources

like IMD station at Thoothukudi

Upper air data trends were

compiled from “Spatial Distribution



Sr. No. Attributes Parameters Frequency

of Mixing Depths over Indian

Region” (CPCB Publication).

3 Water quality Physical, Chemical at 9

ground water & 3 surface

water locations.

Grab samples were collected once

during study period.

4 Ecology Existing terrestrial and

aquatic flora and fauna in

10-km radius circle.

Through field studies once during

EIA study.

5 Noise levels Noise levels in dB (A) at 7

locations.

At every location data monitored

once during EIA study.

6 Land use Trend of land use change

for different categories

Based on data collected from

secondary sources like primary

census abstracts of census of

India 2001

7 Socio-Economic

aspects

Socio-economic

characteristics: i.e.

demographic structures,

population dynamics,

infrastructures resources,

health status, economic

resources.

Based on data collected from

secondary sources like primary

census abstracts of census of

India 2001

8 Risk assessment

and Disaster

Management

Plan

Identify areas where

disaster can occur by fires

and explosions and release

of toxic substances

Risk assessment



CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 PLANT LAYOUT

The power plant will make optimum use of land to minimize total life cycle cost. Site data like

Topography, Geotechnical Conditions, Predominant Wind Direction, Bathymetry Details,

Location of Coal Jetty, Seismicity of the area, etc. shall be considered to establish the

preferred plant layout. The following points shall be considered while preparing the layout of

the plant.

Location of sea water intake & discharge channel suggested by the EAC to minimize

recirculation allowance.

One number of bi-flue chimney (two nos. of flues) of 275m height.

Sufficient space in the turbine hall allowing the lay down of all turbine components

during overhauls.

Space for coal storage for twenty one days

Area for Ash disposal

Facility for dry ash disposal through PDFACS/ trucks

Space for fuel oil receiving, storage, handling, etc.

To facilitate movement of men and materials between the various facilities both

during initial construction and also during operation and maintenance phase.

Space for FGD system if required later.

Steel storage yard and pre-assembly yard required for storing and assembling of

plant equipments during construction phase and later this space will be converted

into green belt during the operation phase.

Power evacuation corridor for connection to grid

Approach road to power plant from the state Highway

Unit system concept will be adopted.

Sufficient green belt

A lay out map depicting different features of the proposed power plant is shown in Figure 3.



2.2 TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT

The technical detail of the proposed power plant is presented in Table 3.

Table 3 : Technical Details of the Proposed Power Plant

Parameter Description

Capacity of the Project 2X800 MW, Total 1600 MW

As per previous EIA/EMP report (30:70 Blended coal)

As per Revised EIA/EMP report (100% imported coal )

Fuel Requirement Primary Fuel : Blended Coal Coal: 5.157 million TPA (694 TPH) Imported Coal 70% : 3.61 million TPA Indigenous Coal 30% : 1.547 million TPA

Imported Coal: 4.39 million TPA (590TPH)

Secondary Fuel (Start-up fuel) : LDO (Light Distillated Oil) : 500 m3/year HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil) : 24,000 m3/year

Source of Coal Imported Coal from Indonesia through MMTC Linkage for Indigenous coal from Mandakini „B‟ Coal Block is already allotted to TNEB

Imported Coal from Indonesia through MMTC (agreement signed with MMTC)

Transportation of Coal Through captive Jetty and from Jetty to plant by pipe conveyors

Calorific value of Coal 5340 Kcal/kg (Average value of blended coal)

6000 K cal/kg

Average ash content 17.2% in blended coal 8% in imported coal

Total Sulphur in coal (Air Dried Basis)

Imported Coal : 0.6% Indigenous Coal : 0.2% Blended Coal : 0.48%

0.6%

Water Requirement The estimated water consumption is 13,790 m3/hr (Including losses

& recovery)

Source Sea (Bay of Bengal)

Water transportation Through gravity pipeline using an intake well

Raw water treatment Water shall be treated in Clarifiers, filters and in Desalination plant.

Cooling water system Natural Draft Cooling Tower System



2.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE PATTERN OF SITE

The proposed site area is a barren land. Site elevation of the proposed project is about

+2.00 m AMSL. Some portion of the land will be filled, graded and compacted for getting the

required plant level of +2.45 m AMSL. For filling the ground it is proposed to utilize fly ash

and good soil from excavated earth.

2.4 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The technologies available for large coal fired power plants are sub-critical and super-critical.

Super-critical condition occurs when the boiler pressure increases above the critical

pressure of 221.2 bar. Above this point, two phase mixtures of water and steam cease to

exist because latent heat is zero, and are replaced by single supercritical fluid. This

eliminates the need for water / steam separation in drums during operation, and allows a

simpler separator to be employed during start-up conditions. The entire Water passing

through the furnace water walls is converted into steam in single pass and hence called

„Once-through System‟.

Usually the Thermal Power Plant uses a dual (Vapour + Liquid) phase cycle. It is a closed

cycle to enable the working fluid (water) to be used again and again. As the selected unit

size is 800MW with supercritical technology, the most common steam turbine prevalent is a

single reheat, regenerative cycle configuration with eight uncontrolled extractions for

regenerative feed heating. The thermodynamic cycle consists of following system:

Main Steam, Cold Reheat and Hot Reheat Steam System

HP – LP By Pass System

Extraction Steam System

Auxiliary Steam System

Condensate System

Feed Water System

Heater Drain & Vents

2.4.1 Selection of Technology

The Supercritical Plant has increased cost associated with the boiler, steam turbine and

piping with comparison to Sub-Critical Plant. However these cost escalation will offset by

cost savings in balance of plant equipment such as coal handling, emissions control and

heat rejection, which results from the increased cycle efficiency.



Supercritical once through boilers do not have a boiler blow down. This has a positive effect

on the water balance of the plant with less condensate needing to be fed in to water steam

cycle and less waste water to be disposed off.

Unit Size

The basic configuration of the plant comprises two units of Steam Generator and Steam

Turbine with a gross power output at the generator terminals of 800 MW each at 100%

Turbine Maximum Continuous Rating (TMCR). The steam turbine units shall be of

condensing type with single reheat and supercritical steam inlet parameters.

The Steam Generator shall be of Single pass (Tower type) or two pass type using either

spiral wall (inclined) or vertical plain / rifled type water wall tubing. The steam generator shall

be direct Pulverized coal fired, top supported, single reheat, radiant, dry bottom with

balanced draft and suitable for outdoor installations. The water wall of Steam Generator shall

be suitable for variable pressure operation from Sub critical to Super critical pressure range.

The Steam pressure of about 250 bar (a) may be adopted at turbine inlet. The higher main

steam / reheat temperature of 566°C/593°C will be adopted. The optimum final feed water

temperature will be about 290°C at BMRC condition.

The Steam Generators would be capable of maintaining main steam and hot reheat steam

temperatures of designed value between 60-100% MCR load or better. The Steam

Generator would be capable of operation with "the HP heaters out of service" condition and

deliver steam to meet Turbo-generator requirement at 100% MCR.

The capacity of Steam Generating units would ensure 4 to 5% margin over the steam

requirement of the Turbine at Valve Wide Open condition (VWO is 5% above TMCR) to

cater to the auxiliary steam requirement for soot blowing operation, fuel oil heating system

and normal derating of the Steam Generating unit after prolonged use.

The Steam Generators are coal fired with 100% imported coal will be used as the main fuel

for the proposed power plant. Imported coal from Indonesia will be used for the plant. Also

Heavy Fuel Oil firing (HFO) provision up to 30% Boiler Maximum Continuous Rating (BMCR)

for low load operation & flame stabilization and Light Distillate Oil (LDO) firing provision to a

minimum of 10% BMCR as secondary fuel and start-up fuel respectively.



Either the tube (ball) mills or bowl mill may be considered. The mill size and numbers would

be such that with design coal, one mill remains standby while another mill is under

maintenance at BMCR. For double ended tube mills, however, one mill is to be kept as

standby under full load operation with design coal. Minimum 2 numbers of PA Fans each

with 60% of BMCR capacity will be provided.

Draft system of each unit comprises of two sets of ID fans and two sets of FD fans with each

set rated for 60% of BMCR capacity. Each unit comprises of two numbers of regenerative air

pre heaters each with electric motor drive, Air drive and manual cranking facility for

emergency. Each Air preheater will be designed for 60% of BMCR load. Each steam

generator unit will be provided with high efficiency Electro Static Precipitators (ESP). The

each coal fired unit consists of a supercritical boiler, a steam turbine with one HP, one IP

and two/three LP stages, horizontally split casing and a feed water heating train with eight

feed water pre-heaters with drain coolers.

The Steam Turbine would be standard multi-stage, 3000 rpm, tandem compound, single

reheat, regenerative, condensing, multi-cylinder unit with eight (8) uncontrolled extractions

for regenerative feed water heating. At Turbine valve wide open (VWO) condition the Turbo

generator set will be able to operate continuously at throttle steam flow of about 105% of

turbine MCR condition.

The feed water heating plant includes four low pressure heaters, de-aerator and three high

pressure heaters. With this configuration a final feed water temperature of about 290oC is

maintained. One or two low pressure feed water heaters will be located in the condenser

neck.

The condenser will be of multi-shell (i.e. two/three numbers of condenser will be there, one

number below each LP turbine), Single pass surface condenser capable of maintaining the

required vacuum while condensing maximum steam flow through LP turbine will be provided.

The divided water box arrangement will be such that it is possible to isolate one half of the

condenser from cooling water inlet and outlet sides.

2 x 50 % boiler feed pumps and booster pumps driven by drive turbine and 1 x 50% motor

driven boiler feed pump and booster pump are proposed. Condensate extraction pumps will

be of 3 x 50 % capacity motor driven units.



When coal is fired in the boiler, ash will be liberated and about 80% of the ash is carried

along with the flue gas. To control this ash from atmospheric dispersion, pollution control

devises like „Electro Static Precipitator‟ (ESP) of 50 mg/Nm3 designed capacity as

recommended by EAC and a RCC structured chimney of 275m height will be installed.

2.5 UTILITIES

Following utilities shall be provided.

2.5.1 Cooling water System

Cooling Water Inlet Temperature : 33°C

Condenser Pressure : 0.1 atm pr.

Cooling Water Outfall Temperature (at receiving body) : 38°C

Condenser Cooling water requirement per unit : 1, 15,000 m3/hr

Natural draft cooling towers are proposed for the cooling water system and to meet out for

the makeup and losses nearly 13790 m3/hr.

Detailed Oceanographic studies have been carried out to decide the location of intake/outfall

for seawater system by NIO, Goa. Based on the report, open channel intake or underground

pipe with velocity cap shall be provided. Outlet brine from the plant shall be diluted with the

coolant water and will be disposed through a submarine conduit at a distance of 360 m form

shore line. .

2.5.2 Coal Handling System

In-plant coal handling system consists of conveying, screening I stacking I reclaiming

systems, and other auxiliary systems like weighing, coal sampling unit, fire protection

systems, dust extraction I suppression systems, ventilation system (tunnels I switchgear

rooms), magnetic separators, metal detectors etc. and upto feeding the coal bunkers of the

power plant. The Coal Handling System of the proposed plant would be designed

considering the following design criteria:

GCV of Imported Coal : 6000 kcal/kg

Maximum lump size of coal received : (-) 100mm

Size of crushed Coal : (-) 25mm

Mode of receipt of coal in plant : From ship by Belt / Pipe Conveyors

Coal transport to boiler bunker : By belt conveyors

Coal requirement of each 800MW : 295 tph



Annual coal requirement : 4.39 million TPY (@ 85% PLF)

Coal Stock Yard Capacity : 21 days reqmt. (0.350 million Tonnes)

Stacker cum Reclaimers : 2 Nos.

Crushers & Screens : 100% stand by

Coal yard would have a water spray system for dust suppression

Screening and Crushing

Coal received by conveyors from the jetty at the port would be conveyed to coal crusher

house in the plant through belt/pipe conveyor. The capacity of these incoming conveyors is

proposed as 2000 Tph. Two streams of conveyors are proposed from the Jetty to Plant. Coal

will be screened and fed into the crusher. Coal would then be crushed in the crusher and

crushed coal would be sent to the stockpile / SG bunkers.

Stacking

When boiler bunkers are full, the crushed coal will be diverted to stockpile through yard

conveyor. Reversible stacker cum reclaimer will be utilized for stacking and reclaiming.

Storage capacity of stockpile will be about 21 days.

Reclaiming

The coal from stock pile will be reclaimed by reversible stacker cum reclaimer, to feed in to

belt conveyors which will be feeding in to bunkers.

Bunker Feeding System

The screened coal of (-) 25 mm size shall either be stored in the coal stockyard or fed into

coal bunkers through a series of conveyors and traveling trippers. Necessary in-line belt

weigh scale, metal detector, and coal sampling system will be provided in the conveyor

system before feeding into the bunkers.

2.5.3 Ash Handling System

The design of ash handling system is based on 100% imported coal. . The following data

has been considered for design of ash handling system:

Hourly coal firing rate at MCR condition per unit : 295 T (Maximum)

Ash content in coal considered (Designed) : 8%



Maximum Ash collection at various hoppers for

- Bottom Ash hopper

- Economizer Ash hopper : 20% (Maximum)

- APH hopper

- Fly ash in ESP hopper : 80% (Maximum)

The water used for ash handling system will be drawn from Cooling Tower Blow down. The

ash handling system will consists of following major equipments:

Water impounded bottom ash hopper

Clinker grinder

Jet Pumps

Mechanical Exhausters / Vacuum Pump

Buffer Hopper with Bag Filter

Conveying Air Compressor

Fly Ash Transmitters

ESP / Buffer hopper fluidizing blowers

Silo Aeration Blowers

High Pressure Water Pumps

Low Pressure Water Pumps

Seal Water Pumps

Ash Slurry Pumps

High Concentration Slurry Disposal Pumps

Instrument Air

Fly Ash & Bottom Ash Piping and Valves

Disposal Piping‟s

Ash dyke

Recycling system and storage pond

Bottom Ash Removal System

Bottom Ash Removal System will consist of refractory lined W-shaped, water impounded,

bottom ash hopper located directly below the boiler. BA hopper will be provided with scraper

chain conveyor and clinker grinders to limit the size of clinkers. The crushed bottom ash from

each boiler will be conveyed to the bottom ash silo of MS construction. From there it is

unloaded into the trucks for utilization purpose. Economizer ash is also collected in the

bottom ash hopper.



Fly Ash Handling System

The fly ash handling system shall be of vacuum-cum-pressure type. The fly ash collected in

the ESP hoppers, air pre-heater hoppers, and stack hopper shall be evacuated

pneumatically to ash silos having a total capacity of one day ash generation.

Fly ash shall be disposed off in either dry mode or wet mode. Fly ash in dry condition shall

be discharged in closed trucks for utilization purposes in brick/cement industries. During

emergencies fly ash in wet form will be transferred to slurry sump through wetting unit/jet

pumps by High concentration slurry disposal (HCSD) from the plant to ash dyke.

2.5.4 Fuel Oil System

The Fuel oil system provides the facility for unloading, storage, supply and forwarding of

Heavy Fuel Oil and Light Diesel Oil common for all units. HFO and LDO will be transported

through Road. Fuel oil consumption for the proposed project shall be about 24000 kl/annum.

2.5.5 Compressed Air System

Compressed air would be required for instrumentation applications and service utilities.

Quality air would be required for instrumentation and control of the power plant equipments

including operation of various pneumatically operated valves, actuators etc. Service air

would be required for boiler utilities like HEA purging, APH auxiliary air motor, atomizing air

for LDO firing, etc as well as general service air for cleaning purposes.

2.5.6 Fire Fighting System

Fire fighting system will be designed in conformity with the recommendations of the Tariff

Advisory Committee of Insurance Association of India. Codes and Standards of National Fire

Protection Association (NFPA), USA shall be followed, as applicable.

2.5.7 Other plant Auxiliaries

The other plant auxiliaries such as Ventilation & Air condition system, Mill reject system,

Effluent treatment systems, Cranes & Hoists, Elevators, Workshop equipments, Chemical

laboratory etc., shall be designed to meet the plant requirement.



2.6 BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT

2.6.1 Fuel

Imported coal is considered as the primary fuel and Light Distillate Oil (LDO) / Heavy Fuel

Oil (HFO) will be used as secondary (start up) fuel for the proposed plant. The annual

consumption of imported coal with GCV of 6000 kCal/kg for the proposed power plant is

estimated as 4.39 million tonnes from Indonesia through MMTC Ltd.

The steam generator will be designed primarily for coal firing. Fuel oil would be used for

start-up and flame stabilization at low loads is 24000 KL/A. The annual requirement of

secondary fuel Light Distilled Oil (LDO) and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) used for cold start up with

initial warm up is estimated to be around 500 m3 and 24,000 m3 per annum

Source of coal and mode of transport

Due to availability of sea front close to the project site, construction of a new captive coal

jetty for receiving coal for the proposed Power Plant at Udangudi is considered.

Coal from International market will be procured from Indonesia through MMTC. .An MOU

has been signed with MMTC. . With the dedicated jetty proposed at port to unload coal,

100% imported coal has been considered for operation of the power project.

The imported coal will be transported through sea route upto Udangudi captive coal jetty and

from coal jetty the coal will be transported to the site by pipe conveyor.

The characteristics of the imported coal is presented in Table 4.

Table 4 : Expected Range of the Coal Quality

Sr. No Proximate Analysis Imported Coal (%)

1 Total Moisture (ARB) 7 – 23

2 Inherent Moisture (ADB) 4 – 14

3 Volatile Matter (ADB) 25 - 42

4 Ash (ADB) % 8

5 Sulphur (ADB) % 0.6

6 GCV (ADB) Kcal/Kg 6000

7 Size of Coal 0 – 50



2.6.2 Water Requirement and System

The total water requirement for the proposed Plant would be around 13790 m3/hr

(Desalination plant feed water 1560 m3/hr and Cooling Tower Make-up 12230 m3/hr) or

330960 m3/ day (Desalination plant feed water 37440 m3/day and Cooling Tower Make-up

293520 m3/ day). The water source would be seawater to meet the plant water requirement

due to non-availability of sweet water. The quantity of water necessary for meeting

requirement of DM plant, auxiliary cooling circuit make-up, chilling plant make-up, ventilation

system, service water, drinking water requirements of plant etc., are proposed to be met by

the Desalination plant. It is proposed to draw water from the sea, through seawater intake

system. Sea water intake pump house is proposed to be located inside the plant area. Water

will be drawn in to the intake sump by gravity through pipeline using an intake well. From the

intake sump, water will be pumped to meet the plant water requirements such as

desalination plant and the CW pump sump for make-up.

The desalination plant will be sized to meet the internal requirement of fresh water for power

plant. The desalination plant capacity is 12 MLD (500 m3/hr), The desalination plant will

consist of pre-treatment, Chemical dosing system, Pre and Post Chlorination system, RO

system (3 x 4 MLD Streams), Post Treatment System. The details of desalination plant is

given in Annexure ( H ) of this EIA/EMP report. The water required for construction

purposes to the quantity of about 15 Lakhs Liters per day is arranged from the TWAD Board

/ GoTN sources.

The following arrangement shall be adopted for the cooling water system and sea water

intake:

Closed cooling water system, using sea water as the make-up

Pump house drawing water from sea using intake well and gravity pipe method

The water balance for the proposed project is shown in Figure 4.



2.6.3 Land Requirement

939 acres of land has been identified for implementation of the proposed 2x800 MW

Supercritical Thermal Power Plant. The break-up of the land requirement is presented in

Table 5.

Table 5 : Breakup of the Land Requirement

S. No. Purpose Area in Acres

1 Main Plant 70

2 Coal Yard 65

3 Cooling Water System 40

4 400 kV Switch Yard 67

5 Building, Lay down area, Construction

area, Road and Miscellaneous 98

6 Ash Dyke 120

7 Corridor – Coal, Seawater intake & Outfall 90

8 Green Belt 389

Total 939



Chapter 3: Description of the Environment

Baseline environmental status in and around proposed project depicts the existing

environmental conditions of air, noise, water, soil, biological and socio-economic

environment. A radial distance of 10 Km from the center of the proposed site is considered

as „study area‟ for baseline data collection and environmental monitoring. Baseline data was

collected during April, May, and June 2012 for various environmental attributes so as to

compute the impacts that are likely to arise due to proposed developmental activity.

Due care was taken in establishing the monitoring station to ensure free flow of winds

without any obstructions. The study area is a part of Eastern Coast of southern part of India.

Half (Eastern Part) of the study area is covered with Bay of Bengal. Karamaniyar river is the

only inland surface water body found in the southern part of study area. The sampling

locations for air, noise, water and soil have been show in Figure 5.

3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

3.1.1 Meteorology

The meteorological data recorded during the monitoring period is very useful for proper

interpretation of the baseline information as well as for air quality model prediction models.

Historical data on meteorological parameters will also play an important role in identifying the

general meteorological regime of the region. As per IMD Thoothukudi the year is broadly

divided into four seasons:

Winter January, February, March

Pre-monsoon April, May, June

Monsoon July, August, September

Post monsoon October, November, December

Climatic Conditions

The study area is a part of hot tropical climate. The south-west monsoon season which

follow last till September. The period from October to December is the northeast monsoon

season with associated rain confined to the first half of the season, the second half being

one of generally good weather.



Temperature

May is the hottest month in the study area. The weather is hot in May and June and

maximum temperature sometime goes above 41ºC. The afternoon sea breezes also bring

some relief in the coastal area. November to January is the coolest part of the year. Based

on hourly micro-meteorological site specific monitoring data observed during study period,

temperature ranges between 20ºC and 37ºC.

Rainfall

In the study area rainy season extend from October to December, about 70% of annual

rainfall received during this period. As per IMD, Thoothukudi observatory data of 30 years

between 1955 and 1988, total annual mean rainfall is 625.8mm. Based on micro-

meteorological site specific monitoring data observed during study period, total rainfall is

22mm.

