Ecology and Phylogeny of Damselflies (Zygoptera) in French Polynesia

Ecology and Phylogeny of Damselflies Ecology and Phylogeny of Damselflies (Zygoptera) in French Polynesia(Zygoptera) in French Polynesia

Ronald A. EnglundRonald A. Englund11, Steve Jordan, Steve Jordan22, , Dan A. PolhemusDan A. Polhemus11

11Bishop MuseumBishop MuseumHawaii, USAHawaii, USA

22Bucknell UniversityBucknell University

1)1)

Survey previously unsampled aquatic Survey previously unsampled aquatic and terrestrial habitats for Odonataand terrestrial habitats for Odonata

2)2)

Assess origins and dispersal patterns Assess origins and dispersal patterns of FP Odonata via molecular of FP Odonata via molecular systematicssystematics

3)3)

Assess the conservation status and Assess the conservation status and impacts of introduced aquatic species impacts of introduced aquatic species on native Odonata, on native Odonata,

4)4)

Provide museum specimens and an Provide museum specimens and an ecological information baseline for ecological information baseline for future researchersfuture researchers

5)5)

Assess ecological shifts previously Assess ecological shifts previously only found in Hawaii only found in Hawaii (Aquatic to (Aquatic to Terrestrial)Terrestrial)

Overall Objectives: Overall Objectives: Polynesie FranPolynesie Franççaise aise Odonata SurveysOdonata Surveys

Raiatea: new Raiatea: new Ischnura sacrebleuIschnura sacrebleu

Bora Bora: Bora Bora: Ischnura cardinalisIschnura cardinalis

What was known for Endemic Zygoptera in What was known for Endemic Zygoptera in Polynesie Polynesie FranFranççaiseaise (5 sp.)(5 sp.) ??

Societies Genus Societies Genus IschnuraIschnura::•• 2 species described in 19302 species described in 1930’’ss-- Bora Bora/Raiatea (1)Bora Bora/Raiatea (1)-- Tahiti (1)Tahiti (1)Marquesas (Genus Marquesas (Genus BedfordiaBedfordia))•• 2 species described in the 19302 species described in the 1930’’ss-- Ua Pou (1)Ua Pou (1)-- Nuku Hiva (1)Nuku Hiva (1)Australs (Genus Australs (Genus IschnuraIschnura))•• RapaRapa (1) described in 1966(1) described in 1966

Raiatea: Trois Cascades

Bora Bora damselfly stream habitat

Austral Damselflies Austral Damselflies -- Damselfly MorphologyDamselfly Morphology

TubuaiTubuai

RapaRapa

RurutuRurutu

RarotongaRarotonga(Cook Islands)(Cook Islands)

Rurutu: Puputa CascadeRurutu: Puputa Cascade

Raivavae: new Raivavae: new IschnuraIschnurajeanyvesmeyerijeanyvesmeyeri

RimataraRimatara

•• 3 total endemic species from Rurutu, 3 total endemic species from Rurutu, Raivavae, RapaRaivavae, Rapa

•• WorldWorld’’s largest s largest IschnuraIschnura from Rapa (45 from Rapa (45 mm)mm)

•• Tubuai lacking endemic damselfly, but Tubuai lacking endemic damselfly, but limited survey time/invasive species limited survey time/invasive species possible reason?possible reason?

•• New genus from Raivavae, currently in New genus from Raivavae, currently in IschnuraIschnura

RaivavaeRaivavae

Society Islands Society Islands -- Damselfly MorphologyDamselfly Morphology

•• Bora Bora:Bora Bora: 1 described 1 described IschnuraIschnura speciesspecies

•• Tahaa: 2 Tahaa: 2 IschnuraIschnura species (2 new)species (2 new)•• Raiatea: 3 Raiatea: 3 IschnuraIschnura species (2 new)species (2 new)•• Huahine: 2? Huahine: 2? IschnuraIschnura (2 new)(2 new)•• Moorea: 1 Ischnura (1 new)Moorea: 1 Ischnura (1 new)•• Tahiti: 4? Ischnura species so far (3 Tahiti: 4? Ischnura species so far (3

new)new)•• Incomplete surveys, Fred Incomplete surveys, Fred JacqJacq has has

several new speciesseveral new species

Huahine:Huahine: Ischnura Ischnura new sp.new sp.

Bora Bora: Bora Bora: Ischnura cardinalisIschnura cardinalis

Marquesas Marquesas -- Morphological Work Morphological Work DamselfliesDamselflies

•• Eiao:Eiao: 1 permanent stream and 1 new species 1 permanent stream and 1 new species collected collected by Fred by Fred JacqJacq/Jean/Jean--FranFranççois ois ButaudButaud

•• Nuku Hiva:Nuku Hiva: 3 species total, 2 new 3 species total, 2 new BedfordiaBedfordia sp.sp.

