1. 1. ECOSYSTEMS
2. 2. CATEGORIES OF ECOSYSTEM
3. 3. The ecosystem which is found only on landforms The main factor which differentiates the terrestrial ecosystems from the aquatic ecosystems is the relative shortage of water in the terrestrial ecosystems and as a result the importance that water attains in these ecosystems due to its limited availability.
4. 4. The main types of terrestrial ecosystems are: the forest ecosystems the desert ecosystems the grassland ecosystems and the mountain ecosystems.
5. 5. FOREST ECOSYSTEM have an abundance of flora or plants and hence in these ecosystems a large number of organisms live in a small space. have a high density of living organisms. A small change in this ecosystem could affect the whole balance, effectively bringing down the whole ecosystem.
6. 6. They are further divided into.
7. 7. Tropical evergreen forest Receive a mean rainfall of 80 for every 400 inches annually. Dense vegetation which comprises tall trees at different heights. Each level is shelter to different types of animals.
8. 8. Tropical deciduous forest There, shrubs and dense bushes rule along with a broad selection of trees. Found in quite a few parts of the world while a large variety of fauna and flora are found there. These forests grow in moderately warm places where there is a lot of rain.
9. 9. Temperate evergreen forest Those have quite a few number of trees as mosses and ferns make up for them. Trees have developed spiked leaves in order to minimize transpiration.
10. 10. Temperate deciduous forest The forest is located in the moist temperate places that have sufficient rainfall. Summers and winters are clearly defined and the trees shed the leaves during the winter months.
11. 11. Taiga The taiga is defined by evergreen conifers. As the temperature is below zero for almost half a year, the remainder of the months, it buzzes with migratory birds and insects.
12. 12. gdf
13. 13. Desert Ecosystem Located in regions that receive an annual rainfall less than 25. 17 percent of all the land on our planet. insects, birds, camels, reptiles all of which are adapted to the desert (xeric) conditions.
14. 14. Grassland Ecosystem both the tropical and temperate regions of the world though the ecosystems vary slightly. little number of trees and shrubs. The main vegetation includes grasses, plants and legumes that belong to the composite family.
15. 15. The two main kinds of grasslands ecosystems are: Savanna: The tropical grasslands are dry seasonally and have few individual trees. They support a large number of predators and grazers. 1.Prairies: It is temperate grassland, completely devoid of large shrubs and trees. Prairies could be categorized as mixed grass, tall grass and short g
16. 16. Prairies It is temperate grassland, completely devoid of large shrubs and trees. Prairies could be categorized as mixed grass, tall grass and short grass prairies.
17. 17. Mountain Ecosystem Provides a scattered and diverse array of habitats where a large number of animals and plants can be found. At the higher altitudes, the harsh environmental conditions normally prevail, and only the treeless alpine vegetation can survive.
18. 18. Aquatic Ecosystems The ecosystem found in a body of water. It encompasses aquatic flora, fauna and water properties, as well. There are two main types of aquatic ecosystem - Marine and Freshwater.
19. 19. Marine Ecosystem The biggest ecosystems, which cover around 71% of Earth's surface and contain 97% of out planet's water. Water in Marine ecosystems features in high amounts minerals and salts dissolved in them.
20. 20. Freshwater Ecosystem The freshwater ecosystem covers only 0.8% of Earth's surface and contains 0.009% of the total water. Most lakes and ponds are freshwater ecosystems. The water in each of these ecosystems does not move much.
21. 21. Three basic kinds of freshwater ecosystems exist: Lentic: Slow-moving or till water like pools, lakes or ponds. Lotic: Fast-moving water such as streams and rivers. Wetlands: Places in which the soil is inundated or saturated for some lenghty period of time.
22. 22. Relationships between organisms
23. 23. Ecological Relationships the effects organisms in a community have on one another. All living things on the earth are connected in some way.
24. 24. Mimicry a similarity of one species to another which protects one or both. This similarity can be in appearance, behaviour, sound, scent or location. Mimics are found in the same areas as their models.
25. 25. Is related to camouflage, in which a species resembles its surroundings or is otherwise difficult to detect. an animal will MIMIC another to avoid predators. If it can trick its enemy into thinking it is something less tasty or more dangerous, it will survive.
26. 26. Classification Batesian mimicry, where a harmless mimic poses as harmful Mllerian mimicry, where two or more harmful species mutually advertise themselves as harmful Mertensian mimicry, where a deadly mimic resembles a less harmful but lesson-teaching model.
27. 27. Vavilovian mimicry, where weeds resemble crops, is important for several reasons; and humans are the agent of selection. Aggressive mimicry describes preda -tors which share the same characte - ristics as a harmless species, allowing them to avoid detection by their prey Reproductive mimicry occurs when the actions of the dupe directly aid in the mimic's reproduction.
28. 28. COEVOLUTION
29. 29. evolution of one species in response to characteristics of another Differs from other types of evolution in two ways: Species A evolves an adaptation in response to species B Species B evolves in response to the adaptation of species A
30. 30. Coevolution involves mutual responses in the two species predator species evolves to be faster, allowing it to catch more results in greater selection on speed in the prey for regular evolution, there isnt any response by the environment
31. 31. Coevolution promotes diversity of adaptations evolution often converges on the same solution for the same problems coevolution involves specific, unique responses to specific challenges
32. 32. Interactions categorized by effect
33. 33. Neutralism relationship between two species that interact but do not affect each other. It describes interactions where the health of one species has absolutely no effect whatsoever on that of the other.
34. 34. Amensalism An interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other.
35. 35. Antagonism antagonistic interactions, one species benefits at the expense of another.
36. 36. COMMENSALISM One organism and the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. It occurs when one organism takes benefits by interacting with another organism by which the host organism is not affected.
37. 37. Interactions classified by mechanism..
38. 38. Symbiosis The term symbiosis (Greek: living together) can be used to describe various degrees of close relationship between organisms of different species. an intimate relationship between different species in which at least one species depends upon the relationship to survive.
39. 39. PARASITISM In parasitism, one organism benefits and the other is harmed. The organism that benefits is called the parasite The organism that is harmed is called the host
40. 40. COMPETITION occurs when two or more individuals seek to utilize the same resource. defined as an interaction between organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another.
41. 41. Competition between species at the same trophic level of an ecosystem, who have common predators, increases drastically if the frequency of the common predator in the community is decreased by a large margin.
42. 42. COOPERATION the act of working or acting together
43. 43. Mutualism both organisms benefit from one another. Mutualism is an interaction between two or more species, where species derive a mutual benefit
44. 44. For example: A clownfish and a sea anemone have a mutualistic relationship. The fish is protected by the anemone and the anemone receives scraps of food from the clownfish.
45. 45. Example of Mutualism Acacia ants live in acacia trees. The tree provides big hollow thorns as a home for the ants.
46. 46. THE END