Relative Humidity

The most humid month is November and December. Based on hourly micro-meteorological

site specific monitoring data observed during study period, the relative humidity ranged

between 20% and 97%.

Cloud Cover

During pre-monsoon and the post-monsoon evenings the skies are either clear or lightly

clouded. But in post-monsoon season heavy clouds are commonly observed in morning,

whereas in the evening time the sky is light to moderately cloudy throughout the year. During

summer the sky becomes overcast in the afternoons followed by thunderstorm.

Wind Pattern

Based on hourly micro-meteorological site specific monitoring data observed during study

period, a wind rose diagram on sixteen-sector basis (N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE,

SSW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, and NNW) have been drawn for 24 hours and are presented in

Figure 6. The wind rose diagram indicates predominant wind directions are from ESE.



Figure 6 : Wind rose diagram (April, May and June 2012)

3.1.2 Ambient Air Quality

The baseline ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically designed

ambient air quality network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance

program is based on the following considerations:

Meteorological conditions

Topography of the study area.

Representative regional background levels.

Plant site.

Influence of the existing air pollution sources (if any)

The monitoring has been performed during the April, May, and June 2012. The sampling

locations are presented in Table 6 and the same is shown in Figure 5A,5B,5C,and 5D.



Table 6 : Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Location

Code Location Name

Distance (kms)

from Plant

Direction

w.r.t. Plant

A1 Plant stie 0.0 --

A2 Somanadapuram 2.8 N

A3 Vadakkur 0.8 S

A4 Udangudi 2.3 N

A5 Kulasekarapattinam 2.0 S

A6 Kollamozhi 1.8 NE

A7 Manpad 4.6 S

A8 Paramankurichi 5.7 NNW

The levels of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10 &

PM2.5), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) representing the criteria

pollutants were monitored for assessing the baseline quality status. Suspended particulate

matter (SPM) was collected as 24 hourly average by drawing air at the rate of 1.0 -1.5

m3/min through glass fibres filter paper and analyzed by gravimetric method. The respirable

particulate matter (RPM) was separated through cyclone and measured by gravimetric

method similar to SPM. SO2 and NOX were analyzed by colorimetric method. The ambient

air quality of the study area is presented in Table 7.

Table 7 : Ambient Air Quality in the Study Area

Air Quality Station Code Particulars SPM

g/m3

PM10

g/m3

PM2.5

g/m3

SO2

g/m3

NOx

g/m3

CO

mg/m3

Hg

ng/m3

O3

g/m3

Plant site A1 Minimum 121 55.7 14.5 12.8 13.9 1.4 NT 23.0

Maximum 142 67.6 17.6 15.2 18.3 1.9 NT 29.0

Somanadapuram A2 Minimum 123 56.6 14.7 13.0 14.1 1.2 NT 21.0

Maximum 158 69.2 18.0 15.5 18.5 2.0 NT 27.0

Vadakkur A3 Minimum 124 57.0 14.8 13.1 14.2 1.4 NT 22.0

Maximum 157 69.5 18.1 15.6 18.6 1.7 NT 27.1

Udangudi A4 Minimum 101 45.4 12.2 10.6 11.9 1.2 NT 20.0

Maximum 110 52.4 15.7 12.0 14.4 1.4 NT 23.6

Kulasekarapattinam A5 Minimum 103 46.3 12.4 10.8 11.9 1.3 NT 21.0

Maximum 113 52.8 15.9 12.1 14.5 1.5 NT 24.7

Kollamozhi A6 Minimum 103 46.3 12.6 11.0 12.0 1.3 NT 22.0

Maximum 112 53.3 16.0 12.2 14.6 1.4 NT 26.1

Manpad A7 Minimum 125 57.5 15.4 13.0 14.2 2.1 NT 25.0

Maximum 141 65.7 19.7 14.6 17.6 2.2 NT 29.1

Paramankurichi A8 Minimum 100 46.0 12.2 10.7 11.6 1.3 NT 22.0

Maximum 111 52.4 15.7 12.0 14.4 1.6 NT 26.1



*NT: Not Traceable

Observations

The minimum level of SPM recorded in the study area was 101µg/m3 at Udangudi and the

maximum level recorded was 158 µg/m3 at Somanadapuram. The minimum level of PM10

recorded in the study area was 45.2 µg/m3 at Udangudi and the maximum level recorded

was 69.2 µg/m3 at Somanadapuram. The minimum levels of PM2.5 recorded in the study

area was 12.27 µg/m3 at Udangudi & Paramankurichi and the maximum levels were recored

19.77µg/m3 at Manapad. The minimum level of SO2 recorded in the study area was 10.7

µg/m3 at Paramankurichi and the maximum level recorded was 15.6 µg/m3 at Vadakkur. The

minimum level of NOx recorded in the study area was 11.6 µg/m3 at Paramankurichi and the

maximum level recorded was 18.6 µg/m3 at Vadakkur. CO values in the study area were

found in the range of 1.2 – 2.2 mg/m3 at all locations. HC values were found less than 1.0

ppm. The all the results were found to be below the stipulated standards. The details of

Ambient Air Quality test results are given in Annexure ( A )

3.2 Noise Environment

The Environment / health impacts of noise can vary from noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)

to annoyance depending on loudness of noise levels and tolerance levels of individual. The

baseline data was collected by selecting 7 noise monitoring locations in the study area. The

noise quality monitoring locations are presented in Table 8.

Table 8 : Noise Quality Monitoring Locations

Location

Code Location Name

Distance (kms)

w.r.t. Proposed Plant

Direction w.r.t.

Proposed Plant

N1 Plant stie 0.0 --

N2 Somanadapuram 2.8 N

N3 Vadakkur 0.8 S

N4 Udangudi 2.3 N

N5 Kulasekarapattinam 2.0 S

N6 Kollamozhi 1.8 NE

N7 Manpad 4.6 S

N8 Paramankurichi 5.7 NNW



Noise Levels

The day noise levels have been monitored during 6 AM to 9 PM and the night levels during 9

PM to 6 AM. The high values of noise observed in many of the rural and semi urban areas

are primarily owing to vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic activities. The Noise levels

are presented in Table 9.

Observation

The minimum noise level 40.0 dB(A) was recorded at Kayamozi while the maximum noise

level 56.4 dB(A) was recorded at Manapadu. The day equivalent values were found to be

ranging between 49.7 dB (A) to 54.2 dB (A). The night equivalent noise levels were found to

be ranging between 40.1 dB(A) to 42.8 dB(A). The values observed were below the

standards for noise level .



Table 9 : Noise Quality of the Study Area (dB(A) ( 2012 )

Time N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8

6:00 41.30 41.20 40.90 40.10 40.50 40.40 40.70 44.10

7:00 40.60 40.90 41.10 41.40 41.70 41.90 42.40 45.80

8:00 41.90 42.50 40.90 42.70 43.30 42.90 43.10 46.50

9:00 45.50 45.60 44.30 44.40 44.50 44.60 44.80 48.20

10:00 47.90 47.50 46.70 47.50 47.10 46.30 46.70 50.10

11:00 50.50 50.70 49.30 49.50 49.70 49.90 50.30 50.70

12:00 50.90 50.50 49.70 50.10 49.70 49.70 49.30 52.30

13:00 51.10 50.50 49.90 50.50 49.90 49.30 49.30 51.60

14:00 50.50 50.90 49.30 50.90 51.30 49.70 51.70 49.80

15:00 49.30 49.70 48.10 48.50 48.90 49.30 50.10 48.60

16:00 50.20 54.80 52.20 52.20 52.40 52.40 51.80 51.60

17:00 51.10 56.40 52.20 52.70 49.50 49.80 50.30 50.50

18:00 51.70 52.40 50.50 51.90 51.20 51.20 51.90 48.60

19:00 47.50 47.10 46.30 46.70 46.30 46.30 45.90 49.30

20:00 43.30 43.60 42.10 42.40 42.70 43.00 43.60 47.00

21:00 43.10 43.20 41.90 42.00 42.10 42.20 42.40 45.80

22:00 42.80 43.40 41.60 42.20 42.80 43.40 44.60 44.00

23:00 42.60 42.40 41.40 42.40 42.20 41.20 42.00 42.50

0:00 42.30 42.80 41.10 43.30 43.80 43.80 44.30 40.50

1:00 42.10 41.80 40.90 41.80 41.50 40.60 41.20 42.60

2:00 42.00 41.50 40.80 41.00 40.50 40.50 40.00 42.60

3:00 42.20 41.60 41.00 42.00 41.40 40.80 41.20 42.70

4:00 42.00 42.60 40.80 43.20 43.80 43.80 44.40 44.50

5:00 42.10 42.50 40.90 42.90 43.30 43.30 43.70 44.20

Min 40.6 40.9 40.8 40.1 40.5 40.4 40.0 40.5

Max 51.7 56.4 52.2 52.7 52.4 52.4 51.9 52.3

Ld 49.7 54.2 50.3 50.6 50.2 50.2 50.1 50.2

Ln 41.2 41.4 40.1 41.8 42.3 42.3 42.8 43.0



3.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT

3.3.1 WATER RESOURCES

Surface Water

Study area is part of Eastern coastal region, about 50% of the area is under Bay of Bengal

towards east of the study area. Karamaniyar River is the only source of surface water

(sweet) located towards southern sector of the study area. An elongated lagoon is present in

Kulasekarapattinam, which separate marine water by barriers of sand.

The proposed power plant area is a low laying and appears to be uneven area. Keeping in

view regarding land profile of the project area a flood protection & area drainage studies for

Udangudi Thermal Power Plant has been carried out by Anna University . As per this study

entire water shed of the study area is divided into 8 sub watersheds for runoff estimation and

routing. The peak discharge of the project site works out to 12.36m3/sec and the safe grade

elevation is fixed at 2.45m AMSL throughout the project site.

Ground Water

The important aquifers in the study area are constituted by (i) Fissured, fractured and

weathered crystalline rocks and (ii) porous formations comprising recent alluvial deposits

and Tertiary sediments. Ground water occurs under phreatic to semi-confined conditions in

these aquifers. The ground water in hard rock patches of the study area, in general, is

potable and suitable for irrigation and industrial applications. However, ground water in the

shallow zone is brackish to brine, which is not suitable for irrigation and drinking purposes.

However, it is used in salt production and magnesium industries.

3.3.2 Water Quality

Hand pumps and small diameter open wells form the majority means of tapping the ground

water in the study area. Based on the water sources in the project area nine ground water

samples and four surface water samples were collected and subjected to detailed analysis.

The ground water samples were drawn from the hand pumps and open wells being used by

the villagers for their domestic needs. Surface water sampling was carried out from River

and Sea present in the study area. The details of the locations and distances from the study

area are presented in Table 10 and characteristics of these water samples are given in

Table 11.



Table 10 : Details of Water Sampling Locations

Location

Code Location Name

Distance (kms)

w.r.t. Proposed

Plant

Direction

w.r.t. Proposed

Plant

Ground Water

GWQ1 Maravanvilly Drinking Water (D.W) 3.3 NNE

GWQ2 Maravanvily (B.W) 3.3 NNE

GWQ3 Udangudi (B.W) 2.1 SW

GWQ4 Kayamozhi (B.W) 1.6 NE

GWQ5 Vellalanvilai 4.3 NNW

GWQ6 Manapadu (Drinking water) 4.6 SSE

GWQ7 Kandaswamipuram 5.4 ENE

GWQ8 Kulshekharapattinam 2.1 South

Surface Water

SWQ9 Manapadu (Surface Water) 4.6 SSE

SWQ10 Kandaswamipuram 5.4 ENE

SWQ11 Sea Water 1.2 E

Table 11 : Ground Water Quality

S.No. Parameters Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4

I. Essential Characteristics

1. Colour (Hazen Units) <5 <5 10 <5

2. Odour Un-

objectionable

Un-

objectionable

Un-

objectionable

Un-

objectionable

3. Taste Agreeable Un-agreeable Un-agreeable Un-agreeable

4. Turbidity, NTU 3 2 3 2

5. pH 8.26 7.55 7.48 7.63

6. Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 146 582 1783 1664

7. Iron as Fe, mg/l 0.08 0.16 0.13 0.26

8. Chlorides as Cl, mg/l 52 1395 2168 2665

9. Residual free, Chlorine, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil

II. Desirable Characteristics

1. Dissolved Solids, mg/l 253 3383 4485 5163

2. Calcium as Ca, mg/l 39 118 293 273

3. Magnesium as Mg, mg/l 13 73 256 239

4. Copper as Cu, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

5. Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

6. Sulphate as SO4, mg/l 16 165 272 243



7. Nitrate as NO3, mg/l 1 7 95 16

8. Fluoride as F, mg/l 0.40 0.90 1.10 1.10

9. Phenolic Compounds as C6H5OH,

mg/l

BDL BDL BDL <0.001

10. Mercury as Hg, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.01

11. Cadmium as Cd, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

12. Selenium as Se, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

13. Arsenic as As, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

14. Cyanide as CN, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil

15. Lead as Pb , mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

16. Zinc as Zn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

17. Chromium as Cr6+, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

18. Mineral Oil, mg/l Absent Absent Absent Nil

19. Alkalinity , mg/l 101 523 344 313

20. Aluminium as Al, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

21. Boron as B, mg/l 0.05 0.16 0.15 0.20

22. Coliform/ 100ml Nil Nil Nil Nil

23. E-Coli/100ml Nil Nil Nil Nil

Table 11 contd….

S.No. Parameters Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4


1. Colour (Hazen Units) <5 <5 <5 <5

2. Odour Un-

objectionable

Un-

objectionable

Un-

objectionable

Un-

objectionable

3. Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Un-agreeable

4. Turbidity, NTU 2 3 2 3

5. pH 8.21 8.12 8.29 6.78

6. Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 131 113 213 1106

7. Iron as Fe, mg/l 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.13

8. Chlorides as Cl, mg/l 23 58 58 2286

9. Residual free, Chlorine, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil


1. Dissolved Solids, mg/l 203 253 496 4835

2. Calcium as Ca, mg/l 39 28 52 203

3. Magnesium as Mg, mg/l 8.6 13 24 261

4. Copper as Cu, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

5. Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

6. Sulphate as SO4, mg/l 09 21 97 424

7. Nitrate as NO3, mg/l 03 06 04 89

8. Fluoride as F, mg/l 0.60 0.40 0.80 1.10

9. Phenolic Compounds as C6H5OH, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

10. Mercury as Hg, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

11. Cadmium as Cd, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

12. Selenium as Se, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

13. Arsenic as As, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

14. Cyanide as CN, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil

15. Lead as Pb , mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01



16. Zinc as Zn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

17. Chromium as Cr6+, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

18. Mineral Oil, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil

19. Alkalinity , mg/l 114 88 282 273

20. Aluminium as Al, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

21. Boron as B, mg/l 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.18

22. Coli form, MPN/100ml Nil Nil Nil Nil

Table 11 contd….

S.No. Parameters Sample 9 Sample 10 Sample 11


1. Colour (Hazen Units) 12 11 10

2. Odour Un-objectionable Un-objectionable Un-objectionable

3. Taste Un-agreeable Agreeable Un-agreeable

4. Turbidity, NTU 55 3 6

5. pH 8.64 7.74 7.92

6. Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 646 128 6416

7. Iron as Fe, mg/l 0.46 0.26 0.26

8. Chlorides as Cl, mg/l 1503 48 17414

9. Residual free, Chlorine, mg/l Nil Nil Nil


1. Dissolved Solids, mg/l 3354 263 33134

2. Calcium as Ca, mg/l 119 36 582

3. Magnesium as Mg, mg/l 148 9.9 1232

4. Copper as Cu, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

5. Manganese as Mn, mg/l 0.02 <0.01 0.02

6. Sulphate as SO4, mg/l 393 18 3232

7. Nitrate as NO3, mg/l 11 8 6

8. Fluoride as F, mg/l 1.30 0.60 1.60

9. Phenolic Compounds as C6H5OH, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

10. Mercury as Hg, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.001

11. Cadmium as Cd, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

12. Selenium as Se, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

13. Arsenic as As, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

14. Cyanide as CN, mg/l Nil Nil Nil

15. Lead as Pb , mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

16. Zinc as Zn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

17. Chromium as Cr6+, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

18. Mineral Oil, mg/l Nil Nil Absent

19. Alkalinity , mg/l 265 115 108

20. Aluminium as Al, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.02

21. Boron as B, mg/l 0.17 0.04 3.15

22. Coli form/ 100ml 280 276 352



Observation on Water Quality

Total 11 water samples were collected, out of this 8 samples are from ground water sources

and three samples from surface water. The water samples were analyzed as per Standard

Methods for analysis of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association (APHA)

Publication. The results were compared with the guidelines given by Bureau of Indian

Standards, (BIS), and IS.10500 - 1991 as amended in 1993.

During the study period, the pH was observed between 6.78 to 8.29 in ground water

and pH ranged between 7.74 and 8.64 in surface water.

The Chloride levels in the ground water samples collected in the study area ranged

between 23 mg/l to a maximum of 2665 mg/l, whereas in surface waters it ranged

between 48 to 17414 mg/l. The higher chloride concentrations are due to the ingress

of water from sea.

The ground water samples showed the hardness from 113 mg/l to 1783 mg/l. In

surface waters the hardness levels are between 128 to 6416 mg/l.

In the ground water samples of study area the fluoride value were in the range of

0.34 mg/l to 1.1 mg/l. whereas in the surface waters the fluoride levels are between

0.6 to 1.6 mg/l.

3.4 Land Environment

3.4.1 Soil Quality

The details of the soil sampling locations are presented in Table 12. The physico-chemical

characteristics of the soil are presented in Table 13. The fertility status of the soil is

presented in Table 14.

Table 12 : Soil Sampling Locations

Sr. No. Location

Code Location Name

Distance (kms)

w.r.t. Plant

Direction

w.r.t. Plant

1 S1 Udangudi 2.5 SW

2 S2 Manapadu 6.5 SSE

3 S3 Maravanvilay 5 NE



Table 13 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Soil

Sr.

No. PARAMETERS

Results

Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample-3

1. pH (1.2 Soil water extract) 7.30 7.56 7.48

2. E.C (S/cm) (1:2 Soil water extract) 116 144 99

3. Sodium as Na, ppm 94 106 88

4. Calcium as Ca, ppm 566 766 685

5. Magnesium as Mg, ppm 174 248 194

6. Chloride as Cl, ppm 25 32 16

7. Organic Carbon, % 0.20 0.23 0.16

8. Texture Loamy

Sand

Loamy

Sand

Loamy

Sand

A) Sand, % 87 85 88

B) Silt, % 5 6 5

C) Clay, % 8 9 7

Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, guidelines for pH and conductivity

pH

Acidic Normal to saline Tending to become alkaline Alkaline

Below 6.0 6.0-8.5 8.6-9.0 Above 9.0

Total Soluble salts (Conductivity in Millimhos/cm)

Normal Critical for

germination

Critical for growth of the sensitive

crops

Injurious to

most crops

Below 1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-4.0 Above 4.0

Table 14 : Fertility status of the Soil

Sl.

No. Parameters

Results

Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample-3

1. Available Nitrogen, Kg/Hec 42 52 22

2. Available Phosphorous as P2O5, Kg/Hec 15 18 13

3. Available Potassium as K2O, Kg/Hec 162 192 133



Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, guidelines for soil fertility

Nutrient Units Low Medium High

Organic Carbon (as measure of

available Nitrogen)

% Below 0.5 0.5 – 0.75 Above

0.75

Available Nitrogen (N) Kg/ha Below 280 280-560 Above 560

Available Phosphorus (P) Kg/ha Below 10 10-25 Above 25

Available Potassium (K) Kg/ha Below 110 110-280 Above 280

Observations on Soil Quality

The normal range of the soils in 6.0 to 8.5 is called as normal to saline soils. The pH values

in the study area are varying from 7.30 to 7.52 indicating that the soils are favorable for the

growth of the plant. The electrical conductivity in the study area is varying from 99 to

144 S/cm indicating that soils falling under Normal category. The fertility status of the soil in

respect of nitrogen ranged between 22 to 52 kg/ha indicating that it requires addition of

nitrates for proper growth. Phosphorus varies between from 13 to 18 kg/ha, whereas the

available potassium in the study area is 133 to 192 kg/ha. The organic carbon in the study

area is varying from 0.15 to 0.21 %,

3.4.2 Land Use Pattern

The study area can broadly classified under four types of land features i.e. Head land (Cliff),

Sea, Inter-tidal zone and land side. Land use pattern of the study area around the project

site is as per census 2001 and is presented in Table 15 and land use pattern of the study

area as per satellite imagery interpretation is shown in Figure 7.

Table 15 : Land Use Pattern of the Study Area (as per Census 2001)

Land use Area (Ha) %

Village Forest Area 491.00 1.49

Irrigated Area 4271.70 12.96

Unirrigated Area 3783.94 11.48

Culturable Waste 9941.23 30.16

Area Not Available for Cultivation 2561.13 7.77

Bay of Bengal (Water Bodies) 11917.00 36.14

Total 32966.58 100.00

An authenticated CRZ map demarcating LTL, HTL, CRZ area, location of the project and

associated facilities w.r.t. CRZ, coastal features, route of pipeline, conveyor system etc. is

shown in Figure 8. The map has been prepared by the Institution of Remote Senses, Anna

University, Chennai an authorize agency. The detailed CRZ demarcation and its proceeding

are given in Annexure ( F )



3.5 ECOLOGY

3.5.1 Terrestrial Ecology

Methodologies for target species (particularly threatened) are also required to provide

specific information on distribution, abundance and habitat requirements in relation to the

entire study area. Study for flora and fauna has been carried out in the study area.

FLORA

The dominant plant in the study area is Prosopis juliflora, which is found commonly near the

nallas and village wastelands. Azardirachta indica is a common tree near the villages and on

the hedge of agricultural field. Vegetation of the study area can be broadly categorized under

inland and marine nature. The terrestrial vegetation of the study area can be broadly studied

under two major groups:

Scrub & Halophytic vegetation

Mangrove vegetation

It is observed that the vegetation of study area is influenced by marine habitat type. The

existing species are well adapted to high salt tolerance and have some mechanism to

conserve their body water. Due to intense interactions between land, sea and air,

productivity of natural system along the coastal area is very high. There is no national park

and wild life sanctuary within study area. There is Kudiraimoliteri reserve forest present

within the study area at about 8 km NW from the proposed project area.

Scrub & Halophytic Vegetation

This type of vegetation mainly confined towards western part of the study area. The species

are sparsely distributed. The observed common vegetations are Borassus flabelifer,

Prosopis spicigera, Coccos nucifera, salicornea brachiata, suaeda maritime, Artiplex repens,

Aeluropus lagopoides, etc. Common grass species of the study area are Cynodon

dactylon,Chrysopogon fulvus, Heteropogon contortus, etc.

Mangrove Vegetation

Mangrove scrubs are the salt water vegetation of tropical and subtropical intertidal regions of

the world. Mangroves of this area are of fringing type confined to intertidal zones between

mean tidal and high tide level. These mangrove vegetation are located near mouth of river

and sea water. The most dominating species of this mangrove vegetation Avicennia marina,

Karod (Rhizophora mukronata), etc. Their height varies from 0.3 to 3.0 m. Besides



Excoecaria agallocha and Thespesia populnea are also observed in some of the patches.

Following is the list of mangroves species in the intertidal zones:

Avicennia officinalis

Suaeda maretima

Suaeda monoica

Salichornia brachiata

Suadaea maritime of Chenopodiaceae family was found to be the most common species

found at all locations with grasses having a higher frequency of occurrence at all the

locations. Prosopis specigera of Mimosoideae family having a proliferic growth and is

relatively dominant near proposed site. The list of flora in different ecosystem is presented in

Table 16 and authenticated list is given in Annexure ( G-1 )

Table 16 : List of flora in the study area

Tree Family

Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae

Prosopis juliflora Fabaceae

Azadirachta indica Meliaceae

Ficus amplissima Moraceae

Aeschynemone indica Fabaceae

Bergia sp. Elatinaceae

Calamus rotang Arecaeae

Cyperus iria Cyperaceae

Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae

Impatiens sp. Balsaminaceae

Borassus flabellifer Arecaceae

Prosopis spicigera Fabaceae

Coccos nucifera Arecaceae (Palm family)

Suaeda maritime Chenopodiaceae

Artiplex repens Chenopodiaceae

Aeluropus lagopoides Poaceae

Ficus benghalensis Moraceae

Ficus religiosa Moraceae

Thespesia populnea Malvaceae

Netpunia oleracea Fabaceae

Nymphaea sp. Nymphacaceae

Panicum paludosum Poaceae

Schoenoplectus articolatus Cyperaceae

Sphearanthus Asteraceae

Scrub

Abrus prcatorus Fabaceae

Alloteropsis cimicina Poaceae

Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae

Atriplex repens Chenopodiaceae

Cressa cretica Convolvulaceae

Dactyloctenium aegyptium Liliopsida

Digitaria bicormis Poaceae

Enicostema axillare Gentianaceae

Fluggea leucopyrus Apoidea

Hemidesmus indicus Apocynaceae

Jasminum sessiliforum Oleaceae



Melanocenchris monoica Poaceae

Mukia maderaspatana Cucurbitaceae

Ochan obtusata Ochnaceae

Opuntia dilenii Cactaceae

Opuntia variegate Cactaceae

Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae

Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae

Prosopis juliflora Fabaceae

Rauvolfia tetraphylla Apocynaceae

Salvadora persica Salvadoraceae

Salvadora variegate Salvadoraceae

Sporobolus coromandelianus Poaceae

Wightania somnifera Solanaceae

Grass

Cynodon dactylon Poaceae

Chrysopogon fulvus Poaceae

Heteropogon contortus Poaceae

Mangroves

Avicennia officinalis Acanthaceae

Suaeda maretime Chenopodiaceae

Suaeda monoica Chenopodiaceae

Salichornia brachiata Amaranthaceae

Avicennia marina Acanthaceae

Rhizophor mukronata Rhizophoraceae

The agricultural crops grown in the study area are as follows:

Cholam Paddy

Coconut Sugarcane

Cotton Ground nut

Citrus Pulses

Banana Sapota

Pomegranate Papaya

Mango Guava and vine yards

The revenue generating plants of the study area are as follows:

Borassus flabellifer Handicraft and brush making

Agave sp. Making ropes and bags

Acacia nilotica and Acacia sp. Timber

Bombax malabaricum Plywood and match box

Tamarindius indica Yield of ripe tamarind

Fauna

The commonly found fauna in the study area are heron, crabs, cobra, hare, rat, fruit bats,

etc. The study area has good avian diversity due to sufficient food availability in the form of

crustaceans and small fish. The list of the avifauna observed during the field studies are

presented in Table 17 and authenticated list is given in Annexure ( G-2)

Table 17 : List of Avi Fauna observed during field study

Scientific Names Common Names

Aves

Himantopus himantopus Black winged Stilts

Actitis hypopleucos Sandpiper

Larus brumnnicephalus Brown headed Gull

Haliaeetus leucogastar White-bellied Fishing Eagle

Corvus splendens House Crow



Adreyola grayii Paddy Bird/Pond Heron

Phalacrocorax pygmeus Little Cormorant

Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant

Mycteria leucocephala Painted Storks

Hirundo smithii Wire-tailed Swallows

Recurvirostra avosetta Avocets

Charadrius hiaticula Common Ringed Plover

Anhinga melanogaster Darter

Passer domesticus House sparrow

Dicrurus macrocercus Black drongo

Neophron percnopterus Scavenger vulture

Haliastur Indus Brahminy kite

Alcedo atlhis Small blue kingfisher

Corcacias benghalensis Blue Jay/Indian Roller

Reptiles

Naja naja Cobra

Naja bungarus Cobra

Echis carinata Viper

Mammals

Macacus siricus Bonnet Monkey

Helogale parvula Mongoose

Felis chaus Jungle Cat

Vulpes Vulpes Fox

Sciurus Carolinensis Squirrel

Muss booduge Field Mouse

Cynopterus marginatus Bat

The list of species of arthopoda observed during the study period are as under:

Meloidogyne arenaria Root-knot Nematodes

Megascolex mauritia Earthworms

Scolopendra sp. Centipedes

Tulus sp. Millipedes

Gryllus sp. Cricket Nymphs

Holotrichia sp. Holotrichia grubs

Orcyctes rhinoceros Rhinoceros beetle

Phyllium sp. Leaf insect

3.5.2 Marine Ecology

The marine ecology was studied by “Institute for Ocean Management” of Anna University,

Chennai and CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University , Parangipettai.. Based on the

studies and reports MOEF has accorded environmental clearance and CRZ clearance for

establishing captive coal jetty , including out fall and intake structures for the cooling water

system , coal conveyor system , for the project vide MoEF Reference : F.No.11-48/2009--

IA.III dt. 06.06.2011..

Study of the existing biological status of a marine ecosystem is a pre-requisite for the

baseline data as well as for predicting the impacts of any developmental activities in the

coastal area. The biological productivity at primary level is utilized at the secondary and

tertiary level through energy transfer at different levels of the biological resource of a target



area from which changes due to human interference could be ascertained by comparing with

baseline data of the same area. Intensive aquatic biota investigation was carried out by

“Institute for Ocean Management” of Anna University, Chennai within the sea sector of study

area. A total of 15 locations were selected for the marine study and the same is shown in

Figure 9. The details of marine ecology is summarized in following paragraph. The

assessment of biota covers four major components viz. the microbes, phytoplankton,

zooplankton and benthos.



Figure 9 : Location of marine sampling station



Microbial Load

In the present survey, the population of Total Coliform varied from 68 to 136 MPN/100ml and

Faecal Coliform from 10 to 67 MPN/100ml. The values obtained from all the stations were

within permissible limits stipulated by CPCB (500 MPN/100ml).

Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton recorded from the 15 locations of the project site, comprised of 56 species

from four major groups namely:

Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)

Dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae)

Blue green algae (Cyanophyceae) and

Green algae (Chlorophyceae)

Total 56 species comprised the phytoplankton population in the sampling sites. Out of which

44 species belonged to Bacillariophyceae, 10 species of the Dinophyceae family and 1

species each represented the families Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae.

The overall percentage composition of phytoplankton for the 15 locations revealed that the

Bacillariophyceae was the dominant group (86%) followed by Dinophyceae (10%),

Cyanophyceae (3%) and Chlorophyceae (1%)

Zooplankton

Zooplankton recorded from the 15 locations of the project site, comprised of species from

groups / orders such as Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tintinnida, Copepoda, Sagittoida,

Mysidopsida, Larvaceae, eggs and larval forms.

Total 41 species were recorded from the study area. The percentage composition of

zooplankton for the 15 locations revealed that the Copepodes (57.23%) were the most

dominant group followed by eggs and larval forms (17.94%), Tintinnida (11.47%),

Foraminiferans (6.48%), Siphonophores (1.82%), Radiolarians (1.3%), Sagittoida (1.34%),

Mysidopsida (1.56%), and Larvaceae (0.82%).

Plankton Biomass

All the sampling sites were moderately rich in its biodiversity. The phytoplankton biomass

registered highest count of 49,163 cells/l in station 7 and lowest in station 14 (29940 cells/l).

Maximum biomass of zooplankton was recorded as 34,000 organisms/l in station 15 and

minimum of 10,421 organisms/l in station 1.



The diversity index calculated in the present study site for phytoplankton varies between

2.17 and 2.88 and zooplankton varies between 2.06 and 2.86.

Benthos:

The meiobenthic community from all the sites were dominated by copepod group

(Harpacticoids). Station 2 was observed to be rich in meiofauna and station 15 registered

low or poor faunal density.

Fish and Fisheries

The coastal water of the present site is rich in fishery resources. Status of the fish population

found in the sea area, covering 4 km coastline distance and from the shore to 2 km towards sea

side. The common fish species recorded in the study sites are Sardinella sp., Leiognathus sp.

Lutjnaus sp. Terapon sp., Sphyraena sp, Upenus sp., Scarus sp., Chaetodon sp., Acanthurus

sp., Lethrinus sp., Odonus sp., Siganus sp. Marine Environmental Survey report prepared by

CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University .

Fishery & fish landings in the nearby villages

The fishery villages in the study area are Alanthalai, Kulasekarappattinam, Amalinagar and

Manapadu. The details of registered crafts, Coastal villages as obtained from the Assistant

Director of Fisheries, Thoothukudi Dist is briefed below:

The No. of fishermen provided with identity cards are nearly 4000 and they are mainly

engaging FRP vallam (small boats).

Sl.

No.

Coastal Village (Distance in

km from project site)

Registered Crafts

Village wise, No. of

Identity Cards issued

No. of Mechanised

Fishing Boats

Operating

Wooden Vallam

FRP

Vallam

Wooden Cattamar

an

1. Amalinager(10) 187 42 850

2. Alanthalai(4) 122 54 1322

3. Kulasekara Pattinam(3)

31 16 181

4. Manapad (7) 8 259 23 1655

Total 4008



Details of Fish Species available in Thoothukudi District is given below:

1.

Trigger Fish 10.

Pomfret 19.

Lacturus 28. Half beak

2.

Goat Fish 11.

Sweet lips 20.

Shrimp 29. Tuna

3.

Acetes 12.

Red Snapper 21.

Lobster 30. Acanthocybium

4.

Anchovy 13.

Nemipterus 22.

Squid 31. Shark

5.

Ribbon fish 14.

Horse Mackeral

23. Seerfish 32. Ray

6.

Selleroides leptolepis

15. Mackerel

24. Barracuda 33. Crab

7.

Sciaenid 16.

Oilsardine 25.

Pig face bream

34. Lesser Sardine

8.

Cat Fish 17.

Sticklefish 26.

Leather Skin 35. Marine Cat Fish

9.

Sand Whiting

18. Gerres

27. Grouper 36. Cuttle

Fish

37.37.

Chirocentrus

Fish Production in the Thoothukudi District in recent years are as follows:

Sl.No. Year Quantity in tonnes

1. 2003-04 32910

2. 2004-05 28246

3. 2005-06 50190

4. 2006-07 44326

5. 2007-08 46359



3.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The impacts due to the proposed activities will be positive or negative depending upon the

developmental activities. To assess the anticipated impacts of the project and industrial

growth on the socio-economic aspects of people, it is necessary to study the existing socio-

economic status of the local population, which will be helpful for making efforts to further

improve the quality of life in the area under study. The socio-economic aspects of this study

include human settlements, demography, and social strata such as Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes and literacy levels besides infrastructure facilities available in the study

area. The economic aspects include occupational structure of workers.

The Baseline Demographic and Socio economic characteristics with regards to demography,

literacy and occupational status have been described based on the Primary Census

Abstract, 2001. The relevant details of the infrastructure facilities have also been gathered

from the Primary Census Abstract, 2001.

3.6.1 Demographic Aspects

The study area falls under 2 Taluka (Thiruchendur and Sathankulam) of Thoothukudi district.

There are total 19 villages present in the study area. The village wise demography of the

study area is given in Annexure ( C ) and same is summarized in Table 18 as per census

2001.

Table 18 : Summary of Socio-economic Details

Particulars Number

Total Population 94124

Total Scheduled Castes 8956

Total Scheduled Tribes 6

Others 85162

Total Literates 73165

3.6.2 Employment Pattern

Based on census data it is observed that around 33% of the population is available as main

workers. Employment pattern of the study area is presented in Table 19.



Table 19 : Employment Pattern of the Study Area

Particulars Number

Total Main Workers 30814

Total Marginal Workers 6372

Total Workers 37186

Total Non Workers 56938

Distribution of Main Workers

Cultivators 2328

House hold Labour 4613

Agricultural labour 4525

Non Agricultural labour 19348

INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES

Education Facilities

The primary schools are available in almost all the villages. Total 121 primary schools and

33 middle schools are there in study area. One arts college is available at Meignanapuram

and a industrial training school is available at Kulasekarappattinam. Other higher studies

facility is available at Thiruchendur Town.

Drinking Water Supply

Except Pudukkapathu village all other villages of the study area having adequate facilities for

tapping drinking water. Total 15 villages having Tap water facilities and rest of the villages

are facilitated with either Dug well, Tube well or Hand Pump.

Transport Facilities

All the 19 villages in the study area have Public transport facility. There is no railway facility

within the study area.

Cropping Pattern

The major crops in the study area are Cotton, Combu and Pulses. The discussion with local

people reveals that the lands were not used for agricultural purpose for the past 40 years.

Only vegetation found in proposed project site is Prosopis Juliflora with stunted growth.



CHAPTER 4 : ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION

MEASURES

4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS

This chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts of the proposed power

plant. The environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary.

Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly to the project and secondary impacts

are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and

changed pattern of social and economic activities by the proposed activities. Such

predictions are superimposed over the baseline status of environmental quality to derive the

ultimate (Operational Phase) scenario of environmental conditions. The impact due to

proposed power plant expansion on the environment can be classified in two phases.

During construction phase

During Operation phase

Various impacts during the construction phase and operation phase on the environmental

parameter have been studied to estimate the impact on environment.

4.2 IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

4.2.1 Impact on Air Quality

Sources of Air Emissions during Construction

The dust emissions associated with construction activities is likely to be generated from

loading and unloading, leveling, grading, earthwork, foundation works and other construction

related activities and wind erosion. Vehicular emissions are the major source of emissions

such as diesel-powered vehicles used in haulage of aggregates, earth and other

construction material. Air quality could also be affected by dust & particulate matter arising

due to site clearing, vehicular emissions, processing & handling of construction materials

Most of the construction dust will be generated from the movement of construction vehicles

on dirt roads. Loading and removal of spoil material will also be the potential source for dust

nuisance.

Mitigation Measures

The most direct and effective dust suppression measures are regular watering for the main

haul roads within site formation area. With the help of regular watering all over the exposed

area, at least once in two hours, a 50% reduction on the dust contribution from the exposed

surface can be reduced. Construction of drains, sewers and water mains will require



excavation of trenches. Laying these new infrastructures are likely to be conducted section

by section, thus the quantity of the excavated material which will help in reducing dust

nuisance. It is anticipated that excavated material will only be stockpiled on each local works

area or in dumping yard. The impact of such activities would be temporary and restricted to

the construction phase. Since electrical power is available near to plant site, attempts shall

be made to utilize the electrically powered machinery to the extent possible to minimize the

emissions of SO2 and NOx from vehicles during construction. Construction workers will be

provided with safety masks.

4.2.2 Noise Environnent

Impact on Noise Level

The major sources of noise during the construction phase are vehicular traffic, construction

equipment like dozers, scrapers, concrete mixers, cranes, pumps, compressors, pneumatic

tools, saws, vibrators etc. The operation of these equipments will generate noise ranging

between 85-90 dB (A) near the source. These noises will be generated within the plant

boundary and will be temporary in nature.

Noise Levels Mitigation

The noise control measures during construction phase include provision of caps on the

construction equipment and regular maintenance of the equipment. Equipments will be

maintained appropriately to keep the noise level within 85 dB(A). Wherever possible,

equipment will be provided with silencers and mufflers. High noise producing construction

activities will be restricted to day time only. Greenbelt will be developed from construction

stage. Further, workers working in high noise areas will be provided with necessary

protective devices e.g. ear plug, ear-muffs etc. Overall, the impact of generated noise on the

environment is likely to be insignificant, reversible and localized in nature and mainly

confined to the day hours.

4.2.3 Impact on Water Quality

Runoffs from the construction yards and worker camps are some of the factors, which could

affect the water environment. These runoffs if not properly collected, will affect the ecology of

the water bodies. Further there might be a possibility of formation of water ponds in low lying

area which can create an environment conducive to disease carrying vectors and also affect

the ground water quality. Considering the typical topographic features and the drainage

pattern inside the plant boundaries, necessary control techniques to restrict the runoffs will

be provided.



Impact on water quality during construction phase may be due to non-point discharges of the

sewage from the construction work force stationed at the proposed plant site. Septic tanks

followed by soak pits will be constructed to treat sewage water during construction phase.

The wastewater generated during the construction period will be from the sanitary units

provided for the workers. Hence, there will not be any impact on the water regime due to

discharge of treated wastewater.

During construction phase about 40 m3/ day of water is required. Estimating 40 liters per

head for 500 labourers is about 20 m3/day of water is required on temporary basis and about

20 m3/day of water will be required for dust suppression. The sewage generated will be

18 m3/day during construction phase, assuming 80% of total water quantity required for

domestic use. The overall impacts on water environment during construction phase due to

proposed activities likely to be short term and insignificant. The required water will be

sourced from Tamil Nadu Water Supply & Drainage Board.

Water Quality Mitigation Measures

The earth work (cutting and filling) will be avoided during rainy season and will be completed

during winter and summer seasons. Stone pitching on the slopes and construction of

concrete drains for storm water to minimize soil erosion in the area will be undertaken.

Settling pond is planned for storage and recycling of surface water for use in the plant area.

Also development of green belt in and around plant will be taken up during the monsoon

season. In-plant roads will be concreted. Soil binding and fast growing vegetation will be

grown within the plant premises to arrest the soil erosion. Toilets with septic tanks will be

constructed at site for workers.

4.2.4 Impact on Land Environment

Land use

Topography of the proposed site appears to be flat with level + 2.00 m AMSL and require

minimum filling. The filling material will be fly ash from Thoothukudi Thermal Power station of

TANGEDCO. The filling material will be transported by closed trucks through all weather

metalled road.

Preparatory activities like construction of access roads, temporary offices, quarters and

godowns, piling, storage of construction materials etc. will be confined within the project

area. These will not generally exercise any significant impact except altering the land use

pattern of the proposed site. There will be no impact on the adjoining land. No forestland is



involved. Therefore, impact will be negligible. However some of the temporary changes likely

to occur in the land use would be in the following areas.

Construction of temporary hutments

Pressure on land would increase due to additional ancillary industries and other

service stations to cater the additional load

Overall, there will not be any adverse impact on the surrounding land use during the

construction period.

Soil

This activity would involve clearing the site and further development into Land use units of

power house building, Boiler and auxiliaries, Cooling Tower, Pump house, raw water storage

tank, Utilities viz. DM plant and cooling tower, Ash handling system, Fuel storage & handling

system, and raw materials. It also comprises of construction of roads, laying of utility

pipelines (Water supply, effluent conveyance, storm water, telephone, power supply, etc)

Effluent treatment plant and other warehouse and storage facilities for hazardous wastes.

As the existing ground level of the study area is more or less flat terrain without major level

differences, it may not require any major excavation. The excavated material will be limited

and will be used for proposed site leveling and back filling.

4.2.5 Impact on Terrestrial Ecology

Sparse distribution with stunted growth of Prosopis juliflora is the only vegetation present

within the proposed project area. Hence during construction removal of vegetation will be

minimum.

Mitigation Measures Proposed for Land Environment

The following measures shall be adopted:

After completion of the construction phase, the surplus earth shall be utilized to fill up

the low lying areas, the rubble shall be cleared and all un-built surfaces will be

reinstated;

The top soil from the excavated areas shall be preserved in separate stacks for re-

use during the plantation;

Green belt development and related activities shall be taken up during the

construction phase itself so that plantation will grow to adequate height by the time of

commissioning of plant. Thus, green belt will be effective in containing the fugitive

emissions during operation.

Species selected for plantation shall be fast growing, adaptable to local conditions,

ability to combat localized pollution are the prime factor for their selection.