•• Ua Huka:Ua Huka: 1 new Bedfordia sp.1 new Bedfordia sp.•• Ua Pou:Ua Pou: 1 sp. (1 sp. (Bedfordia halecarpenteriBedfordia halecarpenteri))•• Hiva Oa:Hiva Oa: 1 new 1 new BedfordiaBedfordia speciesspecies•• Tahuata: Tahuata: SShares 1 hares 1 Bedfordia Bedfordia with Hiva Oa?with Hiva Oa?•• Mohotane:Mohotane: 0 damselfly sp. (1 new 0 damselfly sp. (1 new SimuliidSimuliid))•• Fatu Hiva:Fatu Hiva: 1 new 1 new Bedfordia Bedfordia sp.sp.

Fatu Hiva:Fatu Hiva: Bedfordia Bedfordia new sp.new sp.

Ua Pou:Ua Pou:Bedfordia Bedfordia new sp.new sp.

RaivavaeRaivavae

TubuaiTubuaiRimataraRimatara

Ischnura thelmae Ischnura thelmae Lieftinck 1966Lieftinck 1966: Rapa: Rapa

Marotiri Marotiri RocksRocks

RapaRapa

RurutuRurutu

RarotongaRarotonga

(Cook Islands)(Cook Islands)

Bichromatic femaleBichromatic femalemalemale

RaivavaeRaivavae

TubuaiTubuaiRimataraRimatara

Ischnura jeanyvesmeyeriIschnura jeanyvesmeyeri Englund & Polhemus (2009)Englund & Polhemus (2009)Raivavae (also a new genus to be described later)Raivavae (also a new genus to be described later)

Marotiri Marotiri RocksRocks

RapaRapa

RurutuRurutu

RarotongaRarotonga

(Cook Islands)(Cook Islands)

RaivavaeRaivavae

TubuaiTubuaiRimataraRimatara

Ischnura rurutana Ischnura rurutana Englund & Polhemus (2009) Englund & Polhemus (2009) RurutuRurutu

Marotiri Marotiri RocksRocks

RapaRapa

RurutuRurutu

RarotongaRarotonga

(Cook Islands)(Cook Islands)

RaivavaeRaivavae

TubuaiTubuaiRimataraRimatara

AUSTRAL AND SOCIETY ISLAND AUSTRAL AND SOCIETY ISLAND DAMSELSDAMSELS

Marotiri Marotiri RocksRocks

RapaRapa

RurutuRurutu

RarotongaRarotonga

(Cook Islands)(Cook Islands)

TahitiTahiti-- IschnuraIschnura nov. sp.nov. sp.

RurutuRurutu RaivavaeRaivavaeNew genusNew genus

RapaRapaIschnura rurutana nov. sp.

Ischnura jeanyvesmeyeri nov. sp.

Ischnura thelmae

http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/04_02/mito_dna.shtml http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol22000/6StructureNA/images/F04-10A.JPG

TK-N-3785

A6-N-4379

C2-J-3102

C2-J-3711

COIICOII tRNAtRNA--LysLys A8A8tRNAtRNA--AsxAsx

A6A6

1186 bp

mtDNA

Englund, Jordan et al. –

Molecular Systematics of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Marquesas mtDNA, Mark Olaf: Methods

Methods: mt DNA Methods: mt DNA COII and A6 and A8COII and A6 and A8

• 27 specimens– 22 ingroup taxa

• From most major Marquesas populations

– Outgroups from 2 genera• Ischnura – widespread• Megalagrion orbates –

Hawaii

Englund, Jordan et al. –

Molecular Systematics

of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Marquesas mtDNA, Mark Olaf: Methods

0.1

H iva O a 10

H iva O a 8

H iva O a 12

Tahuata1

Hiva O a 3

Fatu H iva 8

Nuku H iva 13

N uku H iva 1

Nuku H iva 5

N uku H iva 7

N uku H iva 15

Nuku H iva 2

N uku H iva 26

N uku H iva 4

Nuku H iva 25

Nuku H iva 22

Nuku H iva 2BB

Tahiti 8

Tahiti 9

Ischnura aurora 38 (Fiji)

Megalagrionorobates (K auai)I. heterosticta 23 (F iji)

