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Enhancing Energy Efficiency via Building Design

Technical Topic Webinar

Thursday 29 April

Dr. Ana EvangelistaEIT Lecturer, Civil & Structural Engineering

Presented By

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Introductions


Dr. Ana EvangelistaCivil Engineering Lecturer

Ana is a passionate Civil Engineer and is currently a Lecturer and Work Integrated Learning Coordinator at EIT. Her research in Australia has been focused on sustainability in construction and engineering materials and her PhD research was mostly concentrated on non-destructive tests to evaluate concrete structures.

In 1997, she started her academic career coordinating and teaching units at the School of Civil Engineering at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Additionally, she managed the Construction Materials Laboratory providing external consultancy to the Construction Engineering sector.

In 2008, she joined the Environmental Engineering Program at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) conducting research and supervising higher degree students investigating eco-friendly engineering materials. From 2016 to 2019 she worked as a visiting research fellow in the area of recycled concrete at Western Sydney University / School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics. Also, she worked as a casual academic teaching Engineering and Construction Management Units.


1 Welcome

2 Green Building certificates

3 Energy Efficiency

4 Life cycle building phases

5 BIM-LCA integration

6 Q & A

Agenda


Green Building Certifications


Business

• New markets

• Reduction of environmental accidents

• Increase credibility

Clients

• Reduce pollution

• Promote cleaner products and processes

Environment

• Conservation of natural resources

• Encourage recycling

•Green Star

•NABERS

•NatHERS,

•LEED

•BREEAM


Energy Efficiency


Buildings sector energy intensity in selected regions in the Sustainable Development Scenario

Africa, Latin America and Asia,changes in buildings sectorenergy intensity have beenspurred by a shift away fromtraditional solid biomass use.

Almost 2/3 of countries lacked mandatory

building energy codes in 2019 meaning more than 5 billion m2 were built in 2020 without mandatory

performance requirements


Energy Efficiency


Heating

Cooli

ng

Space cooling was responsible for

emissions of about 1 GtCO2 and nearly 8.5% of total final electricity consumption in 2019.

Most consumers purchase AC units that are two tothree times less efficient. To put cooling on track withthe SDS, energy efficiency standards need to beimplemented to improve AC energy performancemore than 50% by 2030

IEA (2020), Tracking Buildings 2020, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-buildings-2020


Energy Efficiency


Lighting

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2025 2030

Lighting sales by type in the SDS , 2010-2030

LED Fluorescent Other

• Maximise daylighting, avoid

glare and then use efficient

lighting layouts and fixtures

• Skylights where appropriate

• LED or compact fluorescent

http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjBnIyb1I3OAhUpBMAKHf8BC8oQjRwIBw&url=http://bristolite-daylighting.yolasite.com/bristolite-daylighting.php&bvm=bv.127984354,d.ZGg&psig=AFQjCNHrWc_7unatefZTf1jE0FHzn-_Htg&ust=1469503073617481

http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjBnIyb1I3OAhUpBMAKHf8BC8oQjRwIBw&url=http://bristolite-daylighting.yolasite.com/bristolite-daylighting.php&bvm=bv.127984354,d.ZGg&psig=AFQjCNHrWc_7unatefZTf1jE0FHzn-_Htg&ust=1469503073617481


Life cycle building phases


1. Pre-building phase starts by extracting raw materials, manufacturing and transporting to the site. 2. Building phase includes the construction and the operation and maintenance periods of buildings. 3. Post-building phase means the end of life and demolition of buildings


BIM + LCA


• building type, • location,• thermal properties, • project phase,• building envelope, • building zone and spaces, • building surfaces and openings, • building operating schedule, • HVAC system (Heating, Ventilation and Air

Conditioning),• and outdoor air information

Green Building Studio Open LCA


Operating energy efficiency and cooling loads


Office buildings

Case (A) Case (B)