There shall be minimum concreting of the top surfaces so that there is a scope for

maximum ground water recharge due to rainfall

4.2.6 Impact on Solid Waste Generation

Construction waste will be generated during the construction activity such as site clearance,

site formation, building works, infrastructure provision and any other infrastructure activities

are predicted to generate solid waste. It consists mostly of inert and non-biodegradable

materials such as concrete, metal, wood, plastics etc.

In order to avoid any solid waste disposal problems effective solid waste management

systems for collection of waste in dust bins and reusing the construction waste shall be

proposed.

4.2.7 Impact on Socio-economic Environment

Impact on Socio-Economic Status

The impact on socio-economic environment during the construction phase will be due to

migrant workers, worker camps, induced development etc. There will be impact on the

existing infrastructure facilities in the surrounding villages. The impact of the proposed plant

on socio economic conditions of the study area is as follows.

Increase of floating population.

Increase in demand of services includes hotels, lodges, public transport (including

taxis), etc.

Economic upliftment of the area.

Raising of Home rents and land prices and increase in Labor rates.

Rapid growth of service sector will result in increase of incomes in the area.

Beneficiation of the civil construction and transportation companies

Expanding of services like retail shops, banks, automobile workshops, school, health

care, etc.

The local population will have employment opportunities in related service activities

like petty commercial establishments, small contracts/sub-contracts and supply of

construction materials for buildings and ancillary infrastructures etc. consequently,

this will contribute to economic upliftment of the area.

Normally, the construction activity will benefit the local populace in a number of ways,

which include the requirement of construction labours skilled, semi-skilled and un-

skilled, tertiary sector employment and provision of goods and services for daily



needs including transport. In line with the above, some more recommendations are

given below:

Local people shall be given preference for employment;

All the applicable guidelines under the relevant Acts and Rules related to labour

welfare and safety shall be implemented during the construction work;

The contractor shall be advised to provide fire wood/kerosene/LPG to the workers to

prevent damage to trees; and

The construction site shall be secured with fencing and shall have guarded entry

points.

4.2.8 Storage of Hazardous Material

The hazardous materials used during construction may include petrol, diesel, welding gas

and paints. These materials shall be stored and handled carefully under applicable safety

guidelines. Some of the precautions of storage include the following:

Dyke enclosures shall be provided so as to contain complete contents of the largest

tank;

Diesel and other fuels shall be stored in separate dyke enclosures;

Tanks having a diameter of more than 30-m shall be separated by fire insulating

walls from other storage tanks; and

The distance between the storage tanks shall be at least half their height.

4.2.7 Facilities to be provided by the Labour Contractor

The contractor shall be asked to provide following facilities to construction work force:

First Aid

At work place, first aid facilities shall be maintained at a readily accessible place where

necessary appliances including sterilized cotton wool etc. shall be available. Ambulance

facilities shall be kept readily available at workplace to take injured person to the nearest

hospital.

Potable Water

Sufficient supply of cold water fit for drinking shall be provided at suitable places.

Sanitary Facility

Latrines and urinals shall be provided at accessible place within the work zone. These shall

be cleaned at least twice during working hours and kept in a good sanitary condition. The

contractor shall conform to requirement of local medical and health authorities at all times.

Canteen

A canteen on a moderate scale shall be provided for the benefit of workers.



Security

TANGEDCO shall provide necessary security to work force in co-ordination with State

authorities.

4.3 IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE

During the Operation Phase the establishment of the plant results in emissions and

generation of solid waste. The impacts during operational phase are listed as under:

Environmental Components Impact

Air emissions Impact on air quality due to increase in dust levels

Impact on flora and fauna,

Impact on to soil and groundwater

Water Pollution Impact to soil and groundwater

Noise emissions Affects community noise environment of the region

due to increase in day-night equivalent noise levels

Solid Waste Affects the ground water quality

Fugitive emissions due to stored fly ash

4.3.1 Impact on Air Quality

The proposed project is a coal-based supercritical Thermal Power Plant comprising of two

units capable of generating 2x800 MW. The major source of pollution from proposed power

plant is emissions from chimney. The basic fuel proposed to burn is imported coal with ash

content 8%. Coal requirement for the proposed project is 590 TPH. The important air

pollutants generated from thermal power plant are Particulate Matter (PM), Sulphur dioxide

(SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX).

Emission Details

Air quality modeling has been carried out considering following parameters:

Use of 100% imported coal.

Usage of Furnace Oil per day

NOX generation at the rate of 300 nano grams per joule of heat input.



The details of fuel used in proposed power plant.

Requirement of 100% Imported Coal @ 85% PLF 14160 TPD or 590 TPH

Sulphur content in Imported coal from Indonesia 0.6 %

Major sources of air pollution are boilers, crushers and stockpiles. Fugitive dust emissions

are also inevitable from Raw Material Handling System and the packaging and

transportation sections. The flue gases from power plant boilers pass through Electrostatic

precipitators. It will be ensured that the SPM levels do not exceed 50mg/Nm3 . As

recommended by EAC/MoEF..

Particulate Matter

From outlet of the ESP maximum of 0.11% of the dust will be emitted into atmosphere. The

total particulate matter in the emission from each flue is estimated as 35.06 gm/sec.

Sulphur dioxide

Sulphur dioxide emission from the boiler is due to burning of blended coal containing

average sulphur content of about 0.6%. TANGEDCO has proposed 275 m height stack for

dispersion of SO2. Based on the sulphur content the total emission rate of SO2 from each the

flue is estimated to be about 983.34 gm/sec.

Oxides of Nitrogen

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are formed during combustion process. Formation of NOx will be

controlled using low NOx burners. The total emission rate of Oxides of Nitrogen from the

power plant is estimated to be about 1236.09 gm/sec.

Stack Heights

Stack heights are recommended for different power generation capacities to control SO2

through dispersion as per MOEF, GOI Notification GSR No 742(E). As per this notification,

stack height of 275 m will be provided for this unit. The AAI has approved for the stack

height of 275m in letter dt.25.08.2008.( Attachment no 3 of Annexure II)



The ESPs for this unit will be designed to 50 mg/Nm3 .

Simulation Model for Prediction using Industrial Source Complex AERMOD View

Model.

The pollutants released into the atmosphere will disperse in the down wind direction

and finally reach the ground at farther distance from the source. The ground level

concentrations mainly depends upon the strength of the emission source and

micrometeorological conditions of the study area.

In order to estimate the ground level concentrations due to the emission from the

proposed power plant, EPA approved Industrial Source Complex AERMOD View

dispersion Model. The model provides for option wide range of sources that are

present at a typical industrial source complex. The model considered the sources

and receptors in undulated terrain as well as plain terrain and combination of both.

The basis of the model is the straight line steady state Gaussian Plume Equation,

with modifications to model simple point source emissions from stacks, emissions

from stack that experience the effect of aerodynamic down wash due to nearby

buildings, isolated vents, multiple vents, storage piles etc.

Meteorological Data

The meteorological data recorded at the proposed plant site during the study period has

been processed to extract the data required for simulation.

Application

Industrial source complex short-term dispersion model with the following options has been

employed to predict the cumulative ground level concentrations due to the proposed

emissions.

Area will be industrial, hence industrial dispersion parameters are considered

Predictions have been carried out to estimate concentration values over radial

distance of 10 km around the sources

A combination of Cartesian and Polar receptor network has been considered

Emission rates from the sources were considered as constant during the entire

period

The ground level concentrations computed were as is basis without any

consideration of decay coefficient

Calm winds recorded during the study period were also taken into consideration



Hourly micro meteorological data extracted from the meteorological data collected

during the study period as per guidelines of IMD and MOE&F has been employed to

compute the mean ground level concentrations to study the impact on study area

An option for creation of data file giving average ground level concentrations for the

mean meteorological data of April, May and June 2012 has been used for AERMET

processing.

Inputs Used for Model

The inputs used to run ISC AERMOD View model are stack details, Emission details, and

hourly micro meteorological data. The details of stack emissions are presented in Table 20.

Table 20 : Details of Stack Emissions

As per Environmental

Clearance recommended by EAC

Environmental Clearance now requested for the proposed fuel of 100%

imported coal

Blended Coal Imported Coal

No. Of units 2 2

Coal Consumption (t/hr/unit)

347 295

Sulphur content (%) 0.48 0.6

No of Flues in the stack

2 2

Height of stack, m 275 275

Diameter of each flue(m)

8.5 8.5

Temperature of flue gas (oC)

140 140

Velocity of flue gas (m/s)

22.0 22.0

Particulate matter at outlet of ESP (gm/sec/flue)

(based on 50 mg/Nm3 at outlet)

35.06 35.06

Sulphur dioxide emission (gm/sec/flue)

925.34 983.34

Oxides of Nitrogen (gm/sec/flue)

1294.04 1236.09



Prediction of Ground Level Concentration

The Predicted maximum Ground level concentration of 24 Hour average PM10, SO2 and NOx

concentrations are 0.38 μg/m3, 10.66 μg/m3 and 13.48 μg/m3 respectively occurring at the

distance of 1.5 Km from the plant site towards west direction.

Post Project Scenario

Predicted maximum ground level concentrations considering 24 hour mean meteorological

data of summer season are superimposed on the maximum baseline concentrations

obtained during the study period to estimate the post project scenario, which would prevail at

the post operational phase. The overall post project scenario of predicted ground level

concentration in respect of PM10, SO2 and NOx are presented in the Table 21 isopleths are

shown in the Figure 10 to 12.

Table 21 : Post Project Scenario of GLC of PM10, SO2 and NOx

GLCs Computed as per

Meteorological data given in

Final EIA Report for blended

coal based on which EAC

recommended EC

Environmental Clearance

now requested for 100%

imported coal

( Based on 2012 data )

Blended Coal Imported Coal

SPM SO2 NOX PM10 SO2 NOX

Baseline Scenario

(max) 136 12.6 18.5 67.6 15.2 18.3

Predicted Ground level

Concentration (Max) 1.85 47.61 14.76 0.38 10.66 13.48

Overall Scenario (worst

case) 137.85 60.21 33.26 67.98 25.86 31.78

NAAQ standard for

rural and residential

areas (2009)

200

(1994) 80 80 100 80 80

4.3.2 Impact on Noise Levels

Any industrial complex in general consists of several sources of noise in clusters or single. In

order to predict ambient noise levels at various sensitive areas from the proposed power

plant, Sound wave propagative modeling has been done.



The sound pressure level generated by noise sources decreases with increasing distance

from the source due to wave divergence. For hemispherical sound wave propagation

through homogenous loss free medium, noise levels can be estimated at various locations

due to different sources of proposed expansion plant as per the following equation:

Lp2 = Lp1 – 20Log(r2/r1) (1)

Where Lp2 and Lp1 are Sound Pressure Levels (SPLs) at points located at distances r2

and r1 from the source. The combined effect of all the sources then can be determined

at various locations by the following equation.

Lp(Total)=10Log(10(Lp1/10)+10(Lp2/10)+10(Lp3/10)+……..) (2)

Where, Lp1, Lp2, Lp3 are noise pressure levels at a point due to different sources.

Input for the Model

Noise levels are mainly generated from coal mills, turbine, boilers, generators, pumps and

cooling towers in the proposed power plant. Various equipments like Turbine, Generator,

Boilers feed pump, Condensate, Coal mill, Cooling Tower and ID & FD Fans would be

designed to 85 dB (A). The Input Noise Levels considered for modeling are in the event of

failure of protections systems are as follows.

Input Noise Levels for Modeling

Sr. No Name Of The Source Noise Levels, dB(A)

1 Crusher Unit 85

2 ID & FD Fans 85

3 Boilers feed pump 85

4 Turbine 85

5 Generator 85

6 Cooling Tower 80

The predicted noise levels along the plant boundary due to various sources from the

proposed expansion plant would be below 50 dB(A).

Observation

The operators, workers and other personnel working near noise generating sources within

the plant, however, will be provided with protective measures in the form of ear muffs/ear

plugs etc. Reduction in noise levels in the high noise machinery areas would be achieved by

adoption of suitable preventive measures (sound barriers, use of enclosures with suitable

absorption material, etc). In addition to this, the entire open area and plant boundary shall be



provided with adequate green belt to diffuse the noise dispersion. Therefore impact due to

the proposed project will be marginal.

Mitigation Measures

The ambient noise levels in the region are within permissible limits and are proposed to be

within the permissible limits even after commissioning of the proposed facilities.

The noise levels stipulated by MoEF and/or Pollution Control Board at any point of time will

not exceed the stipulated standards. The equipments will have inbuilt noise control devices.

The measured noise level produced by any equipment will not exceed 85 dB(A) at a

distance of 1.0-m from its boundary in any direction under any load condition. The noise

produced in valves and piping associated with handling compressible and incompressible

fluids will be attenuated to 75 dB(A) at a distance of 1.0 m from the source by the use of low

noise trims, baffle plate silencers/line silencers, acoustic lagging (insulation), thick-walled

pipe work as and where necessary. The general mitigation for the attenuation of the noise

are given below:

Noise Attenuation Measures

Noise level can be reduced by stopping leakages from various steam lines, compressed air

lines and other high pressure equipment

By providing padding at various locations to avoid rattling due to vibration

By adopting new technologies for control of noise in various units

Encasement of noise generating equipment where otherwise noise cannot be

controlled

Providing noise proof cabins to operators where remote control for operating noise

generating equipment is feasible.

The air compressor, process air blower, pneumatic valves should be provided with

acoustic enclosure;

In all the design/installation precautions are taken as specified by the manufacturers

with respect to noise control shall be strictly adhered to;

High noise generating sources shall be insulated adequately by providing suitable

enclosures;

Design and layout of building to minimize transmission of noise, segregation of

particular items of plant and to avoid reverberant areas;

Use of lagging with attenuation properties on plant components / installation of sound

attenuation panels around the equipment



The noise control system will be designed to form an integral part of the plant;

Other than the regular maintenance of the various equipment, ear plugs/muffs are

recommended for the personnel working close to the noise generating units;

All the openings like covers, partitions shall be designed properly; and

Inlet and outlet mufflers shall be provided which are easy to design and construct.

All rotating items will be well lubricated and provided with enclosures as far as

possible to reduce noise transmission. Extensive vibration monitoring system is being

provided to check and reduce vibrations. Vibration isolators are being provided to

reduce vibration and noise wherever possible;

The insulation provided for prevention of loss of heat and personnel safety will also

act as noise reducers.

4.3.3 Impact on Water Quality

Surface Water

The estimated water requirement for the proposed power plant is about 3,30,960m3/day

(13,790m3/h). Water drawn from the Bay of Bengal is subjected to Desalination and used for

various systems.

Out of 11220m3/day of desalinated water 480m3/day of wastewater will be generated from

RO. This 480 m3/day of treated effluent will be used for greenbelt development. The treated

water quantity will be used for dust suppression and the excess will be discharged to Sea

after attaining the statutory standards. Since final discharge is meeting the effluent discharge

standards adverse impact on water environment is not proposed. Treatment methods of

waste water to be generated from different systems are presented in Table 22.

Table 22 ; Sources of Wastewater and effluent treatment methods proposed

Source of Wastewater Treatment Method

Filtration plant back wash The sea water filtration plant filters is periodically backwashed with filtered sea water.

DM plant regeneration waste

The generation of the DM plant will be carried with 33% HCL and 48% NaOH solution and the effluents will be let in to the neutralizing pit

Sanitary waste from plant toilets

The sewage from the plant will be conveyed through closed drains to septic tanks then effluent will be treated in the ETP and used for gardening purpose.

Miscellaneous plant service water

This will be conveyed to closed drains to the gourd pond.

Fuel oil storage and handling area runoff

The effluents will be collected in a pit and oil will be removed in oil separation unit then it will let into the ETP

Dust suppression / extraction system runoff

The dust extraction system runoff water will be let into the guard pond and after settling down the water will be allowed in to the ash water tanks.

Coal pile area runoff The Coal pile area runoff water will be let off into a guard pond



Source of Wastewater Treatment Method

and after settling down the clear water will be allowed to flow into the ash water tank.

Ash pond effluent The ash recovery water from the ash pond will be recycled in Ash Handling Plant

Wastewater Generation

The wastewater generated from different process units are Cooling Tower Blow Down,

Domestic waste, RO Plant and Ash Handling System. The generation of wastewater and

mode of disposal is presented in Table 23. The wastewater characteristics from different

units of power plant are presented in Table 24 and characteristics of final effluent discharge

are presented in Table 25.

Table 23 : Consolidated Wastewater Generation and Mode of Disposal

S.

No Description

Wastewater

Generation (m3/d) Disposal Treatment

1 CW Blow Down 213900 To Sea Dilution

2 RO Plant 480

(including sludge)

For Green belt

development and dust

suppression control

ETP

3 Domestic waste

water 8

Reused for Green belt

development STP

Total 2,14,388

Table 24 : Wastewater characteristics of different units of power plant

Parameter

Filtration

Plant Back

wash

DM plant

Regeneration

Waste

CT Blow

Down

Other

sources

Sanitary

waste

pH 8.0 - 8.3 6.0 – 10.5 8.0 – 8.3 8.0-8.5 6.5 – 7.0

Oil & Grease(mg/l) Nil - Nil <12 <12

TSS (mg/l) 500 – 550 20 – 30 <2 10-20 150 – 200

TDS (mg/l) 450 3000 – 3500 1500-1750 350 –375 400 – 450

COD(mg/l) - <25 <5 <5 300 – 400

BOD(mg/l) - <2 <1 <2 200 – 275

Temperature - - <5C above

raw water - -



Free available

chlorine - - <0.5 - -

Phosphates - - <5.0 - -

Table 25 : Characteristics Final Effluent Discharged

S. No Parameter Value

1 pH 7.0 – 8.5

2 Oil & Grease (mg/l) <10

3 TSS (mg/l) <20

4 TDS (mg/l) <2100

5 COD (mg/l) <250

6 BOD (mg/l) <30

7 Temperature, DegoC Not exceeding 5C above the receiving water temperature

8 Free available chlorine <0.5

9 Phosphates <5.0

Mathematical Modeling Study For Intake And Outfall Of Water

Mathematical modeling study of the intake and outfall of cooling water system of Udangudi

Super Critical Thermal Power Plant at Udangudi, Thoothukudi dist., Tamilnadu has been

carried out by National Institute of Oceanography (Council of Scientific & Industrial

Research) Dona Paula - 403 004 Goa . Based on the report MoEF has accorded

Environmental Clearance and CRZ clearance for establishing captive coal jetty , including

out fall and intake points for the cooling water system , coal conveyor system , for the

project vide MoEF Reference : F.No.11-48/2009--IA.III dt. 06.06.2011..

The outfall/intake pipeline corridor considered for this study extends to the sea up to 2.05 km

offshore, normal to the coast line. The pipeline will travel offshore along the sea bed region,

and the impacts if any will be associated with laying of the pipelines onshore and offshore

areas only. Though the temperature of the discharge will be same as the ambient sea water

temperature, as an extreme case an outfall temperature of +50C above ambient temperature

is considered with a source salinity of 50 PSU and maximum flow rate of 9,000 m3/h.

The warm/saline water discharge reached ambient temperature within 200 m from the

chosen discharge location. Hence there will not be any changes in the water quality in the

coastal environment. Model results suggest that there is no re-circulation of warm water

discharged from the outfall area into the intake point during the entire simulation period

which represents spring tide, neap tide, calm periods as well as high salinity and high



temperature events. The model results show that the average increases in temperature is

1.46oC at the outfall point situated at 1.06km from shore , and under the prevailing currents,

the plume advects northeastward and the temperature increase is confined to an area of 200

sq.m around the outfall location. Also salinity plume advects northeastwards under the

prevailing currents, and average increase in salinity is about of 4.82 PSU around the outfall

point. Therefore the outfall location situated at 1.06 km from the shore is recommended for

release of the warm water discharge. Also the intake point which is located at 2.05 km will be

suitable as there is no recirculation of the warm water from the outfall and this location has

sufficient depth (-5.40m).

Ground Water

The effluents after treatment will be routed to guard pond before it is reused for green belt

and dust suppression purposes. The Guard pond is made of plain cement concrete to make

impermeable bottom surface. No wastewater will be discharged outside the plant boundary.

4.3.4 Impact of Solid Waste

Solid wastes that will be generated during the Operation phase mainly are:

Fly ash

Bottom Ash

Burning of 14160 TPD of imported coal in the proposed power plant will result in ash

generation (8%) of about 1132.8 TPD. Fly Ash quantity would be around 906.24 TPD and

bottom ash would be around 226.56 TPD. Fly ash and bottom ash would be collected in dry

form and stored in the silos and used in cement plant and for manufacturing other

construction materials like paver blocks, hollow / solid blocks, mosaic tiles, bricks etc. An ash

dyke is provided for dumping ash in emergency conditions. The ash pond will be lined with

appropriate geo-textiles so as to prevent any leakage of ash water into the ground. The

details will be finalized during engineering and construction. The Septic tank sludge around

110 kg/d will be used as manure for development of greenbelt. The details of the solid waste

generated from proposed power plant are presented in Table 26.



Table 26 : Details of Solid Waste Generation

Fly Ash

Fly ash collected in the ESPs will be stored in the silos in dry form through Vacuum &

Pressure system. This will be used in cement industries etc. Capacity of the silos will be one

day ash generation

Bottom Ash

Bottom ash will be collected in hydro bins and used for mine fill, brick units etc.

Entire fly ash and bottom ash will be used for cement manufacture, mine fill, bricks etc. No

ash pond is proposed for ash storage. Hence impact on environment will be negligible.

4.3.5 Impact on Ecology

High efficiency ESPs are proposed to control particulate emissions. ETP with recycling

arrangement is provided to control water pollution. Cooling Towers will be proposed to

prevent thermal pollution. Adequate greenbelt will be developed. Hence impact on ecology

will be limited. The impact of the thermal discharge on the marine ecology for the proposed

plants has been studied by National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), GOA and it is

recommended that there will not be any adverse impact on the marine biology.

Based on the NIO, GOA results report it is proposed to draw sea water for condenser

cooling purposes from deep sea directly (Bay of Bengal) by sinking an infiltration well for the

proposed plant under gravity up to the fore bay. The coolant water from the proposed plant

will be returned to sea through submarine Conduit 360m from the high tide line, where as the

intake point will be located at 1600m away from the HTL. The model studies were already

conducted by NIO, GOA considering the impact of the discharge into sea and recommended

Proposal for which EAC

recommended ( 01.05.2010)

Proposal now seeking approval

Blended Coal 2x800 MW

Imported Coal 2x800 MW

TONNES/DAY

MTPA

TONNES/DAY

MTPA

Coal consumption 16656 5.157 14160 4.39

Total Ash 2864.8 1.7951 (17.2%)

1132.80 0.3073 (8%)

Fly Ash (@80%) 2291.84 1.43608 906.24 0.28096

Bottom Ash (@20%) 572.96 0.35902 226.56 0.07024



the above location in their report. As per NIO report the temperature increase is confined to

an area of 200m2 around the outfall location. In addition a study of impact on marine

ecology has been carried out by Institute of Ocean Management of Anna University and

Centre for Advance Study (CAS) of Annamalai University . As per CAS report the outfall

area is not seems to be neither spawning ground nor breeding ground of fishes. Based on

the reports MoEF has accorded Environmental Clearance and CRZ clearance for

establishing captive coal jetty , including out fall and intake points for the cooling water

system , coal conveyor system , for the project vide MoEF Reference : F.No.11-48/2009--

IA.III dt. 06.06.2011..

4.3.6 Impact on Socio-economic Environment

Around 50 trucks trips are anticipated for the disposal of fly ash, which will be an additional

traffic load on the existing Thiruchendur – Kulasekarappattinam road. The impacts of the

proposed power plant during operational phase on demography and socio economic

condition of the study area is as follows.

Increase in direct employment opportunities of about 550 and indirect opportunity of

more than 1000 and reduction in migration outside for employment

Increase in literacy rate

Growth in service sectors

Increase in consumer prices of indigenous produce and services, land prices, house

rent rates and labour prices

Improvement in socio cultural environment of the study area

Improvement in transport, communication, health and educational services

Increase in employment due to increased business, trade commerce and service

sector

The overall impact on the socio economic environment will be beneficial

4.3.7 Impact on Health

Adequate air pollution, water and noise control measures will be provided in proposed

power plant to conform regulatory standards. The environmental management and

emergency preparedness plans are proposed to ensure that the probability of undesired

events and consequences are greatly reduced, and adequate mitigation is provided in case

of an emergency. Mobile dispensary facilities/health camps will be organized by the

proponent in the surrounding villages. The overall impact on Human health is negligible

during operation of power plant.



4.4 Summary Of The Impact

The overall impacts due to the proposed power plant has been summarized below.

S. No Environmental Component

Project Activity Impact Severity of

Impact

1

Topography

Site Clearance

Designated area is available for the proposed project

Negligible

Construction activities

Topographic look will change slightly but represents the areas land use pattern

Negligible

Operation activities

Topography look will change. The available free land is utilized.

Negligible

2

Air Quality

Site Clearance

Excavation and levelling activities will generate fugitive emissions causing air pollution

Minimal


Excavation and levelling activities will generate fugitive emissions causing air pollution

Minimal

Transportation

Vehicular and fugitive emissions

Minimal

3

Noise


Noise will be generated from loading and unloading of materials

Minimal


Continuous noise due to operations but confined within the site

Minimal

Transportation

Increase in noise levels due to vehicular traffic

Minimal

4

Water Resources


Construction water will be drawn from TWAD source.

Minimal


Sea Water – Desalination - water will be treated and partly disposed and rest reused.

Minimal

5

Water Pollution


There will be wastewater from the construction and sanitation

Minimal


Effluent generated from the process is treated and reused.

Minimal

6

Ecology

Site Clearance

There will not be major disturbance to flora fauna

Minimal


There will not be major disturbance as proposed plant is within existing premises.

Minimal


There will not be major disturbance to flora fauna

Minimal

7

Soil Characteristics


Excavation and levelling activities will generate fugitive emissions

Minimal


No changes are anticipated in this phase

Minimal



S. No Environmental Component

Project Activity Impact Severity of

Impact

8

Land Use


The project will be coming up on a barren land within the premises of existing plant site.

Minimal


The project will be coming up on a barren land within the premises of existing plant site.

Minimal

9

Socio-economics


Creation of additional jobs/ businesses

Significant


Rise in per capita income in the close vicinity due to opportunities

Significant

10

Civic Amenities


Built up of temporary structures for workers and non-workers

Moderate


Availability of permanent structures for workers, non-workers

Moderate

11

Occupational Health


Dusty conditions during summer with vehicular movement

Minimal


Process specific activities, heat and emission protective control measures followed

Minimal

12

Vibrations


Heavy equipment usage is temporary with proper mitigative measures

Minimal


Continuous usage of machinery with proper mitigative measures

Minimal

13

Solid/ Hazardous

waste


General construction waste will be disposed off in designated sites

Minimal


Fly ash will be issued for the production of construction materials like cement, bricks, hollow/solid blocks, mosaic tiles etc.

Minimal



CHAPTER 5 : ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

5.1 POST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

The environmental monitoring is important to assess performance of pollution control

equipment installed at the project site. The sampling and analysis of environmental attributes

including monitoring locations will be as per the guidelines of the Central Pollution Control

Board/ State Pollution Control Board.

The proposed project is free from any litigation. Environmental monitoring will be conducted

on regular basis by TANGEDCO to assess the pollution level in the plant as well in the

surrounding area. Therefore, regular monitoring program of the environmental parameters is

essential to take into account the changes in the environment. The objective of monitoring is

To verify the result of the impact assessment study in particular with regards to new

developments;

To follow the trend of parameters which have been identified as critical;

To check or assess the efficacy of the controlling measures;

To ensure that new parameters, other than those identified in the impact assessment

study, do not become critical through the commissioning of new installations or

through the modification in the operation of existing facilities;

To check assumptions made with regard to the development and to detect deviations

in order to initiate necessary measures; and

To establish a database for future Impact Assessment Studies for new projects.

The attributes, which merit regular monitoring, are specified underneath:

Air quality;

Water and wastewater quality;

Noise levels;

Soil quality;

Ecological preservation and afforestation; and

Socio Economic aspects and community development

The post project monitoring to be carried out at the industry level is discussed below:



5.2 MONITORING AND REPORTING PROCEDURE DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE

Regular monitoring of important and crucial environmental parameters is of immense

importance to assess the status of environment during plant operation. With the knowledge

of baseline conditions, the monitoring program can serve as an indicator for any

deterioration in environmental conditions due to operation of the plant and suitable mitigatory

steps could be taken in time to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is as important as that

of control of pollution since the efficiency of control measures can only be determined by

monitoring. The following routine monitoring program would therefore be implemented. The

monitoring schedule for the environmental parameters is suggested in Table 27.

Table 27 : Monitoring Schedule for Environmental Parameters

Source Location Parameters to be

monitored Freque

ncy Responsibili

ty

Meteorology At the project site

Wind speed, direction, temperature, relative humidity rainfall

Hourly TANGEDCO

Ambient Air Quality

Within plant and surrounding 10km radial zone.

PM10, SO2 , NOx Monthly TANGEDCO

Water Quality

Within the plant and surrounding 10km radial zone for both Surface Water as well as Ground Water

As per IS: 10500 Monthly

TANGEDCO

Noise Levels Within the plant and surrounding 10km radial zone.

Noise levels Monthly TANGEDCO

Soil quality Within the plant and 10 km radial zone

Soil parameters Monthly TANGEDCO

Boilers Individual Plants Particulate matter, SO2, NOx

Monthly TANGEDCO

Wastewater Inlet and outlet of ETP Ash Pond Steam–Generator Blow down Cooling Tower

pH, TDS, COD, SS and others specified time to time pH, SS, Oil & Grease, Chromium, Zinc, Ni etc pH, SS, Oil, Grease, Cu, Iron Phosphates

Monthly Weekly Weekly Weekly

TANGEDCO



5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

The plant will have an in-house environmental laboratory for the routine monitoring of air,

water, soil and noise. The outside agencies can also be hired for some specific analysis of

the different parameters. The following equipments are recommended to the project

proponent for implementing the post project environmental monitoring programme.

Sr. No. Name of the Equipment Nos.

1 Automatic Weather Station, which can record wind speed, wind

direction temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, Solar radiation

Sunshine

1

Online Automatic gaseous stack monitoring kit for SO2, NOx, O2, Flue

gas volume, Temperature etc.

On line dust monitor

1

2 Respirable Dust Samplers 5

3 Portable Flue Gas Combustion Analyser 1

4 Bomb Calorimeter for analyzing sulphur content, calorific value etc. 1

5 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer 1

6 Mercury analyzer 1

7 Portable Noise level meter (Dosimeter) 2

8 Portable Waste Water Analysis Kit 1

9 BOD Incubator 1

10 COD Digester with colorimeter 2

11 Electronic Balance 1

12 Colorimeter 1

13 Conductivity Meter 2

14 Different micron sieves (set) 1 set

15 Dissolved Oxygen Meter – Brief case size 2

16 Electronic colony counter 1

17 Flask Shaker 1

18 Hot Air Oven 2

19 Laboratory Water Distillation and demineralisation (DM) unit 2



5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CELL

A separate environmental management cell will be established to implement the

management plan. The group will be headed by a Chief Engineer (O & M). The group will

ensure the suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the Environment Management

Program. The functions of Environmental Management Cell will be as follows:

Obtaining consent order from State Pollution Control Board.

Environmental monitoring, like collection and analysis of air, water and soil samples.

Analysis of environmental data, reports, preparations and transmission of report to

statutory authorities, Corporate Centre etc.

Implementing the control and protective measures.

Collecting statistics of health of workers and population of the surrounding villages.

Green belt development.

Co-ordinate with statutory bodies, functional groups of the station, head office etc.

Interactions for evolving and implementation of modification programs to improve the

availability/ efficiency of pollution control devices / systems.

Environmental Appraisal (Internal) and Environmental Audit.

One Executive Engineer (Environment) will be directly responsible for Environmental

Management of the proposed station and report to the Chief Engineer (O&M), head of the

plant. The Executive Engineer (Environment) with more than 10 years of experience in the

Environmental Management will be entrusted the Environmental Management of the station.



Figure 13: Organizational Setup of Environmental Management

5.5 BUDGETARY PROVISION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Table 28 : Cost provision for Environmental Mitigation Measures

Sl.

No Particulars

Capital Cost

(Rs. in Crores)

Recurring Cost

(Rs. in Crores)

1

Air

i) ESP

ii) Dust Suppression system for coal handling

60.00

3.00

12.00

0.60

2 RCC Chimney 60.00 6.00

3 Cooling towers 60.00 6.00

4 Bottom ash and fly ash collection, storage

and disposal system 160.00 16.00

5 ETP & STP 3.00 0.20

6 Greenbelt development 1.00 0.50

7 Pollution monitoring instrument / equipment 3.00 0.20

8 Others (Socioeconomic development) 37.00 7.30

Total 393.00 48.80

Cost provisions are made in Detailed Project Report to implement above environmental

mitigation measures.

CHIEF ENGINEER (O&M)

EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (ENVIRONMENT)

AEE (ENVT.) SR.CHEMIST AEE/ASH UTILISATION

ASST. ENGINEER (ENVT) CHEMIST ASST. ENGINEER

SUPPORTING STAFF LAB ASSISTANTS SUPPORTING STAFF

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GROUP

ASH UTILISATION GROUP

ENV. CHEMISTRY GROUP



CHAPTER 6 : RISK ASSESSMENT & MITIGATION MEASURES

It is imperative to conduct risk analysis for all the projects where hazardous materials, either

raw material of the product are handled. The risk assessment is carried out here as a few

hazardous materials will be handled in the Udangudi Supercritical Thermal Power Project of

M/s TANGEDCO.

6.1 METHODOLOGY

The Risk Analysis Study carried out under the following task heads:

System Study

The system description covers the plant description, storage & handling of fuels / chemicals,

etc.

Hazard Identification

The hazards associated with the proposed Power Plant have been discussed in terms of

material & process hazards.

Frequency of Hazard Occurrence

Based on the available international statistics and in-house risk database, the frequencies of

occurrence for the different accident scenarios were determined. The frequencies derived

from the historical database have been checked with the possible hazard scenario identified

during hazard identification.

Consequence Analysis

Based on the identified hazards, accident scenarios and the frequency of occurrence,

consequence modeling was carried out for calculating the spreading distances (zone of

influence) or risk distance for Pool fires and Explosions etc.

Risk Reducing Measures

Necessary risk reducing measures have been suggested based on the consequence

scenarios.



6.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ANALYSIS

The main hazard potentials in the proposed Power Plant Facility are categorized as below:

Material Hazard

High Speed Diesel (HSD), Light Diesel Oil (LDO), and Petrol used as an auxiliary fuel, which

is inflammable. In addition to that, the raw material used in Power plant is Coal. The propose

storage facilities are as follows:

Fuel Tank No. of tanks Capacity m3

Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) 1 5000

Light Diesel Oil (LDO) 1 1000

OF, HFO, and LDO is inflammable. Some of the important properties indicating the

hazardous nature of the chemicals are given as follows:

Chemical

Flash

point °C

Auto Ignition

(°C)

Flammability Boiling

point °C

TLV

ppm

NFPA

LFL% UFL% Nf Nh Nr

Heavy Fuel Oil

(HFO)

62 250 0.5 5.0 150 300 2 0 0

Light Diesel

Oil (LDO)

54.4 256 0.4 6.0 182-371 300 2 0 0

Furnace Oil 37.7 254.4 – 285 1.3 6.0 287.7 - 2 0 0

* NFPA: National Fire Protection Association

Process Hazard

Due to loss of containment during handling of hazardous materials or processes resulting in

fire, explosion, etc. No process hazards are discussed.

Mechanical Hazard

Due to "mechanical" operations such as welding, maintenance, falling objects etc. - basically

those NOT connected to hazardous materials.

Electrical Hazard

Electrocution, high voltage levels, short circuit, etc.



Out of these, the material and process hazards are the one with a much wider damage

potential as compared to the mechanical and electrical hazards, which are by and large

limited to very small local pockets.

Hazard Intensity Classification

The hazard intensities of the chemicals that are to be handled in the Plant (as per NFPA

codes) are presented are given below.



6.2.1 Fire and Explosion Index

Fire, Explosion and Toxicity Indexing is a rapid ranking method for identifying the degree of

hazard. In preliminary hazard analysis, chemical storages are considered to have Toxic and

Fire hazards. The application of FETI would help to make a quick assessment of the nature

and quantification of the hazard in these areas. However, this does not provide precise

information of the following factors:

Respective Material Factor (RMF),

General Hazard Factors (GHF)

Special Process Hazard Factors (SPH)

The above factors are computed using standard procedure of awarding penalties based on

storage handling and reaction parameters.

It can be used to classify separate elements of plant within an industrial complex. Before

indexing is done, the plant is divided into plant elements. Depending upon the material in

use, material factor is decided upon. A number of parameters, such as exothermic reactions,

handling hazards, pressure of system, flash point, operating temperature, inventory of

flammable material, corrosive property, leakage of points and toxicity are taken into

consideration in determining a plant/ equipment /operation hazard. A standard method of

awarding penalties and comparing the indices is used. However, this method does not give

absolute status of the equipment or section. But it can comparatively identify hazards among

others. The fire and explosion index is given below:

Degree of Hazard Fire and Explosion

Index

Light 0-60

Moderate 61-96

Intermediate 97-127

Heavy 128-158

Severe >159

Dow Indexing is a process based on indexing of hazards. The risk categories can be

expressed in terms of the Risk Index is given below.



Category Risk Index

Acceptable region < 0

Low Risk 0

Moderate risk 0.67

Significant risk 1.33

High risk 2

Unacceptable region > 2

The physiological effects of threshold thermal doses is given below:

Threshold Dose (kj/m2) Effect

375 3rd degree burn

250 2nd degree burn

125 1st degree burn

65 Threshold of pain, no reddening or

blistering of skin caused

Note:

1st degree burn- Involves only epidermis. Example sunburn. Blisters may occur.

2nd degree burn- Involves whole of epidermis over the area of burn plus some

portion of dermis area.

3rd degree burn- Involves whole of epidermis and dermis. Sub cutaneous tissues

may also be affected.

The damage due to incident radiation intensity is as follows:

Incident Radiation

Intensity (KW/m2) Type of Damage

37.5 Minimum energy required igniting wood at infinite long

exposure (non piloted).

32.0 Maximum flux level for thermally protected tanks

12.5 Minimum energy required for piloted ignition of wood,

melting plastic tubing etc.

8.0 Maximum heat flux for un-insulated tanks.

4.5

Sufficient to cause pain to personnel if unable to reach

cover within 20 seconds. However blistering of skin (1st

degree burns) is likely.

1.6 Will cause no discomfort to long exposure.

0.7 Equivalent to solar radiation.



6.2.2 Consequence Analysis

To estimate the damage caused by the release of fuels and flammable gases the following

parameters were calculated:

Release Rate of the fuels and flammable gases in case of pipeline, tank, pump and

tanker failure

Based on the methodology discussed above a set of catastrophic scenarios was

generated to carry out Risk Analysis calculations, as listed below:

Catastrophic release from Light Diesel Oil (LDO) – Pool Fire

Catastrophic release from Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) due to leak – Pool Fire

Possible hazards associated with a flash fire include thermal radiation, smoke, and

explosion. The model will predict the Hydrogen gas release threat zone area.

Pool Fire

When a non-boiling liquid spills, it spreads into a pool. The size of the pool depends on the

availability of the bund and obstacles. If there are no obstacles or bund, it can spread into a

thin film on flat land/floor. In general, a cylindrical flame approximates the flame geometry.

Radiation levels at various distances are calculated taking into account atmospheric

transmission coefficient, geometric view factor and the radiation intensity in terms of surface

heat flux of the flame. Depending upon the conditions, there are several ways in which these

can occur, ultimately causing damage due to heat radiation.

Effects of Pool Fire

Pool fire may result when bulk storage tanks of fuel will leak/burst, and the material released

is ignited. If the tanks are provided with dike walls to contain the leak and avoid spreading of

flammable material, the pool fire will be confined to the dike area only. However, the effects

of radiation may be felt to larger area depending upon the size of the pool and quantity of

material involved.

Thermal radiation due to pool fire may cause various degrees of burns on human bodies.

Moreover, their effects on objects like piping, equipment are severe depending upon the

radiant heat intensity.

Consequences in respect of containment failure related to fuel tank, is a modeled assuming

relevant atmospheric condition, using certain mathematical models presented in Scenarios.



6.2.3 Conclusions and Principal Recommendations

FO, HFO, as LDO as Fuels

The firewater cooling system and Foam facilities are proposed to provide with Foam

system as per OISD [Oil Industry Safety Directorate] for fuel storage tanks.

It is proposed and suggested that the adjacent tanks shall thermally be protected by

firewater and foam system for fuel tanks.

The storage tanks are to be provided with fixed foam conveying system with foam

pourers and all around fire fighting facilities with hydrants and foam cum water

monitors as per OISD norms. This enables tank cooling in case of fire. It is therefore,

important that cooling of the adjoining product storage tanks is done, promptly, in

case of tank fire on any of the product storage tanks. It is also important to cool the

storage tank on fire so that tank shell does not give away. It is opined that the above

provisions for safety are adequate.

These risks must be controlled by the development of a safe system of work, which

can be defined as the set of controls necessary to minimize the risks associated with

the work.

Furthermore, it is recommended that additional measures for safety be taken. These

measures include inspecting all other piping and appurtenances for damage and

corrosion to prevent the unexpected leakage of FO, HFO, LDO and Petrol

establishing an Emergency Plan, Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention

Plans."

Recommendations

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from water,

heat, combustibles (such as wood, paper and oil) and light.

Store away from incompatible materials such as flammable materials, oxidizing

materials, reducing materials, strong bases.

Use corrosion-resistant structural materials and lighting and ventilation systems in

the storage area.

Wood and other organic/combustible materials should not be used on floors,

structural materials and ventilation systems in the storage area.

Use airtight containers, kept well sealed, securely labeled and protected from

damage.

Use suitable, approved storage cabinets, tanks, rooms and buildings.

Suitable storage may include glass bottles and carboys.



Storage tanks should be above ground and surrounded with dikes capable of holding

entire contents.

Limit quantity of material in storage. Restrict access to storage area.

Post warning signs when appropriate. Keep storage area separate from

populated work areas. Inspect periodically for deficiencies such as damage or leaks.

Have appropriate fire extinguishers available in and near the storage area.

The following measures are suggested for reducing the risk involved in pipeline

systems.

Preventive Maintenance

Routine inspection and preventive maintenance of equipment/facilities at the unit.

Instruments

All the instruments like pressure, temperature transmitters/gauges and alarms

switches and safety interlocks should be tested for their intended application as per

the preventive maintenance schedule. Similarly, the emergency shutdown system

should be tested as per the preventive maintenance schedule.

6.2.4 Risk Mitigation Measures

The materials handled at the proposed installation are inflammable and reactive substances

and based on the consequence analysis; the following measures are suggested as risk

mitigation measures.

The storage area, process area as well as road tankers loading/unloading areas

where there is maximum possibility of presence of flammable hydrocarbons in large

quantities, it should be ensured that combustible materials are not placed here such

as oil filled cloth, wooden supports, oil buckets etc. to reduce the probability of

secondary fires in case of release.

Hydrocarbon, smoke and fire detectors should be suitably located and linked to fire

fighting system to reduce the response time and ensure safe dispersal of vapours

before ignition can occur.