Nuku H iva BB1

61

74

73

ML Bootstrap

Bayesian Posterior

73

73

55

97

73

72

6887

7496

55

100

85

100

100

85

100

100

100

70

96

84

98

6190

U a Huka 1

U a Huka 2

Ua Pou 1

U a Pou 5

100

100

100

100

100

100

0.1

Ua Huka 1

Ua Huka 2

Ua Poa1

Ua Poa5

Nuku Hiva BB 2

Nuku Hiva 22

Nuku Hiva 25

Hiva Oa 10

Hiva Oa 3

Hiva Oa 12

Fatu Hiva8

Nuku Hiva 13

Nuku Hiva 1

Nuku Hiva 4

Nuku Hiva 26

Nuku Hiva 2

Nuku Hiva 15

Nuku Hiva 7

Nuku Hiva 5

Tahiti 8

Tahiti 9

Ischnura aurora 38 (Fiji)

Megalagrion orbates(Kauai)

I. heterosticta 23 (Fiji)

97

100

97

100

98

100

82

100

83

10099

100

6899

7099

80

100

56

91

100

10072

50

58

92

100

ML Bootstrap

Bayesian Posterior

Analysis I: All Characters

Analysis II: 1st

and 2nd Codon Positions Only

Englund, Jordan et al. –

Molecular Systematics

of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Marquesas mtDNA, Mark Olaf: Results

0.01

NH13BB2

NH17NH8NH2NH1

UP5UP1

UP3NH22

NH5NH15NH7NH25

HO3HO10TA1HO8

HO1HO14HO11, 21FH6

FH2FH1FH8

NH BB1UP6

SiTahiti8SiTahiti9

100

60

86

58

68

EF-1alpha

Englund, Jordan et al. –

Molecular Systematics

of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Marquesas Nuclear DNA –

Jenn

Mrozek

• 30 individuals

• 29 alleles

•1055 bp

of nuclear Elongation Factor-1α

gene

• 86 variable characters

• 31 parsimony informative characters

• K80+gamma Maximum Likelihood analysis

• 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates

0.1

SITahaa7

SITahaa8

SIBo1, 10, 6, Tahaa 1, 14, 5

SITahaa22, 23, 29

SIBo5

SIBo14, 2, 9, Tahaa 2

SIHu1, 5

SIHu11

SIHu10

SIHu12, 2, 6

Tahiti It

Rurutu504, 510, 516

Rurutu512

SIBo16

Rapa505, 506

Rapa509

Rapa507

SITahaa28

Raivavae508

Raivave511

Raivavae513, 515

SITahaa30

89

79

90

100

92

81

87

665 bp mtDNA

Englund, Jordan et al. –

Molecular Systematics

of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Society/Austral mtDNA: Sherri Liang

Societies/Australs

mtDNA

• 665 bp

of mt

COII gene• 167 parsimony informative characters• GTR + I + gamma model• 39 individuals• 22 haplotypes• 500 bootstrap pseudoreplicatesi

• 665 bp mt COII gene• GTR+I+G model ML analysis• 476 bootstrap pseudoreplicates

0.1

Nuku Hiva 13Nuku Hiva 5

Nuku Hiva 15Nuku Hiva 26,7Nuku Hiva 1Nuku Hiva 4

Fatu Hiva 8Nuku Hiva 25

Nuku Hiva Big Blue 1Hiva Oa 10Hiva Oa 12

Hiva Oa 3Nuku Hiva 2Tahuata 1

Hiva Oa 8Nuku Hiva 22

Ua Pou 1Ua Pou 5

Ua Huka 1, 2Nuku Hiva Big Blue 2

Raivavae 508Raivave 511

Raivavae 513, 515Megalagrion orobatesBora Bora 1,10,6; Tahaa 1,14,15,22,23,29Tahaa 7, 8Bora Bora 5

Bora Bora 2,9,14;Tahaa 2Huahine 1, 5Huahine 11

Huahine 10, 12, 2, 6Tahiti 8

Tahiti 9Tahiti Iti 514

Ischnura aurora 38Bora Bora 16

Rurutu 504, 510, 516Rurutu 512

Tahaa 28Rapa 505,506Rapa 509

Rapa 507Ishnura heterosticta - Fiji

89

9099

94

100

10083

100

99

10092

97

8899

100

8591

Marquesas

Raivavae

Rurutu

Rapa

Huahine

Bora &Tahaa

Englund, Jordan et al. –

Molecular Systematics of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: All Together

Hawaii

Preliminary Conclusions1.

Archipelago monophyly• Endemic Marquesan Zygoptera are likely monophyletic.• Society Island damselflies may not be.• Austral Zygoptera probably are not.

2.

Zygoptera of each individual Austral Island are likely monophyletic.

