Chapter II: Arabization History (Part 3: Modern history of Arabization)

• Egypt • Syria• Lebanon• Current situation of Arabization

After 6 centuries (13th-18th), translation came back to life in the reign of M. A. Pasha in the 19th century (1805-1848).

M. A. was the Albanian commander of the Turkish army in Egypt. Governor in 1805. self-acclaimed Khedive of Egypt.

Had great ambitions to make his country and his army strong and developed. Planned well for this.

Revived interest in Arabic, declared it the official language of Egypt.

Launched a campaign of Arabization. Started by medical sciences.

Egypt

Established the Medical School at Abu Zaabal. The first to start Arabizing and translating in Egypt were

Dr. Clot, the french Chair of Abu Zaabal School, and Dr. Perron, another teacher in the same school. Both wrote medical and science books themselves and translated them accurately.

Egyptian translators were appointed to keep company with those foreign teachers and report on the translations these teachers undertook.

These translations were revised by specialists from Al-Azhar university: غانم حسين محرم، محمد الطهطاوي، رفاعة .etc ,الرشيدي

Both translators and revisers used to meet and discuss translations.

120 students were sent to France to study modern sciences and arts.

Came back and embarked on translation projects.

Translated books in different fields. Arabized some specialized dictionaries. النبراوي إبراهيم الفتاح، عبد محمد هيبة، علي ، .... A group of Syrian translators contributed to

the Arabization movement in Egypt. يوسف فيدال، جورج عنحوري، يوحنا زخور، أنطوان

فرعون ، ... Translation movement in Egypt, which lasted

for 70 years, came to an end with the death of M. A. Pasha.

Inventory: 66 books on military sciences, 76 on medical sciences, and 59 on other sciences, including dictionaries.

Tens of thousands of terms were Arabized. Husni Sabh’s assessment of these efforts: 1. they were pioneers 2. applied the modern standards of

translating medical terms 3. revived Arabic medical terms when

appropriate. 4. worked hard to create new terms 5. as a last resort they used borrowing.

Arabization started there in 1919 with the establishment of the Arabic Medical School.

In 1919 also, the Arabic Institute of Medicine declared that one of their main aims was to Arabize and author books in various fields of knowledge.

Syria was occupied by the French in 1920, yet they still taught medicine in Arabic.

In 1946, they gained independence, and since then, the Institute, later called Language Academy undertook the task of Arabizing sciences.

Translator were members 0f the medical terminology committee in the Institute: سبح حسني خاطر، ...،مرشد

Completed a number of dictionaries.

Syria

Prominent translators: الشهابي مصطفي a graduate of agricultural األمير

sciences from France Published A Dictionary of Agricultural Terms in

1943, 700 pages long. Scientific Terms in Arabic language in 1955. An assessment of Arabization efforts in

language academies. Put forward a proposal in the Arabic language

Academies Conference held in 1956 to include all the rules recommended by the academies in a book to be published by the Arab league, and to become a constitution for the Arabization of terms in these academies.

سبح حسني Graduated form the medical school in

Damascus. Wrote 13 books on internal medicine in

Arabic. Formed the committee for medical

terminology at the Arabic Institute of Medicine

Active member, then Chair of the Language Academy in Damascus

Other names: خاني جميل سعيد، رضا ، ....

Is the Syrian experience successful? Many people express their satisfaction with this experience, claiming that it has been a completely successful one. However, we have started to hear voices expressing otherwise.

من أكثر بعد اليوم، هذه 80لكن انطالق على � عامايشتكي البداية، في � ملفتا � نجاحا أثبتت التي التجربة،من السورية الجامعات في الطب طالب من الكثير

على تنعكس كثيرة صعوبات يعاني الطب تعريب أن . انطلقت التعريب حركة أن حين ففي وأدائه الطالب

لتضع الماضي، القرن مطلع في وكفاءة بحيويةالتي الكبيرة الفجوة رغم عربية، طبية لغة أسس

عام بشكل العلوم عن ولغتهم العرب تفصل كانتعلى قادرة غير تبدو اليوم فإنها الحين، ذلك في

. الطبية العلوم في الهائلة التطورات متابعة

الحالي وضعها في العربية الطبية المكتبة إنفي والسريع الهائل التطور استيعاب عن عاجزةمما بكثير أكبر بسرعة يسير الذي الطبية العلوم

حركة كانت حين السابقة، السنوات في عليه كان . على تقوم التي الحركة فهذه أوجها في التعريب

إلى اآلن تفتقر وحدها، سوريا وأطباء أساتذة كاهلباستمرار الطبية المكتبة لرفد الالزمة اإلمكانات . فالكثير الحديثة الترجمات من المطلوب بالعدد

لم اليوم السورية المناهج في المعتمدة الكتب منالمعجم " وحتى عديدة؛ سنوات منذ تجديدها يتم

" األساسي المرجع يعد� الذي ، الموحد الطبيأو تطوير ألي يخضع لم بة، المعر� للمصطلحات

. � أيضا سنوات منذ تجديد

موقع في الطب طالب أحد للطالب 2+48يقول : الموضوع هذا على � معلقا اإلنترنت، على السوريين

بالتخبط" يبدأ ،� أجنبيا � مرجعا الطالب يمسك عندماالعربي المعجم صفحات وبين األولى صفحاته بين

الكتاب إلى ويعود ويمل� يزهق حتى الموحد الطبيأوائل إلى معلوماته تعود الذي الحديث الجامعي

." التسعينات أو الثمانيناتواألطباء للطالب يمكن ال فإنه الواقع هذا ظل وفي

والدوريات األجنبية المراجع عن االستغناء . الطب في جديد هو ما كل تتضمن التي والدراسات

يدرسون ال أنهم يرون الطالب من والكثيرالجامعية، االمتحانات الجتياز إال العربية المقررات

األجنبية المراجع إلى يلجؤون النهاية في فهم . والحديثة الكاملة الطبية المعلومات على للحصول

بالعربية التدريس جدوى عن هؤالء يتساءل ولهذابلغتين؟ الطب دراسة عبء وتحميلهم

Lebanon Arabization started in Lebanon as early as 1773

when the National School and the Maronite School opened and sciences were taught in Arabic.

Then 2 scientific societies were founded to promote the use of Arabic in sciences and literature.

Important figures who contributed in these societies: األسير يوسف البستاني، بطرس اليازجي، ناصيف

In 1866 a college was established by American preachers, followed by other similar schools. Arabic was used as the medium of instruction even in medical departments until 1883.

In 1928, the Lebanese president established the Lebanese Scientific Academy, where several committees were formed to take care of arabizing terms in different fields. But this project was stopped by the following president in 1930.

Two prominent scholars made great individual efforts: المعلوف أمين البستاني، بطرس

Albustani: Albustani Encyclopedia in 1868 Alma’loof (1871-1943): A Dictionary of Animals; A

Dictionary of Astronomy; A Dictionary of Botany. Others: بوست جورج وورتبات، يوحنا فانديك، ...،كورنيليوس Other Arab countries restated Arabic as the

language of school education.

Current situation of Arabization

Language Academies? Check websites. Arab Organization for Translation (1999).

Have translated 283 books so far. Kalima (2007). Have translated around 900

books (100 yearly). King Abdullah International Award for

Translation

Importance of political decision and decision makers.

Affect of political situation on translation activities

importance of institutional work Importance of translator’s skills Importance of translation in starting a

civilization Importance of translation in enriching

languages.

Summary and important lessons

Find the difference between a number of related similar terms, their equivalent in Arabic, and present a critical point of view.

Assignment 1: