EEI – resistance of Graphite: journal - Jackson best · Put electricity through graphite pencil...

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By: Jackson Best

EXPERIMENT DATE: 24 NOVEMBER 2014

EEI – RESISTANCE OF GRAPHITE: JOURNAL

Figure 1 - http://tinypencil.com/main/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Graphite-schist.jpg

Resistance of Graphite By: Jackson Best Teacher: Mr Strahorn

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Table of Contents:

TABLE OF CONTENTS: ______________________________________________________________________ 1

AIM: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2

QUESTIONS, THOUGHTS AND MYSTERIES:______________________________________________________ 2

IDEAS FOR EXPERIMENT - METHOD OF TESTING: ________________________________________________ 2

RESEARCH, PLANNING AND BACKGROUND: ____________________________________________________ 2

WHAT IS GRAPHITE: BASICS ____________________________________________________________________ 2 CHEMICAL AND ADVANCED PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE: _________________________________________________ 3 ELECTRONICS: ____________________________________________________________________________ 3 OTHER/GENERAL SCIENCE: ____________________________________________________________________ 5

FINAL HYPOTHESIS: ________________________________________________________________________ 5

DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES:_____________________________________________________________ 5

PUT ELECTRICITY THROUGH GRAPHITE POWDER: ______________________________________________________ 5 PUT ELECTRICITY THROUGH GRAPHITE PENCIL: _______________________________________________________ 5 PUT ELECTRICITY THROUGH GRAPHITE PACER LEAD: ____________________________________________________ 5 PUT ELECTRICITY THROUGH GRAPHITE BAR: _________________________________________________________ 6

CHOSEN METHOD OF TESTING: ______________________________________________________________ 6

PUT ELECTRICITY THROUGH GRAPHITE PACER LEAD: ____________________________________________________ 6

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: ____________________________________________________________________ 6

MATERIALS: ______________________________________________________________________________ 6

RISK ASSESSMENT: ________________________________________________________________________ 7

METHOD: ________________________________________________________________________________ 9

RESULTS AND DATA: ______________________________________________________________________ 10

RESULTS GRAPHS: _________________________________________________________________________ 12

DATA ANALYSIS: _________________________________________________________________________ 14

QUESTIONS FROM BEGINNING OF JOURNAL: _______________________________________________________ 14 EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS: _____________________________________________________________________ 15

GOD’S DESIGN: __________________________________________________________________________ 16

CONCLUSION: ___________________________________________________________________________ 16

RECORD OF ACTIVITIES:____________________________________________________________________ 17

20 OCTOBER 2014: _______________________________________________________________________ 17 24 OCTOBER 2014: _______________________________________________________________________ 17 28 OCTOBER 2014: _______________________________________________________________________ 17 30 OCTOBER 2014 1 NOVEMBER 2014: _______________________________________________________ 17 2 NOVEMBER 2014: _______________________________________________________________________ 17 3 NOVEMBER 2014: _______________________________________________________________________ 17

BIBLIOGRAPHY: __________________________________________________________________________ 18

WEBSITES:______________________________________________________________________________ 18 PICTURES: ______________________________________________________________________________ 18


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Aim: To investigate the electrical properties of graphite, in particular the changing resistance of the

material.

Questions, Thoughts and Mysteries: Is the change in resistance linear non-linear?

My answer: Do not know

Why does the resistance change?

My answer: the current flowing through it causes a change in molecular structure

At what voltage will a graphite rod light on fire or burn out like a fuse?

My answer: around 5 volts

Graphite is not a metal. Why does it conduct electricity?

My answer: it must have free electrons

Ideas for Experiment - Method of Testing: Put electricity through graphite powder

Put electricity through graphite pencil

Put electricity through graphite pacer lead

Put electricity through graphite bar

Research, Planning and Background:

What is graphite: basics

What’s it made of? Graphite is a mineral made “exclusively of the

element carbon” (Friedman, Minerals.net, 2014).

Diamond is also made up exclusively the same

element. Even though graphite and diamond are made up of the same element, they have very

contrasting properties. Diamond is hard and very difficult to break. Graphite is extremely easy to

break, is very soft and rubs off onto other objects very easily.

Where is it found? Graphite is a very common material. Graphite mines “produce enormous quantities [of graphite]

from a single or several large graphite veins” but good quality graphite crystals are very uncommon

(Friedman, Minerals.net, 2014). Graphite is a metamorphic rock meaning that it is formed through

heat and pressure which occurs deep underground.

Figure 2 - http://www.troelsgravesen.dk/graphite_files/graphite_6.jpg


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Chemical and Advanced Properties of Graphite:

Molecular Structure and Properties: Graphite “consists of many flat layers of hexagons” with each layer called a “graphene sheet”

(France, GCSE Science, 2014). The hexagonal structure means that each carbon atom in the molecule

is connected to “three other carbon atoms” (France, GCSE Science, 2014).

Carbon is a member of the fourth group of the periodic table meaning that it has “four electrons in

its outer shell” (France, GCSE Science, 2014). Due to the structure of the molecule, only three of the

four electrons are used for bonding and the other electron is a free electron. This free electron is

what allows graphite to conduct electricity.

The graphene sheets are not strongly bonded together. This means that each layer is easily able to

slide over one another. This is what allows the graphite to rub onto other materials so easily. It also

causes graphite to be very slippery and this makes it a good lubricant.

How is it used? Due to the widespread and diverse properties of graphite, it has many uses. It is considered a “key,

strategic material” in the new age of technology (Focus Graphite Inc., 2014). It is used in fields. Due

to the way that graphene sheets are able to slide over each other so easily allows it to be used in

several lubricating applications. This property also reveals why the material rubs off onto other

materials so easily. This makes graphite a prime ingredient for the lead inside our everyday pencils.

Graphite’s conductive properties have also caused a large impact on electronics with a natural, non-

metal material being used to run devices such as phones and laptops.

Graphite and electronics: Graphite’s bonding pattern causes it to have one free electron per carbon atom left in the molecule.

These free electrons allow electricity to flow through the molecule quite easily. Unlike all other

materials, graphite is the “only common non-metal that is a good conductor of electricity”

(Friedman, Minerals.net, 2014). This makes graphite very unique amongst other common, non-metal

materials.

Just like all materials, graphite has a resistance to the flow of electrical current. Unlike other

materials, however, as the voltage through the material increases, the graphite undergoes a process

called “resistivity relaxation” (Wiley, Wiley Online Library, 2014). This process occurs in “high-

density” materials such as graphite (Wiley, Wiley Online Library, 2014). The process describes a

change in the resistance of the given material where, as the voltage through the material increases,

the resistance of the material decreases.

Electronics:

Voltage: Voltage is a “measure of the energy per coulomb of charge”

in an electrical circuit (Pearson, p371, 2007). It is also

referred to as the electromotive force – EMF (Pearson,

p371, 2007). Voltage can be seen as water in a tank above

the ground. The voltage can be seen as the amount of energy per litre of the water which depends

on the height of the water above the ground. Voltage is also the potential difference between two

points. It is the work required to move a charge between

the two points (Pearson, p371, 2007). Voltage is measured

in Volts or J/C (Joules per Coulomb).

Figure 3 - http://www.ardenelectronics.com/images/circuit.jpg


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Current: The current of a circuit is the speed at which coulombs of charge travel and is measured in amperes

(A). It is the “number of coulombs of charge passing a point each second” (Pearson, p371, 2007).

Therefore, 1 ampere is equal to 1 coulomb per second. Conventional current flows from positive to

negative (Pearson, p371, 2007). This does not represent the actual movement of particles but rather

is just a historical convention. In metals, for example, “the electrons move from negative to positive”

(Pearson, p371, 2007).

Ammeter: Current can be measured by using an ammeter (Pearson, p371, 2007). When measuring the current

of a circuit, the ammeter is placed “in series with the component through which the current is to be

measured” (Pearson, p371, 2007). An ammeter is designed with an extremely low resistance so that

the full current flowing through the circuit can be measured (Pearson, p371, 2007).

Resistance: A resistor is anything that “impedes the flow of current” (Pearson, p372, 2007). It can be likened to a

tap on a water tank which slows the flow of the water from the tank. The total resistance of resistors

wired in series is larger than the resistance of each component. The total resistance of resistors

wired in series is equal to “the sum of the individual resistances” (Pearson, p372, 2007). When wired

in parallel, the total resistance is able to be calculated by: “1

𝑅𝑇=

1

𝑅1+

1

𝑅2+

1

𝑅3+ ⋯ +

1

𝑅𝑘” where Rk is

the resistance of the last resistor in the parallel circuit (Pearson, p372, 2007). Resistance is measured

in ohms (Ω). Due to the resistor slowing the flow of the current, some of the energy is released

through heat or other forms of energy.

Ohm’s Law: The current and voltage in a circuit are related in

accordance with the resistance of the circuit. The

relationship between the voltage, current and the

resistance of a circuit can be “demonstrated by

Ohm’s Law”: “𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅” (Pearson, p373, 2007). Using

this law, it can be seen that, providing the voltage

remains constant, as the resistance increases, the

amount of current through the circuit decreases.

Figure 4 - http://images.tmcnet.com/tmc/misc/articles/Image/2012/electricity.jpg


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Other/General Science:

Precision, Uncertainty and Accuracy: Precision and uncertainty is a part of all experiments. Precision is a measure of the reproducibility of

a measurement. “The more variation between successive measurements of the same quantity, the

less precise is the measurement” (Greg Strahorn, Atomic Theory and Precision in Physics, 2014). The

precision of a reading is often shown by the number of significant figures in the measurement.

“Uncertainty refers to human judgement involved in a measurement” (Greg Strahorn, Atomic Theory

and Precision in Physics, 2014). Usually, the uncertainty is taken as ± half the smallest division of the

measuring instrument. When multiple quantities with uncertainty are combined, the uncertainties

have to be recalculated as well. When adding or subtracting values, the absolute uncertainties –

uncertainties as a number – are added. When multiplying or dividing quantities, the relative

uncertainties – uncertainties as a percent of the quantities that they apply to – are added. The

calculations of uncertainties allow people to understand how accurate and precise a value is.

The accuracy of a value is very important and there are many sources of error that can affect this.

The accuracy of a quantity is “an indication of how close a measurement is to the accepted value of

the quantity being measured” (Greg Strahorn, Atomic Theory and Precision in Physics, 2014).

Sources of error include random error - occurs as a result of incorrect reading and effects such as the

parallax effect; systematic errors – errors caused by incorrect calibration of a measuring instrument

(these errors occur in a consistent way – an instrument not reading zero when it should). These

types of errors can effect measurements and should be considered when recording results.

Final Hypothesis: The resistance will decrease in a non-linear relationship with the voltage that is put through the

graphite.

Development of Procedures:

Put electricity through graphite powder: Use a power supply to put current through graphite powder and analysing the changes in resistance.

Problem: Graphite powder is hard to use accurately without making a mess.

Put electricity through graphite pencil: Use a power supply to put current through graphite pencil and analysing the changes in resistance.

Problem: This method could light the pencil on fire do to the heat that the graphite could produce.

Put electricity through graphite pacer lead: Use a power supply to put current through graphite powder and analysing the changes in resistance.

This is a good idea because the material was graphite and

nothing else that could catch fire. The material would also hold

its physical form allowing electrodes to be easily attached to

either ends of the material. Observations would be easy to make

due to the open view of the graphite pace lead unlike the pencil

where the graphite would be covered in wood or alternative

covering.

Figure 5 - http://officemetro.com.au/images/medium_14899.jpg


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Put electricity through Graphite bar: No graphite bars were readily available for use. If graphite bars were used, any damage done to

them due to heat would be more costly as well as more dangerous.

Chosen Method of Testing:

Put electricity through Graphite pacer

lead: Use a power supply to put current through

graphite powder and analysing the changes

in resistance.

This is a good idea because the material was

graphite and nothing else that could catch

fire. The material would also hold its

physical form allowing electrodes to be

easily attached to either ends of the material.

Observations would be easy to make due to the open view of the graphite pace lead unlike the

pencil where the graphite would be covered in wood or alternative covering.

Equipment Required:

Materials: Wires

Digital Power Supply

Graphite pencil or graphite rod

Multimeter or:

o Ammeter

Figure 6 - Experiment - 24 October 2014




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Risk Assessment:


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Method: 1. Attach power supply to either ends

of the graphite rod

2. Set the power supply to 1.0 volts

with over-current protection

switched on and set to a suitable

amount

3. Switch on the power supply

4. Record the current going through

the graphite

5. Increase the voltage by 0.1 volts

6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until the voltage reaches 3.0 Volts or until graphite burns out

Note: Graphite will burn out and break like a fuse if current becomes too high


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Results and Data: Results Table:

Trial Voltage

Voltage Precision

Voltage Relative Current

Current Precision

Current Relative Resistance

Resistance Relative

Resistance Precision

# (Independent) Absolute Precision (Dependant) Absolute Precision Precision Absolute

1 0.000 V ±0.0005 ±0.0000% 0.007 A ±.0005 ±7.1429% 0.000 Ω ±7.1429% ±0.0000000

2 0.100 V ±0.0005 ±0.5000% 0.073 A ±.0005 ±0.6849% 1.370 Ω ±1.1849% ±0.0162319

3 0.200 V ±0.0005 ±0.2500% 0.139 A ±.0005 ±0.3597% 1.439 Ω ±0.6097% ±0.0087728

4 0.300 V ±0.0005 ±0.1667% 0.206 A ±.0005 ±0.2427% 1.456 Ω ±0.4094% ±0.0059619

5 0.400 V ±0.0005 ±0.1250% 0.270 A ±.0005 ±0.1852% 1.481 Ω ±0.3102% ±0.0045953

6 0.500 V ±0.0005 ±0.1000% 0.337 A ±.0005 ±0.1484% 1.484 Ω ±0.2484% ±0.0036850

7 0.600 V ±0.0005 ±0.0833% 0.405 A ±.0005 ±0.1235% 1.481 Ω ±0.2068% ±0.0030636

8 0.700 V ±0.0005 ±0.0714% 0.478 A ±.0005 ±0.1046% 1.464 Ω ±0.1760% ±0.0025779

9 0.800 V ±0.0005 ±0.0625% 0.546 A ±.0005 ±0.0916% 1.465 Ω ±0.1541% ±0.0022575

10 0.900 V ±0.0005 ±0.0556% 0.624 A ±.0005 ±0.0801% 1.442 Ω ±0.1357% ±0.0019570

11 1.000 V ±0.0005 ±0.0500% 0.696 A ±.0005 ±0.0718% 1.437 Ω ±0.1218% ±0.0017506

12 1.100 V ±0.0005 ±0.0455% 0.771 A ±.0005 ±0.0649% 1.427 Ω ±0.1103% ±0.0015737

13 1.200 V ±0.0005 ±0.0417% 0.861 A ±.0005 ±0.0581% 1.394 Ω ±0.0997% ±0.0013901

14 1.300 V ±0.0005 ±0.0385% 0.953 A ±.0005 ±0.0525% 1.364 Ω ±0.0909% ±0.0012404

15 1.400 V ±0.0005 ±0.0357% 1.023 A ±.0005 ±0.0489% 1.369 Ω ±0.0846% ±0.0011576

16 1.500 V ±0.0005 ±0.0333% 1.115 A ±.0005 ±0.0448% 1.345 Ω ±0.0782% ±0.0010517

17 1.600 V ±0.0005 ±0.0313% 1.219 A ±.0005 ±0.0410% 1.313 Ω ±0.0723% ±0.0009485

18 1.700 V ±0.0005 ±0.0294% 1.317 A ±.0005 ±0.0380% 1.291 Ω ±0.0674% ±0.0008697

19 1.800 V ±0.0005 ±0.0278% 1.395 A ±.0005 ±0.0358% 1.290 Ω ±0.0636% ±0.0008209

20 1.900 V ±0.0005 ±0.0263% 1.526 A ±.0005 ±0.0328% 1.245 Ω ±0.0591% ±0.0007356

21 2.000 V ±0.0005 ±0.0250% 1.623 A ±.0005 ±0.0308% 1.232 Ω ±0.0558% ±0.0006877


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22 2.100 V ±0.0005 ±0.0238% 1.700 A ±.0005 ±0.0294% 1.235 Ω ±0.0532% ±0.0006574

23 2.200 V ±0.0005 ±0.0227% 1.814 A ±.0005 ±0.0276% 1.213 Ω ±0.0503% ±0.0006099

24 2.300 V ±0.0005 ±0.0217% 1.929 A ±.0005 ±0.0259% 1.192 Ω ±0.0477% ±0.0005683

25 2.400 V ±0.0005 ±0.0208% 2.039 A ±.0005 ±0.0245% 1.177 Ω ±0.0454% ±0.0005339

26 2.500 V ±0.0005 ±0.0200% 2.135 A ±.0005 ±0.0234% 1.171 Ω ±0.0434% ±0.0005084

27 2.600 V ±0.0005 ±0.0192% 2.278 A ±.0005 ±0.0219% 1.141 Ω ±0.0412% ±0.0004700

28 2.700 V ±0.0005 ±0.0185% 2.370 A ±.0005 ±0.0211% 1.139 Ω ±0.0396% ±0.0004513

29 2.800 V ±0.0005 ±0.0179% 2.505 A ±.0005 ±0.0200% 1.118 Ω ±0.0378% ±0.0004227

30 2.900 V ±0.0005 ±0.0172% 2.612 A ±.0005 ±0.0191% 1.110 Ω ±0.0364% ±0.0004040

31 3.000 V ±0.0005 ±0.0167% 2.677 A ±.0005 ±0.0187% 1.121 Ω ±0.0353% ±0.0003961

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Results Graphs:

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

Res

ista

nce

(O

hm

s)

Voltage (Volts)

Resistance of Graphite

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-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Cu

rren

t (A

mp

s)

Voltage (Volts)

Voltage vs. Current

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Data Analysis:

Questions from Beginning of Journal:

Does the resistance of the graphite change? By examining both of the results graphs, it is obvious that the resistance of the graphite does not

remain constant. The “Resistance of Graphite” graph shows this change in resistance for each

voltage setting. When examining the “Voltage vs. Current” graph, it can be seen that the relationship

is not linear. If the line of the graph was linear, the resistance of the graphite would be constant.

However, because it is a curved, non-linear line, it is evident that the voltage changes.

Why does the resistance change? As seen in the research section, as current is put through the graphite, it undergoes a process called

resistivity relaxation. This lowers the resistance of the graphite as more voltage is put through it. This

process occurred in the experiment and was observed by analysing the data graph. It was seen that

the resistance of the graphite pacer lead decreased as more voltage was put through it. The current

through the graphite pacer lead also increased in accordance with the change in resistance and the

increase in voltage.

Is the change in resistance non-linear? By examining the “Resistance of Graphite” graph, it can be assumed that the change in the

resistance of the graphite is linear. The graph did contain a large amount of noise and this cause the

data to not be smooth. If a more accurate ammeter was used, smoother data could have been

recorded. This would allow better examination of the data so as to observe wether the change in

resistance of graphite is linear or non-linear.

At what voltage will a graphite rod light on fire or burn out like a fuse? As the voltage through the graphite pacer lead increased, the graphite pacer lead became hotter to

the point where it began to produce a small amount of smoke. This occurred at 2.3 volts. The voltage

was increased further to 2.7 volts, where it

began to glow red. The voltage through the

graphite pacer lead was then increased to 3

volts. At this point, the graphite pacer lead

produced a large amount of smoke and then

proceeded to burn out like a fuse from the high

amount of current travelling through it. It was

evident that a total current of 2.677 Amps

flowing through the graphite pacer lead would

cause it to “burn out”.

Graphite is not a metal. Why does it conduct

electricity? The way that carbon atoms bond in graphite molecules leave one of the carbon atom’s electrons

“free”. This leaves one free electron per carbon atom floating through the molecule. These “free”

electrons are able to interact with external charges and this allows the graphite molecule to conduct

electricity. These properties make the graphite molecule unique amongst other non-metal molecules

due to its capability to conduct electricity.



Page 15 of 18

Experiment Analysis:

What went well? The graphite pacer lead was attached to the connecting wires in open view of the observers. This

allowed good observation of the visual changes occurring in the graphite pacer lead. As the graphite

pacer lead heated up due to the increase in the current flowing through it, it began to glow red. Due

to the open view of the experiment, the red glow was easily seen and observed as both a piece of

data and a safety hazard.

Due to adequate and extra safety measures being put into place, the voltage through the graphite

pacer lead was able to be increased so that the temperature increased to the point where the

graphite pacer lead burnt out like a fuse and disintegrated in the middle. As opposed to simply

increasing the voltage in an open environment, the system was placed in a safe and protective box

so that, if any fire was to occur, the system could be isolated and no fire could spread outside the

box.

The digital power supply used on the

experiment was very accurate and easy to use.

As a part of its features, it contained an

ammeter. This ammeter was quite accurate

and read four digits thus providing three

decimal places. This built-in ammeter removed

the need for an external ammeter and lowered

the amount of “clutter” in the experiment.

What did not go well? Due to the diameter of the graphite pacer leads

being only 0.7 millimetres, they broke very easily. This caused some difficulty while setting up the

experiment. In order to complete the experiment with a whole, unbroken graphite pacer lead, care

was taken during all steps. The issue could have also been remedied by using a graphite rod of larger

diameter. This would have increased the strength of the rod and made the experiment easier.

Due to the fragile nature of the graphite pacer lead, it was difficult to establish an organised setup

for the circuit. Instead of attempting to secure the graphite pacer leads and the connecting wires to

retort stands, the wires were left to coil naturally on the bench. This meant that little force was

exerted on the graphite pacer lead by the wires. This gave the graphite pacer lead the best likelihood

of not snapping during the experiment. This somewhat unprofessional setup of the experiment may

also have caused some inconsistencies in the data read from the ammeter. Between different

voltages, slight movements in the wires could have changed the connection and thus changed the

effectiveness of the connection.

As can be seen in the results graph, there was a moderate amount of “noise” in the data. There are

many factors that can cause noise in an experiment. For this experiment, these factors may have

included things such as magnetic fields in the surrounding area as well as electric fields in the air

around the experiment. Because the experiment was not conducted in a fully isolated area,

magnetic fields in the area around the experiment would have been able to affect the experiment in

many ways thus changing the reading from the ammeter. Electric fields in the air around the

experiment may also have affected the experiment by interacting with the current flowing through

the connecting wires and through the graphite pacer lead.

Figure 11 - http://www.ardenelectronics.com/images/circuit.jpg


Page 16 of 18

Sources of Error: Sources of error in the experiment included many factors. These included external interferences and

the lack of a large load in the circuit. The readings given by the ammeter could have been affected

by external magnetic and electric fields in the air and the objects surrounding the experiment. The

readings may have also been influenced by the lack of a large load in the circuit. Placing a load into

the circuit would have better simulated a real circuit by not have so much current flowing through

the graphite. This would have reduced the noise in the results and produced better, more consistent

results.

How could the experiment be improved to obtain better results? In order to remove some of the sources of error, the experiment could be improved in many ways. In

order to obtain more accurate readings, the current running through the circuit could be measured

by an external ammeter. This would most likely provide better readings and therefore smoother

data. Due to the burning out of the graphite, it was impossible to test voltages higher than 3.0 volts.

In order to rectify this, the graphite pacer lead could be connected and placed into a cold, non-

conducting liquid or an alternate cooling system. The rod would then be left to cool between each

trial so that for each voltage that it is tested for, it would start at the same temperature. This would

provide more consistent data by removing the factor of the starting temperature between trials.

Some of the “noise” in the data was created from slight movements of the connections in the circuit.

This issue could be fixed by using a rigid structure to mount and hold the wires and the graphite

pacer lead so that they did not move during the trials. This would prevent the connections from

moving and thus remove “noise” from the data.

God’s Design: Graphite is a very complex and interesting compound. With His

wisdom, God has given us a fantastic mineral that has some

amazing properties. God has also given graphite many uses in

our world such as in stationery equipment, lubricants and

electronics. It is a fantastic compound which really

demonstrates the brilliance of God’s design.

Conclusion: During the experiment, the electrical properties of graphite

were observed via the use of a graphite pacer lead. The

experiment provided some new knowledge into God’s fantastic

design of graphite, the understanding of the changing

resistance of the mineral and how graphite can be used in today’s world of electricity.

Figure 12 - http://cdn.onextrapixel.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/25-inspiring-hands-gods-hand.jpg


Page 17 of 18

Record of activities:

20 October 2014: Chose EEI topic: Resistance of Graphite

Began work on report

o Introduction

o Materials

o Results – preparation

o Hypothesis

o Aim

24 October 2014: Continued work on report

o More introduction

o Method

o Did experiment

o Got results and put them in table

28 October 2014: Worked on results

o Formatted results into excel

o Used excel equation to calculate resistance

o Graphed resistance against voltage

30 October 2014 1 November 2014: Worked on journal

2 November 2014: Worked on journal

Worked on presentation

3 November 2014: Worked on presentation


Page 18 of 18

Bibliography:

Websites: David Madden (ed.al), Physics, A Contextual Approach – second edition, Heinemann ,

Port Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Greg Strahorn, 2014, Atomic Theory and Precision in Physics,

o (See attached – or included in folder)

Hershal Friedman, Minerals.net, 2014

o http://www.minerals.net/mineral/graphite.aspx

Dr Colin France, GCSE Science, 2014, United Kingdom

o http://www.gcsescience.com/a34-structure-graphite-giant-molecule.htm

Focus Graphite Inc., 2014, Ottawa, Ontario,

o http://www.focusgraphite.com/technology/graphite/

John Wiley, Wiley Online Library, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2014

o http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.21111/abstract

Pictures: http://tinypencil.com/main/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Graphite-schist.jpg

http://chewtychem.wiki.hci.edu.sg/file/view/graphite.jpg/213112794/390x423/graphite

.jpg

http://officemetro.com.au/images/medium_14899.jpg

http://images.tmcnet.com/tmc/misc/articles/Image/2012/electricity.jpg

http://www.troelsgravesen.dk/graphite_files/graphite_6.jpg

http://www.professionalresumewriters.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Danger.png

http://i.ytimg.com/vi/BwKQ9Idq9FM/maxresdefault.jpg

http://cdn.onextrapixel.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/25-inspiring-hands-gods-

hand.jpg

http://www.ardenelectronics.com/images/circuit.jpg

http://www.minerals.net/mineral/graphite.aspx

http://www.gcsescience.com/a34-structure-graphite-giant-molecule.htm

http://www.focusgraphite.com/technology/graphite/

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/polb.21111/abstract

http://tinypencil.com/main/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Graphite-schist.jpg

http://chewtychem.wiki.hci.edu.sg/file/view/graphite.jpg/213112794/390x423/graphite.jpg

http://chewtychem.wiki.hci.edu.sg/file/view/graphite.jpg/213112794/390x423/graphite.jpg

http://officemetro.com.au/images/medium_14899.jpg

http://images.tmcnet.com/tmc/misc/articles/Image/2012/electricity.jpg

http://www.troelsgravesen.dk/graphite_files/graphite_6.jpg

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EEI – resistance of Graphite: journal - Jackson best · Put electricity through graphite pencil...

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