3. The ecosystem which is found only on landforms The main
factor which differentiates the terrestrial ecosystems from the
aquatic ecosystems is the relative shortage of water in the
terrestrial ecosystems and as a result the importance that water
attains in these ecosystems due to its limited availability.
4. The main types of terrestrial ecosystems are: the forest
ecosystems the desert ecosystems the grassland ecosystems and the
mountain ecosystems.
5. FOREST ECOSYSTEM have an abundance of flora or plants and
hence in these ecosystems a large number of organisms live in a
small space. have a high density of living organisms. A small
change in this ecosystem could affect the whole balance,
effectively bringing down the whole ecosystem.
6. They are further divided into.
7. Tropical evergreen forest Receive a mean rainfall of 80 for
every 400 inches annually. Dense vegetation which comprises tall
trees at different heights. Each level is shelter to different
types of animals.
8. Tropical deciduous forest There, shrubs and dense bushes
rule along with a broad selection of trees. Found in quite a few
parts of the world while a large variety of fauna and flora are
found there. These forests grow in moderately warm places where
there is a lot of rain.
9. Temperate evergreen forest Those have quite a few number of
trees as mosses and ferns make up for them. Trees have developed
spiked leaves in order to minimize transpiration.
10. Temperate deciduous forest The forest is located in the
moist temperate places that have sufficient rainfall. Summers and
winters are clearly defined and the trees shed the leaves during
the winter months.
11. Taiga The taiga is defined by evergreen conifers. As the
temperature is below zero for almost half a year, the remainder of
the months, it buzzes with migratory birds and insects.
12. gdf
13. Desert Ecosystem Located in regions that receive an annual
rainfall less than 25. 17 percent of all the land on our planet.
insects, birds, camels, reptiles all of which are adapted to the
desert (xeric) conditions.
14. Grassland Ecosystem both the tropical and temperate regions
of the world though the ecosystems vary slightly. little number of
trees and shrubs. The main vegetation includes grasses, plants and
legumes that belong to the composite family.
15. The two main kinds of grasslands ecosystems are: Savanna:
The tropical grasslands are dry seasonally and have few individual
trees. They support a large number of predators and grazers.
1.Prairies: It is temperate grassland, completely devoid of large
shrubs and trees. Prairies could be categorized as mixed grass,
tall grass and short g
16. Prairies It is temperate grassland, completely devoid of
large shrubs and trees. Prairies could be categorized as mixed
grass, tall grass and short grass prairies.
17. Mountain Ecosystem Provides a scattered and diverse array
of habitats where a large number of animals and plants can be
found. At the higher altitudes, the harsh environmental conditions
normally prevail, and only the treeless alpine vegetation can
survive.
18. Aquatic Ecosystems The ecosystem found in a body of water.
It encompasses aquatic flora, fauna and water properties, as well.
There are two main types of aquatic ecosystem - Marine and
Freshwater.
19. Marine Ecosystem The biggest ecosystems, which cover around
71% of Earth's surface and contain 97% of out planet's water. Water
in Marine ecosystems features in high amounts minerals and salts
dissolved in them.
20. Freshwater Ecosystem The freshwater ecosystem covers only
0.8% of Earth's surface and contains 0.009% of the total water.
Most lakes and ponds are freshwater ecosystems. The water in each
of these ecosystems does not move much.
21. Three basic kinds of freshwater ecosystems exist: Lentic:
Slow-moving or till water like pools, lakes or ponds. Lotic:
Fast-moving water such as streams and rivers. Wetlands: Places in
which the soil is inundated or saturated for some lenghty period of
time.
22. Relationships between organisms
23. Ecological Relationships the effects organisms in a
community have on one another. All living things on the earth are
connected in some way.
24. Mimicry a similarity of one species to another which
protects one or both. This similarity can be in appearance,
behaviour, sound, scent or location. Mimics are found in the same
areas as their models.
25. Is related to camouflage, in which a species resembles its
surroundings or is otherwise difficult to detect. an animal will
MIMIC another to avoid predators. If it can trick its enemy into
thinking it is something less tasty or more dangerous, it will
survive.
26. Classification Batesian mimicry, where a harmless mimic
poses as harmful Mllerian mimicry, where two or more harmful
species mutually advertise themselves as harmful Mertensian
mimicry, where a deadly mimic resembles a less harmful but
lesson-teaching model.
27. Vavilovian mimicry, where weeds resemble crops, is
important for several reasons; and humans are the agent of
selection. Aggressive mimicry describes preda -tors which share the
same characte - ristics as a harmless species, allowing them to
avoid detection by their prey Reproductive mimicry occurs when the
actions of the dupe directly aid in the mimic's reproduction.
28. COEVOLUTION
29. evolution of one species in response to characteristics of
another Differs from other types of evolution in two ways: Species
A evolves an adaptation in response to species B Species B evolves
in response to the adaptation of species A
30. Coevolution involves mutual responses in the two species
predator species evolves to be faster, allowing it to catch more
results in greater selection on speed in the prey for regular
evolution, there isnt any response by the environment
31. Coevolution promotes diversity of adaptations evolution
often converges on the same solution for the same problems
coevolution involves specific, unique responses to specific
challenges
32. Interactions categorized by effect
33. Neutralism relationship between two species that interact
but do not affect each other. It describes interactions where the
health of one species has absolutely no effect whatsoever on that
of the other.
34. Amensalism An interaction where an organism inflicts harm
to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the
other.
35. Antagonism antagonistic interactions, one species benefits
at the expense of another.
36. COMMENSALISM One organism and the other organism is neither
benefited nor harmed. It occurs when one organism takes benefits by
interacting with another organism by which the host organism is not
affected.
37. Interactions classified by mechanism..
38. Symbiosis The term symbiosis (Greek: living together) can
be used to describe various degrees of close relationship between
organisms of different species. an intimate relationship between
different species in which at least one species depends upon the
relationship to survive.
39. PARASITISM In parasitism, one organism benefits and the
other is harmed. The organism that benefits is called the parasite
The organism that is harmed is called the host
40. COMPETITION occurs when two or more individuals seek to
utilize the same resource. defined as an interaction between
organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the
presence of another.
41. Competition between species at the same trophic level of an
ecosystem, who have common predators, increases drastically if the
frequency of the common predator in the community is decreased by a
large margin.
42. COOPERATION the act of working or acting together
43. Mutualism both organisms benefit from one another.
Mutualism is an interaction between two or more species, where
species derive a mutual benefit
44. For example: A clownfish and a sea anemone have a
mutualistic relationship. The fish is protected by the anemone and
the anemone receives scraps of food from the clownfish.
45. Example of Mutualism Acacia ants live in acacia trees. The
tree provides big hollow thorns as a home for the ants.