Tank fires result in little damage at ground levels. Damage at tank height is such as

to damage adjacent tanks. Hence tank cooling provisions, particularly upper sections

of the tank must be ensured to prevent explosion. Foam for arresting roof fires must

be started immediately.

Pool fires resulting from tanker/pump/pipeline leakage are dangerous since the liquid

pool becomes unconfined. Training in fire fighting, escape action, operation of

emergency switches etc. is vital.



Pump loading line failures have also a possibility of causing major damage. Strict

inspection, maintenance and operation procedures are essential for preventing

escalation of such incidents.

Emergency procedures should be well rehearsed and state of readiness to be

achieved.

6.2.5 Emergency Planning

Emergency planning is an integral and essential part of loss prevention strategy. The type of

emergency primarily considered here is the major emergency, which may be defined as one

which has the potential to cause serious danger to persons and/ or damage to property and

which tends to cause disruption inside and/or outside the site and may require the use of

outside resources.

Emergency is a general term implying hazardous situation both inside and outside the

installations. Thus, emergencies are termed “on-site” when emergency extends beyond its

premises. It is to be understood here, that if an emergency occurs inside the plant and could

not be controlled, it may lead to an off-site emergency.

Objectives of the Plan

Emergency planning or preparedness is a comprehensive response plan to react to a

number of foreseeable emergencies anticipated in the works and to contain the loss of

human life, property and provide speedy and effective remedial measures. An important pre-

requisite for emergency planning is to foresee an accident scenario, which leads to a major

fire, explosion, toxic release, their spread or extent and their damage potential. This

information is used in conjunction with layout of the units in the works, and adjacent

communities in the preparation of the contingency plan.

Identification of scenarios and their consequences form an important element in the disaster

management planning. The type of scenarios and their consequences determine the

emergency response. Identification of scenarios and mitigation include the detection of

abnormal conditions, assessing the potential consequences and immediate measures to

mitigate the situations. They also include emergency response actions, which must be taken

to protect the health and the safety of the plant personnel and public.

Assuming all reasonable plant safety design and their improvements have been considered

such as design codes, practices, alarms, shutdown interlocks etc., the accidents may occur

as the plant operating parameter values may exceed or lie outside the normal parameters.



These potential uncontrollable parameters provide the plant operators an indication of

potential consequence in advance of actual occurrence. The important elements of

emergency planning can be broadly classified as follows:

Identify the disaster potential scenarios and advance planning to combat and

minimize the damage.

Disaster phase, i.e. warning, protective actions like evacuation of personnel etc.,

Containment of disaster by isolating, fire fighting etc.,

Rescue, relief, assistance to the people affected in the works/ community effectively

and efficiently based on the actual needs and other information collected locally both

in advance of the disaster and as soon as possible after the disaster occurred.

Finally, when the situation is contained, efforts are to be made to return back to near

normal conditions.

Of the above points, the first four are most relevant to the immediate attention to

works management. The areas affected by each accident scenario can be identified

by their consequences like pool fire, flash fire, etc., It would be appropriate to classify

the hazards around the plant and to provide emergency measures in the area both

onsite or offsite (if the extends).

Alert

It is the duty of any witness of the beginning of an accident or of an anomaly, which available

means within the limits of his ability (1st intervention step). Alert is the information given to

ask for assistance, in principle using alarms, which are inside or outside the establishment.

TANGEDCO has to ensure through training/ information for any person of the staff to give a

brief and precise warning message indicating the place, type and seriousness of the

accident, whenever he is witness to an abnormal initiating event. Depending on the nature

and magnitude of the event and local conditions such as meteorology, geographical layout,

population distribution and accessibility, the important aspect to be considered is the type or

level of an emergency. Emergency may be broadly categorized into four levels depending

upon the in plant facilities and extent of external help required to meet the emergency. The

level 1 emergency is combated at the plant‟s level and no external help in the form of

facilities or expertise is required. In other levels, external help is required to combat the

emergency as indicated below:

Level 1 Operation/ Unit level

Level 2: Local/ District level

Level 3: State/ National level

Level 4: International level



Organization

Emergencies very rarely occur. As such, they are neither a day today activity nor a planned

activity with a fixed time schedule. The activities during the emergencies are to be

coordinated and this could be achieved by an organizational approach, which has quick

response capabilities.

Chain of Command

Organizational structure should lay stress on the execution and speedy implementation of

the response plans. At the same time it should be flexible enough to tune itself to the fast

changing situations in the affected area. All actions are to be coordinated well so that overall

situation is under control.

The duties and responsibilities of each individual coordinator are fixed such that the actions

are taken with logical approach. If any changes are to be made in the procedure, or in

actions, the front-end area coordinator should be able to respond in logical fashion. To

achieve the above, a chain of command is created with tiered structure that the supervisors

can take a few independent decisions to achieve the overall objectives.

The chain of command clearly spells out the duties of each coordinator and the areas the

supervisor commands. The chain of command spells out the alternate coordinator or person

if a particular coordinator is not available.

The chain of command naturally corresponds to the organizational structure with clear

understanding of the nature of duties and objectives. Every coordinator responsible for his

area ensures that right type of trained people is deployed for the jobs to be done. Here,

it may be pointed out that conducting mock emergency drills on regular basis help the

coordinators to understand the duties and responsibilities well. With feedback and

experience gained from these drills, the command structure can be improved.

The coordinator does not leave the command post unattended. If the coordinator is required

to leave the command post for any reason, he has to depute an alternate to attend the

functions.



6.2.6 Manpower Details and Responsibilities of the Members of DMP

Manpower Details for DMP

The general duty/first shift is given below:

Sr. No. Category Designation

HOD - Operations Assisted by HOS (production) (Main Incident Controller)

HOS-Mechanical (Safety Coordinator)

The shift duty (in second & third shift is given below:

Sr. No. Designations

1 Shift Manager Assisted by Shift-In-charge

2 Operations staff

Duties of Various Personnel

Chief Emergency Controller:

Site Head (Operations) in his absence HOD- (Operations):

Beyond General Shift hours and on Holidays Site Shift Manager will act as Chief

Emergency Controller until Site Head/HOD-Operations takes over.

Chief Emergency Controller will be over all controller of the emergency. He will take

ultimate decision on the following aspects and execute the same with the assistance

of concerned personnel:

Essential Communication

Fire Fighting and Rescue Work

Emergency Plant Shutdown

Evacuation Actions if required

Demolition and Repairs

Transportation

Investigation

Public Relation

Urgent Medical Attention and Actions

Evacuation and Directive to Vicinity Community through State Agencies.

Incident Controller

Concerned HOS until HOD arrives at site, the Shift Incharge of the area will function

as Incident Controller:

Assess the emergency



Disseminate warning

Direct the fire fighting and rescue operation

Direct the plant operations/shutdown to control the emergency.

Liaison with HOD(CES) /HOS (Mech.)

Ensure constant feed back to C.E.C.

HOS (Production)

Deploy officers and staff for control room and field for coordinating and direct the

work of the fire fighting and rescue operation

Evaluate the risk and its subsequent effects in consultation with HOS (Safety,

Health & Environment).

Function as Incident Controller in the absence of HOD-Operations

HOS (Safety, Health & Environment)

Evaluate the hazard and accordingly direct the Fire Executive and Safety Executive

for emergency actions. Arrange for safety equipments.

Keep constant contact with Incident Controller throughout the emergency.

Summon help from outside agencies like local Fire Brigade and Mutual Aid

Scheme.

HOD (Technical Services)

Evaluate the operational needs on emergency, anticipation possible risks and

suggest suitable measures to Incident Controller.

Assessment of magnitude and spread of risk to work out remedial actions.

Deciding the method of disposal of hazardous spillage/leakage.

HOD (T.S) will take over the function of HOS (Safety, Health & Environment) in his

absence.

HOS (Laboratory)

Collect the information on weather condition, ambient air quality and drain discharge

during emergency and give feed back to HOD (T.S.)

Executive (Fire) / Executive (Security)

Direct the crewmembers in carrying out fire fighting, rescue operation and control of

toxic chemical release.

Direct the rescue operations in co-ordination with HOS (Safety, Health &

Environment).



Provide stretcher service to ambulance point.

Arrangement and deployment of additional crew (Off Duty Personnel)

Ensure adequate supply of fire fighting / rescue equipment, accessories and

materials.

Keep constant touch with HOS (Safety, Health & Environment) and Incident

Controller.

HOD (CES):

Evaluate the emergency requirements in consultation with Incident Controller.

Arrange and provide necessary equipment like cranes, dozers, pay loaders, forklifts,

trucks welding / cutting sets, jacks, chain pulley blocks, water pumps etc. and power

to operate these equipments.

Ensure continuous operation of firewater pumps and regular supply of required water

for fire fighting and other emergency operations.

Arrange and provide required number of contract personnel to do civil, mechanical

and electrical jobs like sand bags, bunding, excavation, repairs, structure and debris

removal, lighting etc.

Make arrangement for permanent / temporary lighting/flood lights/emergency lights to

the affected area, shelters and other places.

Direct the operation of above equipment and services in consultation with Incident

Controller to minimize loss / damage.

Keep constant touch with Chief Emergency Controller.

HOS (Mechanical)

Mobilize necessary equipment like cranes, dozers, pay loaders, forklifts,

welding/cutting sets, jacks, chain pulley blocks, tools and tackles etc. to the site of

emergency.

Arrange and depute operators, riggers, welders and technician etc. to operators,

riggers, welders and technician etc. to operate the above equipment.

Keep mechanical workshop open.

HOS (Electrical)

Arrange to cut off/restore power supply as needed in emergency situations.

Provide temporary connection for floodlights, and electrical tools.

Provide power connection for pumps and other equipments.



Engineer (Civil)

Ensure adequate fire fighting water supply in co-ordination with Manager (Admin.).

Arrange additional water supply from reservoirs and by diverting process

water/treated water in consultation with C.E.C.

Organize jobs such as excavation, shoring and supporting of civil structures,

temporary bunding etc.

Direct demolishing of structure.

Engineer (Instrumentation)

Organize instrumentation jobs such as repairs, adjustment of settings, bypassing,

switching over the mode of control, repairs, calibration and the like which are needed

for effective process control during emergency.

Restore the functioning of controls, alarms and recorders, indicators etc. for

stabilizing the operations.

Remain in constant touch with Incident Controller.

Ensure availability of information and data, pre-disaster time and at the time of

disaster and store it in proper fashion so that as and when required is available.

HOS (Materials)

Immediately contact Incident Controller and ascertain the material requirements to

control emergency.

Arrange adequate supply of required material and transport for material

Procure or hire material, labour and transport to meet urgent requirement from

outside parties/industries.

Officer (Stores):

Keep all the stores open with necessary staff and give instructions for prompt

delivery of material on the site of emergency.

Keep constant touch with HOS (Safety, Health & Environment) and HOD (CES), for

their requirement of material and ensure material delivery on the site.

Give feed back to HOS (Materials).

Officer (Purchase):

Arrange emergency purchase or hire of material require for meeting the emergency.

Keep constant touch with HOS (Safety, Health & Environment)

Give feedback to HOS (Materials).



HOS (P&A)

Orange hospitalization, evacuation and relief camps.

Maintain law and order in factory premises (with the help of security)

Control entry and exist of personnel and vehicles with the help of security.

Seek assistance from outside agencies such as police, civil defense, fire brigade and

mutual aid scheme.

Ensure dissemination of authentic information to public and press.

Keep relatives/family members of involved employees informed from time to time.

Give constant feed back to CEC [Chief Emergency Controller]

Manager (Security)

Assess and maintain law and order

Reinforce security at gates and vital installations.

Cordon off affected area

Depute security personnel to help fire fighting, rescue and stretcher service.

Restrict entries of unauthorized persons.

Regulate entry and exit of personnel to ensure smooth function of emergency

services.

Ensure smooth entry and exist of fire brigades, ambulances and service vehicles.

Organize transportation for affected/evacuated employees, their families and public.

Keep liaison with police, home guards for additional help to control law and order,

traffic and evacuation.

Officer (Admin.)

Report to HOS (P&A) and get instructions.

Keep liaison with HOS (Safety, Health & Environment) and accordingly organize

evacuation.

Keep liaison with Plant Manager and direct affected/evacuated persons/public to

proper shelters.

Ensure proper and effective functioning of means of communication. Make

alternative and stand-by arrangement for prompt communication of messages.

Give constant feed back to HOD (Services) and CEC.

Officer (Personnel)

Report to HOS (P&A) and get instructions.

Arrange canteen services for personnel engaged in emergency duties.



Arrange canteen services for affected/evacuated public and improvised shelters in

community hall, schools nearby etc.

Keep liaison with Medical Officer. Collect information regarding members/relatives.

Inform statutory authorities such as Chief Inspector of Factories, Insurance

Companies, Controller of Explosives, Labour Commissioner and Pollution Control

Board.

Disseminate authentic information to public.

Ensure authentic press release in consultation with CEC.

Arrange for entry, exit, transportation and proper reception of press personnel.

Keep liaison with Officer (Administration), Medical Officer and Plant people and give

feedback to General Manager (P&A).

Medical Officer

Organize ambulance services, treatment and hospitalization of affected persons.

If necessary, get help of outside hospitals and medical professionals.

Pass on information regarding condition and treatment of patients to HOS (P&A) &

HOD (Services) from time to time.

Contact Blood Bank and organize blood supply.

Get blood donors. Get the help of social service organizations for this purpose.

Keep liaison with Officer (Admin.) for emergency transportation arrangements.

Contact HOS (P&A) for welfare arrangements of treated and discharged persons.

Give feedback to HOD (Services).

Shift Engineers/ Asst. Manager/ Shift In-charge

Deploy staff for controlling process and field operation.

Co-ordinate and direct the work of fire fighting

Evaluate the risk and effects and take necessary actions like cutting off a section/

whole plant etc.

Keep in close liaison with Incident Controller.

Act as Incident Controller in silent hours and also till General Manager takes over as

Incident Controller.

Operators/ Technicians

Report matter to Shift Engineer.

Take action to stop supply of gas, fuel etc. to the point of fire/ leakage keeping you

safe.

Use first aid fire fighting appliances to fight the fire/leakage etc.

Stand-by for instructions from shift engineer. Keep ready for evacuation, if needed.



6.2.2 Responsibilities Of Coordinators/Controllers

Main Incident Controller

For On-Site Disaster Management Plan (DMP), the site shift manager shall be the

Main Incident Controller to coordinate the execution of the plan during an emergency

or a mock drill. He is responsible for preparation/ updating of the plan, getting

approval from the District Authorities/ Factory Inspectorate; and its implementation in

the hour of need. His duties are

Assess the magnitude of the situation and declare state of emergency. Activate DMP

and ensure its implementation.

Mobilize the Main Coordinators/ Key personnel and exercise direct operational

control of area, other than those affected.

Declare danger zones and activate emergency control center.

Ensure calling in Mutual aid members and district emergency agencies like Fire

Brigade, Police, and Medical authorities.

Maintain a speculative continuous review of possible developments and assess

these to determine most probable course of events and appropriate response.

Inform Area Office, head Quarters, Police, Statutory authorities, District Authorities

about the magnitude of the emergency casualties and rescue operation.

Ensure casualties are receiving required attention and their relatives are informed.

Ensure accounting of personnel.

Issue authorized statements to Press, Radio, TV etc., regarding the emergency and

its possible impact on the surroundings.

Authorize procurement of emergency material.

Log important developments in chronological order and preserve material evidence

for investigation. Direct isolation of power supply, plant shutdown and evacuation of

personnel inside the premises as deemed necessary.

Advice Police, District Authorities regarding evacuation of public in the near vicinity/

vulnerable zone. Ensure raising the siren in EMERGENCY mode till All Clear Signal.

When effects are likely to be felt outside, get in touch with District Authorities, who

will take over the management and declare “Off- Site Emergency”.

Control rehabilitation of affected areas on cessation of emergency.



Administration & Communication Coordinator

Liaise with Chief and other coordinators.

Inform and coordinate with External agencies and Mutual aid members for agreed

assistance. Direct them on arrival to the respective coordinators.

In case communication means fail, send messages to Mutual aid

members/Emergency departments. Coordinate with Police in controlling the traffic

and mob outside the premises.

Activate the medical center and mobilize medical team. Arrange ambulance and

transfer casualties to hospitals. Also coordinate with police in case of fatalities.

Arrange for head count at the assembly points.

Arrange procurement of spares for fire fighting and additional medical drugs/

appliances.

Mobilize Transport as and when required by various coordinators. Arrange to provide

spark arrestors to emergency vehicles entering the premises.

Control and disperse crowds from the emergency site. Regulate traffic inside the

location.

Arrange food, beverages and drinking water for all those involved in execution of

DMP in case the emergency prolongs.

Communicate with relatives of person‟s injured/ involved in fire fighting activities.

Arrange evacuation of premises as directed by Main Incident Controller.

Coordinate with civil authorities for evacuating public from the danger zone and

arrange for refreshments at the evacuation center.

Safety Coordinators

Ensure safe stoppage of the operation; switching off main instruments, shut off

valves on product lines; and isolation of affected areas.

Demarcate danger and safe zones by putting RED and GREEN flags.

Mobilize the Fire Fighting Crew and direct the Fire Fighting Operation.

Effectively deploy manpower, both internal and external.

Direct & utilize the Fire Brigade personnel.

Arrange the replacement of various Fire Fighting squads with the Mutual and

External aid members on need basis.

Ensure/ maintain sufficient pressure in the Hydrant mains.

Assess water level in the storage tank/ reservoir and plan replenishment.



Monitor the requirements of Fire equipment and coordinate for procurement of

spares.

Arrange for flood lighting of the affected areas and dewatering of the Fire Fighting

area, if required.

Arrange to remove and part the tank lorries (Bulk & Packed) to a safer place, as

necessary.

6.2.8 Internal Resources

Communication

Communication includes physical and administrative means by which plant operators can

rapidly notify plant management and offsite emergency response agencies and the public.

They also include emergency response actions, which must be taken to protect health and

safety of the plant personnel and the public. The communication is both software and

hardware oriented systems. Without adequate communication successful emergency

planning cannot be exercise.

During disaster, the communication channels are kept open to the emergency control center

(ECC) and outside agencies. The communication system is planned as follows:

Voice Communication Channels.

1. ECC to:

Civilian hospitals

Civic authorities including police

Local fire fighting brigade

2. ECC to:

Control room unit

Industrial medical center (First Aid Station)

3. ECC to:

Firewater pump house

Offsite operators‟ station

Security gate

6.2.9 Audio Communication Channels [(ACC)(Alarms):

Fire Warning

If the fire is noticed at any plant or sector the fire warning is to be given and so alert all the

sections of the facility. If it is a major fire or a fire at critical sector, the ECC is to be

immediately activated.



Warning System

This is done by a Siren, which could be audible at a range. Signal for enforcement and

withdrawal of disaster control plan are as follows:

The disaster control plan is actuated for product leakages, fire and explosion by

sounding of the siren as below:

Sound the siren continuously for 1-minute and then stop for 10 seconds.

This is repeated five times.

The disaster control plan is withdrawn on sounding siren continuously for 3 minutes.

The Siren system is designed to set in operation from the emergency control centre.

Power Supply for the Communication System

All types of communication systems should have an independent power back-up

system for reliability.

Walkie-talkies should be given to offsite operations and area in-charges for additional

communication facilities.

Medical Resources

The medical aspects shall be covered for normal and routine accidents like personnel

injury not due to process risks and also for providing quick first aid during the initial

phase of disaster. Primary Health Centre (PHC) is already established with general

staff and medical officer.

TANGEDCO shall have a tie-up with nearby Hospital. The hospital shall be equipped

by means of donating suitable equipment to deal with at least three injured persons

at a time to treat burn injuries, multiple fractures, shock etc., and antidote for toxic.

Transport

Adequate transport vehicles are to be provided for transporting affected

people/medical staff for medical treatment, evacuation and the movement of

emergency staff. The vehicles are to be parked in the area where the medical center

is situated. For example the vehicles of following types are stationed:

One emergency vehicle, which can accommodate two stretcher cases.

A pick up van with radio communication system (i.e. walkie-talkie).

General purpose vehicle (Jeeps).

6.2.10 Emergency Control Centre (ECC)

This is a center for emergency works and is a part of the Administrative building. The staff

can be called at certain level of danger and the emergency crew, as identified in the

Organogram, performs the activities. The control entry shall be located outside the area of

hazard.



The center should be equipped with emergency power, duplicated means of communication

to the plant area and outside the facilities with civic authorities. The control room has the

following information/provisions:

An adequate number of external telephones, one accepts outgoing calls only, in

order to bypass jammed switchboards during an emergency.

A pick-up van with radio communication systems.

An adequate number of internal telephones.

Layout of the facilities and detailed telephones.

Technical documentation of the facilities.

P & ID, process data, equipment data.

Safety data sheets.

Identification hazard zones for the type of scenarios considered.

Maps marked with escape routes

Evacuation plans in case of total evacuation of the facilities and surroundings.

Information regarding the fire fighting and medical services.

Personnel protective equipment.

Medical first aid facilities to handle two or three people at a time.

A muster roll of employees.

A list of key personnel, with addresses, telephone numbers, etc.,

The emergency control center is not manned always. During emergency concerned

persons move into ECC and direct all activities from here.

The emergency control center should be located away from the hazardous zone.

6.2.11 Action Plan

The emergency action plan to be initiated in the event of a product tank on fire is as given

below:

Break the nearest fire alarm field station and /or dial the fire station giving the location

and nature of emergency.

Report to the superior officer concerned/ control room.

Isolate the affected tanks and cordon off the area

Start the sprinkler system on the adjacent tanks, and the affected tank. The radiation

intensity level of one tank on fire may heat up the second adjacent tank if the

adjacent tanks are not cooled by water sprinkler system.