Subsystemapplied

Material Quantity Subsystem applied Material Quantity

Basic Structure reinforced concrete structure

cement 118,750 kg steel structure; steel beams

steel beams 324,580 kg

steel 28,858 kg

Walls masonry; brick blocks

brick 589,615 kg drywall partitions; gypsum, plaster, and foam

drywall 211,019 kg

Finishing ceramics ceramics 170,785 kg clay plaster clay plaster 14,673 kg

Windows window frame; wood

wood 260 m2 curtain wall; aluminum and glass

glazing 1,440 m2

Aluminum 98,352 kg

Table 1. Subsystems and associated construction materials


Operating energy efficiency and cooling loads


Office buildings in Brazil


Estimating Heat Energy Loss


Heat energy loss (HEL) is the process of thermal exchange that occurs through walls, floors, roofs, and windows of buildings

Assessing HEL in buildings helps designing the passive and active systems that are required to sustain sufficient thermal building conditions and minimize the consumption of natural resources

It occurs in buildings through a fabric heat loss (FHL) and ventilation heat loss (VHL)

The main factor to consider when assessing HEL is the building envelope, where heat exchange occurs from the warmer indoor environment to the cooler outer environment

CQQQ VTH ).(

BS EN 12831-1:2017


Estimating Heat Energy Loss


Mathematical equations are formulated and

applied to the various design factors in

order to calculate the total FHL and VHL


Estimating fabric heat loss of construction components ( FHL =QT)


CSUQT )..(

Source:https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/File:U-value.jpg

QT - FHL (W); U - U-value of each building component (W/ m2. K); S - area of each building component (m2); and - the difference of air temperature between the inside and outside environment (oC).


Estimating ventilation heat loss in buildings (VHL =QV )


Ventilation in buildings

CVQ mafV ..34,0

QV- VHL (W); 0.34 - the Specific heat of air (W/ m2. K); Vmaf - minimum airflow rate (m3/h); and - temperature difference between the inside and outside (oC).


Case study


Three basic climates: tropical climates, dry climates, and

moist subtropical mid-latitude climates. These climates

cover more than 60% of the global surface area, including

large regions of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, America,

and South America

Letter

symbol

Climate classification Average air temperature of the cooling Period

A Tropical climates greater than 18 oC

B Dry climates between 20 and 35 oC

C Moist subtropical mid-latitude climates between -3 and 18 oC

D Moist continental mid-latitude climates less than -3 oC

E Polar climates lowest temperature ever recorded is -89.2 oC

Table 2: Köppen classification climates and average air temperature of cooling period


Case study


FHL at various climates VHL at various climates


Case study


Maximum and minimum total heat lossThe percentage breakdown of the FHL of

construction components


BIM to Improve Energy Performance of Construction Projects


Building Information Modeling (BIM)

dimensions

Level of importance of BIM dimensions over the entire life-

cycle phases




EUI articulates the energy efficiency in buildings as a function of its size or other

characteristics such as the building function and occupation density and

daily and yearly using periods




The majority of energy consumption in buildings is caused by heating, cooling and lighting purposes

Building form and typology within the built environment, considering the interaction of people and the

evolution of the concept of building design from the first conception to production


Decision Support Analysis



Validating the Methodological Framework in a Single-Family House


City Climate Group Sub-Type Classification

Dubai Dry Climates Hot desert climate (BWh)

Kuala Lumpur Tropical Climates Tropical rainforest climate (Af)

Moscow Continental ClimatesWarm-summer humid continental

climate (Dfb)

Mount Wellington

Polar Climates Tundra climate (ET)

Porto Mild Temperate ClimatesWarm-summer Mediterranean

climate (Csb)

Rio de Janeiro Tropical Climates Tropical savanna climate (Aw or As)

2D plan of the single-family house




Wall (CW) Roof (CR)Window-to-Wall Ratio

(CWR)Insulated

Concrete

Form (ICF)

wall, 10-inch-

thick form.

Insulated

Concrete

Form (ICF)

wall, 14 inch

thick form.

Continuous

Deck Roof

with Code

Compliant

Insulation.

Continuous

Deck Roof

with Super

High

Insulation.

