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Drugs CHS

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Definition A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effect in the human or other animals.

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Definition cont. Withdrawal syndrome- are the signs and symptoms, including painful physiological and psychological effects, that occur with the abstinence after chronic use of a drug. Ex. Of drugs that cause withdrawal: opiates, barbiturates, antianxiety agents, ethanol, and nonbarbiturate sedatives

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Definitions cont. Dependence alterations in physiologic or psychological states that occur with chronic drug use. Psychological dependence is an emotional and mental preoccupation with drug acquisition and use to receive some positive reinforcement Physical dependence is an altered physiologic condition caused by chronic exposure to a drug. It results in physiologic signs and symptoms when the drug is withdrawn abruptly.

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Drug abuse In contemporary society, the term drug abuse is the nonmedical use of drugs to alter one's mental state. Individuals self-administer both prescription and illicit drugs in attempts to alter mood, to alter perception of reality, to experience unique sensations, and/or to improve physical or mental capabilities.

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Drug abuse In general, society establishes what constitutes drug abuse by its laws & social taboos. Consequently, a particular drug- taking behavior in one society or in a particular situation may be considered drug abuse, whereas in another it may be considered appropriate.

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Ancient history of drugs Alexander the great gave opium to his troops during the Indian campaign Scientists found tobacco & cocoa to be present in ancient Egypt mummies. Tobacco Coca Leaf

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The history of Opium Opium was cultivated in Mesopotamia 3400BC Friedrich Wilhelm Sertrner was the first to isolate Morphine in 1805. It became a miracle drug during the American Civil War. Why? After the war it became an epidemic

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Modern History of Illegal drugs Each individual State had the jurisdiction and control over what drugs were illegal. San Francisco was the first to make a drug illegal in 1876

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America passed laws to get rid of immigrants. The most effective were those that attacked their recreational activities. Harrison Narcotics act of 1914 gave the government control over drug regulation Marijuana Tax Act 1937 Was enacted to clear up the job market during the recession. History cont.

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Who regulates drugs? The FDA is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nations food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation.

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Federal Law established 5 schedules of classification of controlled substances based on Drugs potential for abuse Potential to physical and psychological dependence Medical Value Federal law also controls materials that are used in making drugs and those that are manufactured to resemble drugs

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Drug Schedules Schedule I: Drugs with high potential for abuse and addiction, NO medical value Ex: Heroin, LSD, Ecstasy, Marijuana Schedule II: Drugs with high potential for abuse and addiction, have some medical value with restrictions Ex: PCP, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Most Opiates (Ritalin, Oxycontin)

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Drug Schedules Schedule III: Drugs with less potential for abuse and addiction, currently acceptable for medical use Ex: Some Barbiturates(Migraine), Vicodin, Steroids(Testosterone) Schedule IV: Drugs with low potential for abuse and addiction, currently acceptable for medical use Ex: Tranquilizers like Valium, Xanax, Librium, Ambien (sleeping)

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Drug Schedules Schedule V: Drugs with low potential abuse, medical use, lowest potential dependency Ex: Some Opiates with Non- Narcotic Ingredients (Cough Syrup with Codeine)

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Who enforces drug laws? Federal agencies DEA FBI Local agencies Sheriff State Police Local Police

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Five Ps of drugs Powder Pills Plant matter Paraphernalia Precursors (Ingredients)

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Forensic toxicologists The science of detecting and identifying the presence of drugs and poisons in body fluids, tissues, and organs. Role of the Toxicologist Must identify one of thousands of drugs and poisons Must find nanogram to microgram quantities dissipated throughout the entire body Not always looking for exact chemicals, but metabolites of desired chemicals (ex. heroin morphine within seconds)

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Toxicology Procedures 10mL of blood in airtight container Add anticoagulant Add preservative 2 consecutive urine samples Some drugs take a while to show up in urine (1-3 days) Vitreous humor Hair samples Look Away

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Toxicology Procedures Screening- quick test to narrow down possibilities color tests, TLC, GC, immunoassay Confirmation- determines exact identity GC/Mass Spec

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Color Tests Marquis Test: purple Turns purple in the presence of Heroin, morphine, opium orange-brown Turns orange-brown in presence of Amphetamines Scott Test: Three solutions Bluepink Blue then pink then back to blue in the presence of Cocaine Duquenois-Levine: purple Test for marijuana turns purple

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Color Tests Van Urk Test: purple Turns blue-purple in the presence of LSD Dillie-Koppanyi Test: violet Turns blue-violet in the presence of Barbiturates

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More Analytical Tests Microcrystalline Tests: Identifies drug by using chemicals that reacts to produce characteristic crystals Chromatography: TLC, HPLC and gas separate drugs/tentative ID Mass Spectrometry: chemical fingerprint no two drugs fragment the same

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Why? Think of all the people that you have heard do drugs. US drug manufacturers produce enough barbiturates and tranquilizers each year to give every person in the US 40 pills (thats about 12 billion pills)

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Pictures Slide 6 http://myhealth.ucsd.edu/library/healthguide/en- us/images/media/medical/hw/alcohol.jpg Slide 7 http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/A-Robert.R.Lauer-1/alexanderthegreat.jpe http://historylink101.net/images/egyptian-mummy.jpg http://www.marvistavet.com/assets/images/tobacco_plant.gif Slide 8 http://bzupages.com/attachments/4484d1234926766-download_2.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_brIyg5OdFyg/SoA6gzdQgYI/AAAAAAAARe0/CdoQCgDKo GE/s400/9.gif http://www.tbyil.com/vapo-opium.jpg Slide 9 http://whyfiles.org/225drug_receptors/images/poppy_flower.jpg http://911research.wtc7.net/talks/financiers/docs/opium_poppy_big.jpg http://www.opioids.com/morphine/wilhelm-serturner.html http://antiquescientifica.com/amputation_set_Kolbe_in_case_c._1860.jpg http://www.stopaddiction.co.za/stopaddiction/images/kit2.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Wallen_wounded_by_Minie_b all.jpg Slide 10 http://www.hoboes.com/pub/Prohibition/Drug%20Information/Marijuana/History/re efer_madness.jpg

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Pictures Slide 19 http://criminaldefensemn.files.wordpress.com/20 09/04/ecstasy-pills2.jpg http://blogs.phillyburbs.com/news/bcct/wp- content/blogs.dir/2/files/2008/August/Thursday/ a_cocaine.jpg http://www.lewiscountyherald.com/marijuanaA3 205.jpg http://merrimusings.mu.nu/images/meth_lab_2.jp g http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3024/2360128814_ 409245a774.jpg

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Slide 21 http://www.made-in- china.com/image/4f0j00FMBtPGpygaWiM/Blo od-Collection-Tube-3ml-10ml-.jpg http://www.bonesandjointssimplified.com/ima ges/HealthContent/english/LT2_24.jpg http://faculty.washington.edu/kepeter/119/im ages/cow_eye_dissections.htm http://www.vcmagazine.org/vcm/v9/09/eyes2.jpg

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Sources http://www.opioids.com/timeline/ http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer /History/drug_law_timeline.htm http://www.pyramidofman.com/blog /ancient-egyptians-use-of- intoxicants/ Clark, Wesley G. Goth's medical pharamacology. St. Louis: Mosby- Year Book, 1992. Print.