Cool the adjacent equipment/structures with water monitors/sprinklers. Care to be

taken on not to throw on wires and electrical equipment to avoid short-circuiting and

electrocution. The firewater facilities at the plant have been designed as per



OISD –117. For fighting prolonged fires, the firewater shall be continuously

replenished into the firewater tanks from underground water source/water supply

lines.

In order to prevent escalation, apply foam blanket on roof of the nearest tank;

alternatively, apply adequate water on the rim of the floating roof. In the event of a

major tank fire, it is advisable to empty out the adjoining tanks also, if practicable.

Inject foam into the burning tank through foam equipment.

Make the decision to pump out or not to pump out oil from the burning tanks

depending on the circumstances. If the tanks hold substantial oil, it may be helpful

pumping out most of it. It is also to be noted that as the level goes down, greater

portion of shell comes in contact with flame weakening it. If the flame cannot be

extinguished, sacrifice of the tank by burning out o the residual stock (brought to

minimum) may be the strategy to be adopted.

Inform Ambulance and medical staff to report at eh Scene.

Remove injured personnel and render medical treatment. Get additional medical help

if required. Hospitalize the affected people and inform their families.

All contract employees to be cleared off from the cordoned off area.

Arrange for traffic control inside the premises and outside the main gate. Ensure the

approach to the main gate is cleared to facilitate movement of essential services.

Watch for breach of dyke and arrange for blocking if required.

Arrange for external help if required for additional fire brigades/foam equipment.

Arrange for refreshments for the fighting personnel.

Arrange relief crew for the fire fighting personnel.

Inform the neighboring people about the fire to avoid panic among the people.

Inform local authorities/ police station.

Arrange for evacuation of people.

Inform the press about the nature and seriousness of the fire to avoid false

propaganda.

Intimate concerned authorities about the situation.

Obtain supplementary equipment/ materials for crisis control from other places if

required.



CHAPTER 7 : PROJECT BENEFITS

The proposed 2 X 800 MW Power plant will result in improvement of infrastructure as well as

up-liftment of social structure in the area. The people residing in the nearby areas will be

benefited directly and indirectly. It will also helps in sustainable development of this area

including development of physical Infrastructural facilities such as road transport facilities,

educational facilities and water supply and sanitation. It is anticipated that the proposed

power plant will provide benefits to the locals in two phases i.e. during construction phase as

well as during operational stage of the plant.

Community Services

TANGEDCO will employ local people to the extent possible for avoiding creation of

additional infrastructure. TANGEDCO will develop medical facilities for catering to the needs

of the project personnel. These facilities will also be extended to the local community in due

course.

Improvement in Social Infrastructure

The proposed project will lead to indirect employment opportunity. Employment is expected

during civil construction period, in trade, garbage lifting, sanitation, afforestation works and

other ancillary services. Employment in these sectors will be primarily temporary or

contractual and involvement of unskilled labour will be more. A major part of this labour force

will be mainly from local villagers who are expected to engage themselves both in Fishing,

Agriculture and Project activities. This will enhance their income and lead to overall

economic growth of the area. The project will have a strong positive employment and income

effect, both direct as well as indirect because of better indirect employment opportunities due

to this project. The project is going to have positive impact on consumption behavior by way

of raising average consumption and income through multiplier effect. People perceive that

the project will help in the development of social infrastructures/such as.

Education facilities

Banking facilities

Post offices and Communication facilities

Medical facilities

Recreation facilities

Business establishments

Community facilities

Transportation



There will also be small increase in the vehicular traffic due to passenger transport. This

increase in traffic will not have any consequence to warrant special mention. One should

expect that the increased passenger load in the sector would prompt the state government

to start new and frequent public transport services to this area, bringing upliftment to the

whole locality.

Other Tangible Benefits

The proposed project is likely to have other tangible benefits as given below.

Indirect employment opportunities to local people in contractual works like housing

construction, transportations, sanitation, for supply of goods and services to the

project and other community services

Additional housing demand for rental accommodation will increase

Market and business establishment facilities will also increase

Cultural, recreation and aesthetic facilities will also improve

Improvement in communication, transport, education, community development and

medical facilities

The CSR initiatives of TANGEDCO have been prioritized on local needs, which focus

on Health, Education, Sustainable Livelihood, Social Mobilization, Infrastructure

Development, Water Harvesting, Agriculture and Environment Conservation.



CHAPTER 8 : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Environment Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development in

the area of the proposed power plant site. This needs to have comprehensive EMP for which

the proposed industry, government, regulating agencies and affected population of the study

area need to extend their co-operation and contribution for implementing the management

plan.

The Environmental Management Plan projects various pollution control measures for

mitigating environmental impacts identified during the construction and operation phases of

the proposed power plant. The impact assessment study has examined the extent to which

these impacts likely to occur and can be controlled through the adoption of mitigation

measures. The Environment Management Plan describes both standard and site-specific

pollution control measures so as to mitigate potential impacts associated with the proposed

activities.

While implementing the project TANGEDCO will follow guidelines specified by CPCB under

the Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) for thermal power plants.

The following environmental management plan has been suggested during construction and

operation phase. The following mitigation measures are recommended in order to

synchronize the economic development of the study area with the environmental protection

of the region.

8.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The impacts during the construction phase on the environment would be basically of

temporary nature and are expected to reduce gradually on the completion of the construction

activities.

The construction of proposed power plant unit would result in increase of dust

concentrations due to fugitive emissions. Frequent water sprinkling in the vicinity of the

construction sites would be undertaken and will be continued after the completion of plant

construction, as there is scope for heavy truck mobility.



The following control measures are recommended to mitigate the probable adverse impacts:

Though the project site being flat, some leveling will be required. The proposed site is

barren land. The topography of the site is almost flat. Some level filling works are

proposed to raise the ground level. It is planned to utilize fly ash from TTPS ash dyke

which is about 50kms distance and from soil from excavated earth in the surrounding

area.

The generated dusk due to earth work and transportation through unmetalled road

will be suppressed using water sprinkling.

Site for construction workers camp will be clearly demarcated to prevent occupational

hazards. The necessary basic needs and infrastructure facilities such as water

supply sanitary facilities, temporary housing, domestic fuels etc. will be provided

At the construction site, where petroleum powered equipments are used and

temporary storage of petroleum products (highly inflammable) may cause fire hazard.

Necessary care will be taken as per the safety norms for the storage of the petroleum

products

It will be ensured that both gasoline and diesel powered vehicles are properly

maintained to comply the exhaust emission requirements.

Accidental spill of oils from construction equipment and storage sites will be

prevented

Though the effect of noise on the nearby inhabitants due to construction activity will

be negligible, noise prone activities will be restricted to the day time.

Provision for insulating caps and aids at the exit of noise source on the machinery;

Shock absorbing techniques would be adopted to reduce impact due to noise;

Earmuffs would be provided to the workers and management would see that workers

use the protective gadgets regularly.

During construction, provision for infra-structural services including water supply,

sanitation, sewage treatment facilities and drainage facilities will be provided to

maintain the hygienic conditions.

Adequate power will be provided to the site workers during the construction phase.

Tree plantation will be undertaken during the construction of power plant, so that they

grow to considerable height by the time of commissioning of the proposed project

As soon as construction is over, surplus of excavated material will be utilized to fill up

low lying areas and all surfaces will be rein stead.

The company management will give preference to local eligible people through both

direct and indirect employment.



Educational needs of the region should be improved by encouraging the workers to

allow their children to attend schools.

The safety department will supervise the safe working of the contractor and their

employees.

Adequate facilities for provision of rest rooms, sanitation and canteen will be provided

for the work force in the area to be earmarked for this purpose as per industry

standard

8.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE

All necessary control measures will be undertaken at the design stage by the project

proponents to meet the statutory requirements and towards minimizing environmental

impacts.

The design basis for all process units will lay special emphasis on measures to minimize

effluent generation and emission control at source. The specific control measures related to

gaseous emissions, liquid effluent discharges, noise generation, solid waste disposal etc.

are described below:

8.2.1 Air Quality Management

Reduction of Emission at Source

Major pollutants are from the proposed expansion of power plant are particulate matter,

sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen and fugitive dust. The following methods of abatement

will be employed for the air pollution control.

Particulate matter will be controlled by providing highly efficient (99.89%) electrostatic

precipitators (ESPs) to limit outlet concentration to 50 mg/Nm3.

Chimney of 275-m height is proposed for adequate dispersion of sulfur dioxide;

Emission of NOx will be controlled through low NOx burners;

Adequate dust suppression system (water spray system) will be installed in the coal

stockyard or ash handling system, transfer points to arrest fugitive emissions

Green belt will be provided around the plant boundary. Plantation will be taken up

during construction phase only

All the internal roads will be concreted/asphalted to reduce the fugitive dust due to

vehicular movement. All along the internal roads plants will be planted.



Fugitive Emission Management

The following measures will be adopted to control the fugitive emissions:

The dust generated from coal handling plant will be insignificant as the operations will

be in closed circuit. For further suppression of dust adequate water spray systems

will be provided

All vehicles and their exhausts will be well maintained and regularly will be monitored

for emission generated from the vehicle exhaust;

The adequate thickness of insulating material will be provided to control the thermal

pollution;

Jet Pulse bag filters will be provided at all the points like material conveying and

transfer points;

Regular dust suppression with water sprinkler on the haul roads;

The control of fugitive emissions from the ash pond through maintaining a permanent

blanket of water cover of the ash pond

The green belt development in the plant and at ash disposal areas

Stack Gas Monitoring

The emissions from the stack will be monitored continuously for sulfur dioxide, oxides of

nitrogen and particulate matter. Sampling ports would be provided in the stacks as per

CPCB guidelines.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

The concentration of SPM, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, and CO in the ambient air within the

project boundaries and outside the project boundaries would be monitored as per the

directives of the state pollution control board.

Meteorological Observations

The weather monitoring station shall be installed to record meteorological conditions. The

dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, wind speed, wind direction, cloud cover, rainfall

and solar radiation will be recorded daily.

8.2.2 Noise Environment

The specifications for procuring major noise generating machines/equipment would include

built in design requirements to have minimum noise levels to meet occupational safety and

health association (OSHA) requirement. Appropriate noise barriers/shields, silencers etc.



shall be provided in the equipment, wherever feasible. As far as possible noise emanating

from noisy equipment would be adequately attenuated by keeping them in enclosures and

will be partitioned off, using insulation material, etc. following measures will be strictly

followed.

Manufacturers and suppliers of machine/equipment like compressors, turbines and

generators will be selected to ensure that these machine/equipment meet the desired

noise/vibration standards by providing noise absorbing material for enclosures or

using appropriate design/technology for fabricating /assembling machines.

The insulation will be provided to reduce the loss of heat with noise. The personnel

safety will also act as a noise reducers

Layouts of equipment foundations and structures are being designed keeping in view

the requirement of noise abatement;

Proper lubrication and housekeeping to avoid excessive noise generation;

The workers working in the high noise areas like compressor houses, blowers,

generators, feed pumps, steam generation plant, turbo generator area will be

provided with ear muffs/ear plugs

Acoustic laggings and silencers will be provided in equipment wherever necessary.

The compressed air station will be provided with suction side silencers. Ventilation

fans will generally be installed in enclosed premises

The noise level will not exceed the limit 75 dB (A) during the day time 70 dB (A) night

time within the plant premises.

Central control room(s) provided for operation and supervision of plant and

equipment will be air-conditioned, insulated and free from plant noise. Necessary

enclosures will also be provided on the working platforms/areas to provide local

protection in high noise level areas;

Shock absorbing techniques shall be adopted to reduce impact;

Al the openings like covers, partitions would be acoustically sealed;

Ear plugs will be provided to workers working near high noise generating sources;

Noise levels shall be reduced by the use of absorbing material on roof walls and

floors;

Increase the distance between source and receiver by altering the relative orientation

of the source and receiver. Noise level at the receiver end reduces in inverse

proportion to the square of the distance between the receiver and the source;

The industry along the boundary would be thickly vegetated with species of rich

canopy



8.2.3 Water Environment

Wastewater Management

The total water requirement to the proposed power plant will be met from Sea Water.

The consumptive water requirement for the proposed power plant is about

13790m3/hr.

Continuous efforts would be made to reduce the water consumption and thereby to

reduce the wastewater generation. Flow meters would be installed for all major water

inlet and the flow rates would be continuously monitored. Periodic water audits would

be conducted to explore the possibilities for minimization of water consumption.

The Total wastewater generation from the proposed power plant is 2,16,780 m3/day

which includes Clarifier & filter Plant Back wash, DM plant regeneration waste,

Sanitary waste from plant toilets, Boiler Blow down, Cooling tower blow down,

effluent from Oil handling area and coal handling area etc. The effluent treatment

system of the proposed plant is designed to treat all effluent generated so as to meet

the standards. The Effluent treatment plant comprises of sludge Pond, Neutralization

pit, Parallel plate separator, Oil Trap and settling basins. Treated water will be

collected in Guard pond.

The sanitary sewage wastewater will be treated in sewage treatment plant (STP).

The STP comprises aeration tanks followed by clarifier. The clarified effluent will be

chlorinated in chlorine contact channel. Chlorine dosing tank will be provided near

chlorine contact channel. After chlorination the treated effluent will be used for green

belt development. The sludge from the bottom of the clarifier will be used as manure

for the green belt or irrigation. The quality of effluent at inlet and outlet are as

presented in Table 29. A schematic diagram of waste water treatment plant is shown

in Figure 14.

Table 29 : Quality of Effluent at Inlet and Outlet

Sr.

No. Parameter

Effluent Quality

Before Treatment After treatment

pH 6.5 – 7.5 7.5 – 8.0

Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) 200 - 300 <10

BOD5 at 20 0C (mg/l) 200-300 <30

COD 400- 500 <250

Oil & grease (mg/l) <20 <10



Figure 14 :Schematic Diagram of Effluent Treatment Plant for Proposed Plant

Final Disposal of the wastewater

The treated effluent from the effluent tank will be used for horticulture and green belt

development within the plant. The cooling water system blow-down would be drawn from

cold cooling water system and discharged back to the sea, at distance of about 1005m from

the HTL, with suitable diffuser and discharge structure at an appropriate location based on

the bathymetry, marine ecology and re-circulation studies. Exact location of hot water

discharge point in the sea is decided considering the marine ecological factors and avoiding

re-circulation based on the bathymetric studies carried out by Anna University. The location

of intake of sea water and hot water discharge points is shown in Figure 8.

Monitoring of Waste Water Treatment

The treated effluent would be monitored regularly for the flow rate and quality to identify any

deviations in performance of Effluent and sewage treatment plants. If the effluent does not

meet the standards it will be sent to sedimentation tank again for further treatment. The

treated effluent meeting statutory norms will be discharged to sea.



Storm Water Management

Surplus water from Ellapanaickan tank drains along the boundary of the site. Rain water

shall be collected through a network of drains, which shall finally be discharged in to the

surplus water drain of Ellappanaickan tank based on a detailed surface hydrology study.

Drainage study has been completed by Anna University. Since surplus water from

Ellappanaickan tank drains along the boundary of the site there will not be any impact on the

water regime due to the power project.

Based on the rainfall intensity of the proposed area, storm water drainage system is

designed. Strom water drainage system consists of well-designed network of open surface

drains and rainwater harvesting pits along the drains so that all the storm water is efficiently

drained off without any water logging.

Rain Water Harvesting System

RWH system will be provided to harvest the rain water around the project area. The rain

water collected from the roofs will be harvested in collection sumps and then stored in the

rain water collection tank. From there it will be used for power plant requirements to optimize

the raw water requirement. All the storm water drains will be concrete lined and sloped to

collect the rain water at a single point for efficient drainage. The collected rain water will be

changed in to the ground and the surplus water will be collected in the collection pit and

utilized for the Green belt development

The rain water harvesting capacity is calculated based on peak hourly rainfall data.

Peak daily rain fall (Maximum) : 0.2m (IMD, Thoothukudi)

Hard (Constructed) area : 430 Acres (174 Ha)

Soft (Non Constructed) area : 509 Acres (206 Ha)

Available water from soft area (80% runoff) : 4120 m3/day

Available water from Hard area (20% runoff) : 13920 m3/day

Total Available water during peak rain fall : 18040 m3/day

About 18040 m3/day (maximum) quantity of rain water will be utilized in the plant .



8.2.4 Ash Utilization Plan

The total ash expected to be generated in 100% imported coal will be 1132.80 TPD (fly ash

906.24 TPD and bottom ash 226.56TPD). A detailed ash utilization plan is given in

Annexure ( J ) of this of EIA/EMP report .

8.2.5 Greenbelt Development

The main objective of the green belt is to provide a buffer between the sources of pollution

and the surrounding areas. The green belt helps to capture the fugitive emissions and

attenuate the noise apart from improving the aesthetics quality of the region. A 35 – 50 m

wide greenbelt will be developed along the periphery of the plant and in all open areas.

Avenue plantation will also be developed as per the standard norms.

Approximately 1500 trees per Ha will be planted in consultation with the local Forest

Department. The plant species suggested for the greenbelt development are presented in

Table 30. However the selection of the species will be finalized in consultation with local

forest department.



Table 30 : Plant Species Suggested for Green Belt Development

Sr.

No.

Botanical name of the

plant

Size of

the tree Type and suitable site

1. Acacia auriculaeformis Medium Semi-evergreen fragrant white flowers

suitable in green belts and on road sides

2. Adina corodifolia Large Deciduous, a light demander, suitable on

open areas and near flares

3. Anogeissus latifolia Medium Deciduous, Suitable for green belts

4. Azadirachta indica Large Evergreen, Medicinal

5. Bauhinia variegata Medium Deciduous, good in green belts in garden

and as a second row avenue tree

6. Borassus flabellifer Large A tall deciduous palm can be used as wind

break when of different age.

7. Boswellia serrata Medium Deciduous suitable on green belt on

shallow soils

8. Caesalpinia pulcherrima Small A large shrub, suitable for gardens outside

offices and along channels

9. Callistemon lanceolatus Medium Deciduous for some time, ornamental

plant in garden

10. Carrisa Carandas Small Semi evergreen large bushy shrub good

as a hedge to protect against noise.

11. Cassia fistula Medium Deciduous, good ornamental tree in green

belts.

12. Cassia siamea Large Evergreen, good as an avenue tree.

13. Casuarina equisetifolia Medium Evergreen suitable for covering low lying

area and in green belts and along ponds.

14. Cedrela toona Large Deciduous, good in open spaces, in green

belts and along ponds.

15. Peltophorum inerme Medium Semi evergreen, suitable on road sides, in

gardens and outside office buildings.



The following plant species have been suggested for Road Side Plantation.

Sr. No Scientific Name Vernacular name

1. Bauhinia purpurea Kachnar

2. Leucaena leucocephala Subabool

3. Delonix regia Gulmohar

4. Cassia fistula Amaltas

5. Pongamia pinnata Karanj

6. Azadirachta indica Margosa

The general guidelines for development of greenbelt are:

Trees growing up to 5 m or more will be planted along the plant premises and along

the road sides

Planting of trees will be undertaken in rows.

Open areas inside the plant boundary will be covered with grass lawns.

The spacing between the trees will be maintained slightly less than the normal

spaces, so that the trees may grow vertically and slightly increase the effective

height of the green belt.

Planting of trees in each row will be in staggered orientation.

Since the trunks of the tall trees are generally devoid of foliage, it will be useful to

have shrubs in front of the trees so as to give coverage to this portion.

In the 2nd & 3rd rows, shrubs consisting of Margosa, Kachnar, Amaltas, etc. will be

grown.

Shrubs and trees will be planted in encircling rows around the project site.

The short trees (<5 m height) will be planted in the first two rows (towards plant side)

of the green belt. The tall trees (>5 m height) will be planted in the outer three rows

(away from plant side).

For adsorption of dust and gaseous pollutants the following types of plants have

been considered,:

Fast growing

Thick canopy cover

Longer duration of foliage.

Adequate height and spread of crown

Small leaves (Lanceolate) trees which can sustain the sea breeze.

Preference to perennial and evergreen trees



The choice of plants includes shrubs that grow 1 to 2 m high and trees of 3 to 5m heights. It

will be ensured that the foliage area density in vertical is almost uniform by intermixing the

trees and shrubs. Since safety during transport is a major consideration, shrubs in traffic

islands and along road dividers will be short enough to be below the eye-level of motorists.

The species identified for greenbelt development will be planted using pitting technique. The

pit size will be either 45 cm X 45 cm X 45 cm or 60 cm X 60 cm X 60 cm .Bigger pit size will

be preferred. Soil used for filling the pit will be mixed well with decomposed farm yard

manure or sewage sludge at the rate of 2.5 kg (on dry weight basis) and 3.6 kg (on dry

weight basis) for 45 cm X 45 cm X 45 cm and 60 cm X 60 cm X 60 cm respectively. The

filling of soil will be completed at least 5-10 days before actual plantation.

Out of 939 Acres (380 Ha) of land, green belt will be developed in 389 Acres (157.5 Ha). It is

proposed to cover an area of 20 - 50 m all round the proposed unit. Apart from the bulk

plantation around the boundaries, Roadside avenue plantations will also be taken up. The

green belt layout is shown in the Figure 16. Year wise plantation program within the

proposed plant premises is given in Table

Table 31 : Year wise plantation program

Year Location Area (in ha.) No. of Tress Remark

1st Along project area as green belt 21.0 33600 20 to 50m width

2nd Along Proposed Unit 23.0 36800 35 to 50m width

3rd Along Proposed Road 33.5 53600 15m width

4th Within un worked area 58.0 92800

5th Along Ash Pond 22. 35200 15m width

Total 157.5 252000



8.2.6 Socio Economic Measure

The proposed power plant would aid in the overall social and economic development of the

region. The plant will give direct employment of more than 550 people, in addition there will

be indirect employment to many more people in the form of contractual jobs, business

opportunities, service facilities etc. This will enhance the economic status. TANGEDCO will

continue its efforts to improve the socio-economic status of the local habitants and proposes

to provide scholarships to poor children, nursery plantation and conduct health camps.