15%

30%

40%

50%

65%

The applied alternatives of construction objects

Energy Use Intensity (EUI) results of the case study




Seq. Factorial Design

Wall Roof Window-to-Wall Ratio CW CR CWR

1 1 1 1 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Code Compliant Insulation 15%





6 1 2 1 ICF wall, 10 thick form CDR with Super High Insulation 15%















1. Adopting a building where the CRW is 30% instead of 15%, would influence theEUI in the case study by a percentage between 20.28% and 24.53% in Dubai;14.40% and 15.20% in Kuala Lumpur; 33.80% and 43.97% in Moscow; 34.78% and45.47% in Mount Wellington; 19.77% and 21.62% in Porto; and 20.58% and 24.76%in Rio de Janeiro.

2. Adopting a building where the CRW is 40% instead of 30%, would influence theEUI in the case study by a percentage between 14.58% and 17.36% in Dubai; 9.54%and 11.53% in Kuala Lumpur; 18.24% and 21.96% in Moscow; 20.97% and 24.57%in Mount Wellington; 15.57% and 22.10% in Porto; and 12.58% and 14.68% in Riode Janeiro.

3. Adopting a building where the CRW is 50% instead of 40%, would influence theEUI in the case study by a percentage between 12.37% and 14.25% in Dubai; 8.26%and 11.27% in Kuala Lumpur; 15.56% and 18.17% in Moscow; 17.54% and 19.77%in Mount Wellington; 16.54% and 19.32% in Porto; and 10.99% and 14.65% in Riode Janeiro.

4. Adopting a building where the CRW is 65% instead of 50%, would influence theEUI in the case study by a percentage between 15.28% and 17.66% in Dubai;12.32% and 14.30% in Kuala Lumpur; 19.95% and 22.55% in Moscow; 22.07% and24.28% in Mount Wellington; 21.74% and 24.28% in Porto; and 16.24% and 19.31%in Rio de Janeiro.

The proportional impact of the exterior openings on the EUI




CWR

EUI (MJ/m2/year)

Dubai Kuala Lumpur MoscowMount

WellingtonPorto Rio de Janeiro

15%Lowest 471.2 489.3 955.4 616.2 476.9 439Highest 497.1 502.7 1091.7 679.6 517 462.2

Proportional Impact 5.50% 2.74% 14.27% 10.29% 8.41% 5.28%

30%Lowest 586.5 562.1 1375.5 896.4 580 547.7Highest 597.9 575.7 1460.7 916 619.2 558.1


40%Lowest 685.1 626.9 1677.6 1103.9 708.2 627.3Highest 688.4 630.7 1727.2 1120.9 715.6 629


50%Lowest 770 681.4 1982.4 1299.3 832.1 696.5Highest 786.4 698.2 1995.9 1341.2 847 720.7


65%Lowest 888.1 765.4 2393.4 1587.5 1013.8 809.7Highest 925.3 797.3 2430.7 1665 1051.6 859.5


The proportional impact of the construction components of walls and roofs on the EUI in the case

study based on window-to-wall ratio


Insights


Climate classification : 33–50% in energy levels when constructing the same building in continental climates and

in polar climates, respectively, compared to other climate classifications such as dry climates, tropical climates and

mild temperate climates;

Case study showed that the sub-type climate classifications have a minor role in influencing energy consumption

in buildings;

Building components of the exterior walls and roofs have an impact on the energy efficiency in buildings,

however, the space area of openings remains a significant factor among the other building components that are

highly influencing the consumption of energy.;

Strong relation between the openings and the EUI;

There is a growing interest in using BIM to

improve energy efficiency in buildings. It is

considered an ideal procedure for empowering the

sustainability and decision-making process in the

construction sector.


Insights


Passive design reduces or eliminates the need for auxiliary heating or cooling, which accounts for about 40% (or much morein some climates) of energy use in the average Australian home (https://www.yourhome.gov.au/);

Ceilings and roof spaces account for 25–35% of winter heat loss and must be well insulated.

Photovoltaic (solar energy) systems (shown as ‘grid-connected distributed’ in the graph) have become the dominant renewable energy technology installed for domestic systems ;


We are currently finalizing our technical topic webinar for next month, Digital Twins in Manufacturing, which is being delivered

by one of our Mechanical and Civil Engineering lecturers, Dr. Milind Siddhpura, on the 13th of May.

The link to our next Technical Topic webinar will be provided when we send the slides and recording of this webinar to you.

Check our events page regularly here:https://www.eit.edu.au/news-events/events/

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