3.

mtDNA data suggest that Raivavae damselflies may represent a different genus from others in the Australs and even FP.

4.

mtDNA suggest complex biogeography for Marquesan damselflies, while nuclear data show a much simpler

pattern.

More data are needed.5.

Ua Huka, Ua Pou, Hiva Oa/Tahuata and Fatu Hiva each host one endemic damselfly species. Nuku Hiva may be home to multiple species, though nuclear data put this into question.

6.

Bora Bora/Tahaa and Huahine probably each host a single species.

Englund, Jordan et al. –

Molecular Systematics of the Damselflies of French Polynesia: Conclusions

Polynesie FranPolynesie Franççaise aise Native DamselfliesNative DamselfliesSummarySummary

•• Excellent indicator species for aquatic ecosystem Excellent indicator species for aquatic ecosystem health, found in undisturbed habitatshealth, found in undisturbed habitats

•• Each high island with water found to have at least Each high island with water found to have at least 11--2 2 endemic, larger islands with more (most new endemic, larger islands with more (most new spp.)spp.)

•• Terrestrial damselflies found on RaiateaTerrestrial damselflies found on Raiatea•• 5 sp. in 19305 sp. in 1930’’s, up to ~24 species today (19 new)s, up to ~24 species today (19 new)•• Dispersal patterns still unclear, and data are Dispersal patterns still unclear, and data are

incomplete esp. from the Societiesincomplete esp. from the Societies

Gaps to fill for the French Polynesia Gaps to fill for the French Polynesia Aquatic Insect Biodiversity AssessmentAquatic Insect Biodiversity AssessmentSocieties:Societies:•• Highest Priority is Tahiti Nui and Tahiti Iti, Highest Priority is Tahiti Nui and Tahiti Iti,

particularly high elevation forest and wetland areasparticularly high elevation forest and wetland areas•• Moorea: Upland stream/wetland areasMoorea: Upland stream/wetland areas•• Tahaa: Upland native forest areas for terrestrial Tahaa: Upland native forest areas for terrestrial

damselfliesdamselflies•• Raiatea: Upland native forest/wetland areasRaiatea: Upland native forest/wetland areasMarquesasMarquesas•• EiaoEiao: Stream/wetland areas: Stream/wetland areas•• Nuku Hiva: High Elevation stream and wetland Nuku Hiva: High Elevation stream and wetland

areasareas•• Tahuata: upland stream areasTahuata: upland stream areasAustralsAustrals•• Tubuai: Upland stream areasTubuai: Upland stream areas Raiatea: new terrestrial

Ischnura from Mt. Toomaru

Mt. Toomaru damselfly habitat

Mahalo!• Team Members: Jean-Yves Meyer, Benoît Fontaine, Olivier

Gargominy, Jean-François Butaud, Elin Claridge, Diana Percy, Matthew Prebble, Jacques Florence, Jean-Claude Thibault, Rosie Gillespie, Fred Jacq, Elie Poroi

• Jean-Yves Meyer, Délégation à la Recherche (Ministère de la Culture, de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, Gouvernement de la Polynésie française)

• Bishop Museum: Neal Evenhuis, Allen Allison, David Preston, Al Samuelson, Alistair Ramsdale, LaVonne Englund

•• Team Members: JeanTeam Members: Jean--Yves Meyer, BenoYves Meyer, Benoîît Fontaine, Olivier t Fontaine, Olivier Gargominy, JeanGargominy, Jean--FranFranççois Butaud, Elin Claridge, Diana Percy, ois Butaud, Elin Claridge, Diana Percy, Matthew Prebble, Jacques Florence, JeanMatthew Prebble, Jacques Florence, Jean--Claude Thibault, Rosie Claude Thibault, Rosie Gillespie, Fred Gillespie, Fred JacqJacq, , ElieElie PoroiPoroi

•• JeanJean--Yves Meyer, DYves Meyer, Déélléégation gation àà la Recherche (Ministla Recherche (Ministèère de la re de la Culture, de lCulture, de l’’Enseignement SupEnseignement Supéérieur et de la Recherche, rieur et de la Recherche, Gouvernement de la PolynGouvernement de la Polynéésie fransie franççaise)aise)

•• Bishop Museum: Neal Evenhuis, Allen Allison, David Preston, Al Bishop Museum: Neal Evenhuis, Allen Allison, David Preston, Al Samuelson, Alistair Ramsdale, LaVonne EnglundSamuelson, Alistair Ramsdale, LaVonne Englund

Raivavae: 2002Raivavae: 2002 Rimatara: 2004Rimatara: 2004Tubuai: 2003Tubuai: 2003