Moreover, maximum provision will be made to provide potable water for the neighboring

villages.

Apart from the jobs, employee will enjoy the medical and educational facilities as per govt.

norms. Local people will be preferred for employment based on their educational

qualification and requirement of the plant. With the commissioning of power plant,

employment for the people in the surrounding would open up. Budgetary provisions of Rs.

37.0 Crores as capital expenses and Rs. 7.5 Crores as annual expenses have been made

for socio-economic development aspects. The detailed budget allocation on socio-economic

development to the villagers near by the project site is given in Annexure ( D )

8.2.7 Fire Fighting & Protection System

TANGEDCO have adequate number of wall/column mounted type portable fire extinguishers

in various strategic areas of the plant including the control room, administration building,

stores, pump house etc. These portable fire extinguishers are basically of carbon dioxide

and dry powder type.

Fire Hydrants at suitable locations for TG building, boiler area, Fuel handling & Storage area.

Medium velocity water sprays system for the cable gallery. Necessary electric driven, diesel

driven, Jockey pumps with piping valves & instrumentation for safe operation.

TANGEDCO will provide safety shoes, helmet & uniform to each employee. Other safety

equipments will be used according to the nature of job involved. TANGEDCO will establish

its own well equipped occupational health center headed by experienced Doctors with a

team of nurses and pathologist.



CHAPTER 9 : CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

9.1 INTRODUCTION

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol

allowing industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest in

emission reducing projects in developing countries as an alternative to what is generally

considered more costly emission reductions in their own countries. The CDM is supervised

by the CDM Executive Board (CDM EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the

Parties (COP/MOP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC).

The current modalities and procedures for the CDM focus on activities that reduce

emissions. A CDM project activity might involve, for example, a rural electrification project

using solar panels or the installation of more energy efficient boilers.

India has high potential for CDM projects, particularly in the Power Sector. The Baseline

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from power sector have been worked out by CEA based on

detailed authenticated information obtained from all the operating power stations in the

country. The Baseline would benefit all prospective CDM project developers to estimate the

amount of Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) from any CDM project activity.

India has a strong commitment to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases. Ministry of

Power has accorded high priority to the CDM projects in the power sector.

9.2 KYOTO PROTOCOL

The convention established the Conference of Parties (COP) as its supreme body. During

COP3 in Kyoto, Japan, the Parties agreed to a legally binding set of obligations for 38

industrialized countries and 11 countries in Central and Eastern Europe, to return their

emission of GHGs to an average of approximately 5.2% below their 1990 levels over the

commitment period 2008-2012. This is called the Kyoto Protocol to the convention. The

Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005 and targets six main greenhouse gases:

carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs),

perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur Hexafluoride Recognizing that relying on domestic

measures alone to meet the emission targets could be difficult, the Kyoto Protocol offers

considerable flexibility through following three mechanisms:



Joint Implementation (JI) which allows countries to claim credit for emission

reduction that arise from investment in other industrialized countries, which result in a

transfer of 'emission reduction units' between countries;

Emission Trading (ET) which permits countries to transfer parts of their 'allowed

emissions' (assigned amount units); and

Clean Development mechanism (CDM) through which industrialized countries can

finance mitigation projects in developing countries contributing to their sustainable

development.

At COP-7 in Marrakech, Morocco in 2001, the Parties agreed to a comprehensive rulebook

"Marrakech Accords" on how to implement the Kyoto Protocol. The Accords set out the rules

for CDM projects. It also intends to provide Parties with sufficient clarity to consider

ratification.

9.3 OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT PROCESS

An industrialized country that wishes to get credits from a CDM project must obtain the

consent of the developing country hosting the project that it will contribute to sustainable

development. Then, using methodologies approved by the CDM Executive Board (EB), the

applicant (the industrialized country in our case) must make the case that the project would

not have happened anyway (establishing additionally), and must establish a baseline

estimating the future emissions in absence of the registered project. The case is then

validated by a third party agency, a so-called Designated Operational Entity (DOE) to ensure

the project results in real, measurable, and long-term emission reductions. The EB then

decides whether or not to register (approve) the project. If a project is registered and

implemented, the EB issues credits, so-called Certified Emission Reductions; CERs (one

CER being equivalent to one metric tonne of CO2 reduction), to project participants based on

the monitored difference between the baseline and the actual emissions, verified by an

external party called a DOE.



Figure 17 : Project Process

Coal Handling

Plant

Pulverizing

Mills

Cooling

Tower

Cooling

System

Boiler Feed

Water

Boiler Condensate

Steam

Steam Turbine

Generator

Transformer

Cooling

Tower

Blowdown

Boiler

Blowdown

Electrostatic

Precipitators

Bottom

Ash

Fly

Ash

Transmission

Towers

Ash Disposal

Area

Dry Ash

Storage Silos

Chimney

Stack

Emission

Ash

Utilization



9.4 CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSION

9.4.1 Types of Emission Factors

The CDM methodologies, which have been approved to date by the CDM Executive Board,

distinguish a range of different emission factors. In the Indian context, the following four are

most relevant, and were therefore calculated for each regional grid based on the underlying

station data:

Weighted Average (WA): The weighted average emission factor describes the average

CO2 emitted per unit of electricity generated in the grid. It is calculated by dividing the

absolute CO2 emissions of all power stations in the region by the region’s total net

generation. Net generation from so-called low-cost/must-run sources (hydro and nuclear) is

included in the denominator.

Simple Operating Margin (OM):The operating margin describes the average CO2 intensity

of existing stations in the grid, which are most likely to reduce their output if a CDM project

supplies electricity to the grid (or reduces consumption of grid electricity). “Simple” denotes

one out of four possible variants listed in ACM0002 for calculating the operating margin. The

simple operating margin is obtained by dividing the region’s total CO2 emissions by the net

generation of the stations serving the region excluding low-cost/must-run sources. In other

words, the total emissions are divided by the total net generation of all thermal power

stations. Hydro and nuclear qualify as low-cost/must-run sources, and their net generation is

therefore excluded from the denominator.

Build Margin (BM): The build margin reflects the average CO2 intensity of newly built power

stations that will be (partially) replaced by a CDM project. In accordance with ACM0002, the

build margin is calculated in this database as the average emissions intensity of the 20%

most recent capacity additions in the grid based on net generation. Depending on the region,

the build margin covers units commissioned in the last five to ten years.

Combined Margin (CM): The combined margin is a weighted average of the simple

operating margin and the build margin. By default, both margins have equal weights (50%).

However, CDM project developers may chose to argue for different weights. In particular, for

intermittent and non-dispatchable generation types such as wind and solar photovoltaic,

ACM0002 allows to weigh the operating margin and build margin at 75% and 25%,

respectively (see ACM0002, Version 06). However, the combined margins shown in the

database are calculated based on equal weights.

9.4.2 Regional Grids

As stated above, the Indian power system is divided in five regional grids, namely Northern,

Eastern, Western, Southern and North-Eastern. They are listed below.



Table 32 : Geographical Scope Of The Five Regional Electricity Grids

Northern Western Southern Eastern North-Eastern

Chandigarh

Delhi

Haryana

Himachal Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir

Punjab

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

Uttaranchal

Chhattisgarh Gujarat

Daman & Diu

Dadar Nagar Haveli

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Goa

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Kerala

Tamil Nadu

Pondicherry

Lakshadweep

Bihar

Jharkhand

Orissa

West Bengal

Sikkim

Andaman-

Nicobar

Assam

Manipur

Meghalaya

Tripura

Arunachal

Pradesh

Nagaland

Mizoram

Source CEAs user guide baseline

For the purpose of calculating the emission reductions achieved by any CDM project, the

CDM Executive Board requires that the “project electricity system is defined by the spatial

extent of the power plants that can be dispatched without significant transmission

constraints”.1 This implies that the grid emission factors are most appropriately calculated at

the level of the five regional grids.

9.4.3 Baseline Data

The prevailing baseline based on the data for the fiscal year 2007-08 is shown in following

Table. The calculations are based on generation, fuel consumption and fuel quality data

obtained from the power stations. Typical standard data were used wherever precise

information was not available. Inter-regional and cross-border electricity transfers were also

taken into account for calculating the CO2 emission baseline.

Table 33 : Weighted Average of All Indian Regional Grids for FY 2007-08 in TCO2/Mwh

Region Average OM BM CM

South 0.72 0.99 0.71 0.85

NEW NE* 0.81 1.00 0.60 0.80

India 0.79 1.00 0.63 0.81

Source CEAs user guide Ver4 baseline Edition October, 2008

* NEW NE- New Integrated Northern, Eastern, Western, and North-Eastern regional grids



9.4.4 Calculation Approach – Station Level

CO2 emission of thermal stations was calculated using the formula below:

Abs CO2 (station)y = Fuel Coni,y x GCVi,y x EFi x Oxidi

i =1

Where:

Abs CO2,y = Absolute CO2 emission of the station in the given fiscal year „Y‟

Fuel Coni,y = Amount of fuel of type I consumed in the fiscal year „Y‟

GCVi,y = Gross calorific value of the fuel I in the fiscal year „Y‟

EFi = CO2 emission factor of the fuel I based on GCV

Oxidi = Oxidation factor of the fuel i

The emission factors for coal and lignite are based on the value provided in India’s initial

National Communication under the UNFCCC (Ministry of Environment & Forests, 2004).

Specific CO2 emission of Stations (Spec CO2,y) were computed by dividing the absolute

emissions estimated above by the station’s net generation (Net Geny).

Specific CO2 (Station) y = Abs Abs CO2 (station) y/ Net Gen (Station) y

9.4.5 Emission Reduction Calculation (2x800 MW)

Station Heat Rate = 2317 Kcal/ Kwh

Calorific Value of Coal = 5340 Kcal/Kg

Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.4339 Kg/Kwh

CO2 intensity of the power plant = (44/12) x Specific Fuel Consumption X Percentage of

Carbon in the Respective fuel (Kg/Kwh)

= (44/12) x 0.4339 x 0.33 Kg/Kwh

= 0.5250 kg/kwh

Where,

0.4339 = Specific Coal Consumption of proposed 2 x 800 MW unit

33 = Percentage of carbon in the coal

Net Generation of the plant = 800 MW x PLF x Operating Hours

= 800 x 1000 kW x 0.85 x 8760

= 11913.6 Gwh

Average for the South Grid = 0.72 kg/kwh

Plant Carbon Intensity = 0.5250 kg/kwh

Difference between average weighted value and plant intensity = 0.1950 kg/kwh



Therefore Gross reduction in CO2 emission = Net Generation x Difference between Average

and Plant intensity

= 11913600000 X 0.1856

= 2211377 Tons/year

From the above results it is cleared that the proposed Plant Intensity is quite less compared

to the average of South grid. Hence, the proposed project will help to reduce the GHG

emission, through using fuel efficient super-critical technology.

However, the PIN document of the project is under preparation and same will be submitted

to MoEF after completion.



CHAPTER 10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

10.1 Introduction

Government of Tamil Nadu has decided to develop a coal based power project through

TANGEDCO. Hence, TANGEDCO is proposing 2X800 MW Supercritical Thermal Power

Project (A CDM Project) near Udangudi of Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu with capital cost

of Rs. 9083 crores.

10.2 Location of the project Site

The proposed project will be located at Udangudi village of Thoothukudi District, Southern

Tamil Nadu in 939 acres of land. The site is on the Western side of Bay of Bengal. Distance

between sea front to site is 1.2 kms and site is very close to the existing East Coast Road

from Rameswaram to Kanyakumari (SH-176). The nearest railway station is at Thiruchendur

which is about 12 km from the site. The nearest airport is at Vaagaikulam, which is about 40

km from Udangudi site. The nearest sea port is Thoothukudi port, which is about 45 km from

the site.

10.3 Salient features of the Study Area

Nature of the Project 2X800 MW Udangudi Supercritical Thermal Power

Project (Coal Fired Power Plant)

Location of Project

Top sheet 58 L/3

Village Udangudi (Approx. 2.5 km west)

Town (Major) Thiruchendur (Approx. 12 km NE)

Nearest Metro city Chennai (appox. 600 km)

District & State Thoothukudi

Latitude 08° 25‟17.557” to 08° 26‟45.87” N

Longitude 78° 03' 18.27” to 78° 04' 15.29” E

General Climatic Conditions (Source : Climatological Table of IMD Thoothukudi, Based

on observation from 1955 to 1980)

Monthly Mean Temperature Maximum : 35.6°C, Minimum : 28.1°C

Monthly Mean Relative Humidity Maximum : 80%, Minimum : 52%

Total Annual Average Rainfall 625.8 mm

Predominant Wind Direction From West

Height of the IMD observatory station 4.0m AMSL

Accessibility



Road Connectivity State Highway (176), 0.5 km away

Rail Connectivity Thiruchendur Railway Station (12km NE from site)

Airport Vaagaikulam 60 Km from site

Sea Port Thoothukudi, 45km from site

Nearest river Karamaniyar (approx. 6 km south)

CRZ >700 m

Seismicity Seismic zone II, Seismic Intensity VI on mm scale

Nearest Historical / Important Places

Archaeological/ Historically Important Site Nil

Nearest sea Bay of Bengal (1.2km, East)

Sanctuaries / National Parks Gulf of Mannar (Approx. 45kms NE)

Industries / Mines Nil

Nearest Forest Area Kudiraimoliteri R.F.

(About 8 km West from the project site)

10.3 Description of Environment

Air Environment

Results of ambient air quality indicate that concentrations of SPM, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx

and CO are well within the prescribed standards.

SPM - 101 to 158 µg/m3.

PM10 - 45.2 to 69.2 µg/m3.

PM2.5 - 12.27 to 19.77 µg/m3.

SO2 - 10.7 to 15.6 μg/m3

NOx - 11.6 to 18.6 μg/m3.

CO - 1.2 to 2.2 µg/m3.

Noise Environment

The high values of noise observed in many of the rural and suburban areas are primarily

owing to vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic activities. The minimum noise level 40.0

dB (A) was recorded at Kayamozhi while the maximum noise level 56.4 dB (A) was recorded

at Manapadu.

Water Environment

It has been observed that all the physio-chemical parameters of water samples from surface

and ground water are below the stipulated drinking water standards.

Land Environment



For physico-chemical characteristics of soil and fertility status of the soil of the study area

refer Table 3.4.2 and Table 3.4.3 of Chapter 3.

Terrestrial Ecology

Flora

The dominant plant in the study area is Prosopis juliflora, which is found commonly

near the nallahs and village wastelands. Azardirachta is a common tree near the

villages and on the hedge of agricultural field.

The terrestrial vegetation of the study area can be broadly studied under two major

groups:

Scrub & Halophytic vegetation

Mangrove vegetation

There is no national park and wild life sanctuary within study area. There is Kudiraimoliteri

reserve forest present within the study area at about 8 km NW from the proposed project

area.

The observed common vegetations are Borassus flabelifer, Prosopis spicigera, Coccos

nucifera, salicornea brachiata, suaeda maritime, Artiplex repens, Aeluropus lagopoides, etc.

The most dominating species of mangrove vegetation Avicennia marina, Karod (Rhizophora

mukronata), etc. Their height varies from 0.3 to 3.0 m. Besides Excoecaria agallocha and

Thespesia populnea are also observed in some of the patches.

Fauna

The commonly found fauna in the study area are heron, crabs, cobra, hare, rat, fruit bats etc.

The study area has good avian diversity due to sufficient food availability in the form of

crustaceans and small fish.

Marine Ecology

The marine ecological studies were carried out in respect of phytoplankton, zooplankton and

secondary data on fish catch data was collected. Thermal toxicities studies were carried out

by Anna University, Chennai.



10.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation

Air Environment

Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen are the main pollutants from the

proposed plant. ESP of high efficiency (99.89%) will be installed to limit particulate emissions

to 50 mg/Nm3. A 275 m high stack will be provided for adequate dispersal of SO2.

Emissions of NOx will be controlled by providing low NOx burners.

The prediction using Industrial Source Complex Short term disposal model 3. The predicted

resultant concentrations indicate that SPM, SO2 and NOx will be below prescribed standard

for residential and rural areas. Post Project Scenario of GLC of SPM, SO2 and NOx will be

as follows:

Sr.

No 24- Hourly Concentrations

Suspended

Particulate

(SPM)

Sulphur

dioxide

(SO2)

Oxides of

Nitrogen

(NOX)

1 Maximum baseline GLCs in the study area 67.6 15.2 18.3

2 Maximum predicted GLCs 0.38 10.66 13.48

Noise Environment

The baseline monitoring was carried out in all the surrounding villages during daytime and

night time. The hourly noise levels under the daytime and nighttime were processed to arrive

at equivalent values. The day levels of noise have been monitored during 6 AM to 10 PM

and the night levels during 10 PM to 6 AM. The high values of noise observed in many of

the rural and suburban areas are primarily owing to vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic

activities.

The predicted noise levels along the plant boundary due to various sources from the

proposed expansion plant would be below 50 dB(A).

Water Environment

The water requirement for the proposed plant is about 13790 m3/hr, which will be met from

sea. The wastewater generated from different units of power plant will be treated and stored

in guard ponds which will be used for greenbelt development, suppression of the dust and

recycling to cooling tower. Rainwater harvesting measures will be implemented to utilize the

storm water inside plant premises.



Solid Waste

The main solid waste from the proposed power plant will be ash (Fly ash and Bottom ash).

The annual consumption of coal for the proposed power plant is estimated as 4.39 million

tones and the plant load factor of 0.85, which results in the ash generation of about 1132.8

T/d. It is proposed to utilize 100% of the fly ash generated. Unused fly ash and bottom ash

will be disposed off in the ash pond. To control fugitive dust emission from the ash pond area

water sprinkling would be done. After the ash pond is abandoned, its area will be reclaimed

through tree plantation. The sludge generation from STP would be 0.11 T/d which will be

utilized as fertilizer for gardening in greenbelt development.

10.5 Environmental Management Plan

Pollution control measures for mitigating environmental impacts identified as under:

Dust suppression / extraction system at the fuel handling area.

Bottom ash and fly ash collection in dry form.

Use of fly ash in brick making, cement manufacturing etc. End users for fly ash

utilization will be identified.

275 m high stack for proper SO2 dispersion.

High efficiency ESP [99.89%]

Low NOx burners.

Neutralization of DM plant effluent.

Natural draft cooling tower with COC of 1.3.

Zero effluent discharge will be practiced by recycling and reuse of treated waste

water in ash handling, green belt development, dust suppression etc.

Separate collection of storm water and development of rain water harvesting

Roads within the plant will be asphalted.

Workers working in high noise areas will be provided ear plugs / muffs.

Vehicles movement in the plant area will be regulated to avoid traffic congestion.

Use of high pressure horn will be prohibited.

Greenbelt will be developed using native plant species in consultation with local

forest department



10.6 Conclusion

The potential environmental, social and economic impacts have been assessed. The

proposed power plant has certain level of marginal impacts on the local environment. With

effective implementation of proposed environment management plan, these effects will get

marginalized. Implementation of the project has beneficial impact in terms of providing direct

and indirect employment opportunities. This will be a positive socio-economic development

in the region. Quality of life of the people will improve.

With commitment and dedication, TANGEDCO will commission the coal based

1600 MW (2x800 MW) power plant using state of the art technology. Recommendations

made in the CREP for the power project will be implemented. TANGEDCO also under take

various community welfare measures for the upliftment of the villages of the study area.



CHAPTER 11 : DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED

11.1 Name of the Consultants:

M/s Bhagavathi Ana Labs Limited

8-2-598/A/9/1, ASCI Colony

Road No. 10, Banjara Hills

Hyderabad – 500 034.

Telephone – 040 - 23356908, 23348689

Fax – 040 – 23356909

Email: [email protected]

Website: http://www.bhagavathianalabs.com

Bhagavathi Ana Labs Limited is a professional services company providing Environmental

Consultancy, Environmental Engineering, Analytical and Quality testing, Water Resource

studies, Technical Training and Envirolegal services. Since inception in 1984, the company

has completed number of projects spread all over India. The company has qualified and

experienced staff of more than 160 people operating across seven offices in India. The

Professionals and Technicians include Environmental Engineers, Environmental Scientists,

Environmental Planners, Chemists, Mining Engineers, Geologists, Hydro-geologists,

Economic and Social Science specialists etc. Bhagavathi Ana Labs Limited is an ISO 9001-

2000 Company and is accredited by:

Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, New Delhi

National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) as per

ISO/IEC 17025:2005

NABET Registered EIA Consultant Organization from Quality Council of India

M/s Bhagavathi Ana Labs Limited have been engaged by Tamil Nadu Electricity Board,

Tamil Nadu for carrying out Environmental Impact Assessment study and preparation of

EIA/EMP Report for the proposed 2 x 800 MW Udangudi Supercritical Thermal Power Plant

at Udangudi in Thiruchendur Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu.

mailto:[email protected]




The consultancy of the following agencies also has been taken.

1. Marine Environmental Survey at Udangudi by Institute for Ocean management, Anna

University, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)

2. “FLOOD PROTECTION & AREA DRAINAGE STUDIES” by ANNA UNIVERSITY,

CHENNAI – 600 025 (Tamil Nadu)

3. Mathematical modelling study of the intake and outfall of cooling water system of

Udangudi super critical thermal power project at Udangudi, Thoothukudi dist.,

Tamilnadu. By National Institute of Oceanography (Council of Scientific & Industrial

Research) Dona Paula - 403 004 Goa

4. Rapid Marine EIA and EMP for construction of Coal Jetty, Conveyor and setting up of

Cooling Water Intake & Outfall structure for the proposed USCTPP by Anna

University, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)

5. “Demarcation of the Plant and Foreshore Facilities” by ANNA UNIVERSITY,

CHENNAI – 600 025.

EIA EMP The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical...

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