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A

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON

HIDING TEXTUAL DATA IN CIPHER

CRYPTO SYSTEMS BY USING AUDIOS

P.SRAVANI G.PRAHITHA

[08R61A0592] [08R61A0562]

G.PRAVALIKA P.PRIYANKA

[08R61A0566] [08R61A0569]

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF

Mr. P.L.K.KUMAR REDDY

Head of the department, CSE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

PRIYADARSHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE,Affiliated to JNTU,Anantapur)

Nellore-524004.

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HIDING TEXTUAL DATA IN CIPHER

CRYPTO SYSTEMS BY USING AUDIOS

Mini Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

By

P.SRAVANI G.PRAHITHA

[08R61A0592] [08R61A0562]

G.PRAVALIKA P.PRIYANKA

[08R61A0566] [08R61A0569]

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

PRIYADARSHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU, Anantapur)

Nellore-524004

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PRIYADARSHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE,Affiliated to JNTU,Anantapur)

Nellore-524004

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled HIDING TEXTUAL

DATA IN CIPHER CRYPTO SYSTEMS BY USING AUDIOSbeing submitted

byP.SRAVANI (08R61A0592) G.PRAHITHA (08R61A0562) G.PRAVALIKA

(08R61A0566) P.PRIYANKA (08R61A0569) in partial fulfillment for the award

of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in CSE to the Jawaharlal Nehru

Technological University Anantapur is a record of bonafied work carried out by

him under my guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to anyother University or Institute for the award of any Degree of Diploma.

Mr. P.L.K. KUMAR REDDY Mr. P.L.K. KUMAR REDDY

(Head of the Department) (Project Guide)

COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING Assistant Professor CSE Dept.

EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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All endeavors a long period can be successful only with the advice and

support of many well wishers. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude

and appreciation to all of them.

We are grateful to thank Dr. I. GOPAL REDDY, the Director of

Priyadarshini College of Engineering & Technology, Nellore for his inspiring

environment and providing us necessary infrastructure required for doing the

project work.

We are immensely grateful to Dr. VIJAY BASKAR REDDY, Principal,

Priyadarshini College of Engineering & Technology, Nellore for his

encouragement and inspiration throughout the process.

At the outset, we sincerely acknowledge our deep sense of gratitude to our

Head of the CSE Department Mr. P.L.K.K. REDDY for his encouragement and

help throughout the project work.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to internal guide of our

project Mr. P.L.K.KUMAR REDDY, for her support and conscientious

guidance throughout the project work. We extend our sincere thanks to our

parents and friends for their continuous support and encouragement without which

this project would not have been a success.

Thanking you all,

Project Associates,

P.SRAVANI

G.PRAHITHA

G.PRAVALIKA

P.PRIYANKA

ABSTRACT

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Information hiding technique is a new kind of secret communicationtechnology. The majority of todays information hiding systems uses multimediaobjects like audio.Embedding secret messages in digital sound is usually a more difficult process.Varieties of techniques for embedding information in digital audio have beenestablished. In this paper we will attend the general principles of hiding secret

information using audio technology, and an overview of functions and techniques.

Keywords: Audio data hiding, parity coding, phase coding, spread spectrum,echo hiding, LSB

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CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

LIST OF FIGURES

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Overview

CHAPTER 2

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

2.1 hardware requirements

2.2 software requirements

CHAPTER 3

LITERTURE SURVEY REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3.1 Previous Works

3.2 Proposed Work

3.3 Applications

CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 procedure

4.1.2 feasibility report

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CHAPTER 5

DESIGN

5.1 UML Diagrams introduction

5.1.1Static uml diagrams

5.1.2 Dynamic uml diagrams

CHAPTER 6

CODE

6.1 Algorithm

CHAPTER 7

TESTING

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 Levels Of Testing

7.1.2 Testing Process

7.1.3Test Plan

7.1.3.1 Test Case Specification

7.1.3.2 TestCaseExecution Analysis

CHAPTER 8

SCREEN SHOTS

CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER 10

REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1: Block diagram of data hiding and retrieval

Fig 2.Class Diagram

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Fig 3.Use Case Diagram For Sender

Fig 4.Use Case Diagram For Receiver

Fig 5.Sequence Diagram For Sender

Fig 6.Sequence Diagram For Reciever

Fig 7.enciphering computation

Fig.8 Audio Crypto Page

Fig.9 Selecting Output File

Fig.10 Embedding Message

Fig.11 Opening the output file

Fig.12 Embedding file

Fig.13 Master File Information

Fig.14 Encryption Zone

Fig.15 Selecting Data File

Fig.16 Alert Message

Fig.17 Retrieving File

Fig. 18 Entering Password

Fig.19 Final output Alert message for retrieving file

Successfully

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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The fast improvement of the Internet and the digital

information revolution caused major changes in the overall

culture. Flexible and simple-to-use software and decreasing

prices of digital devices (e.g. portable CD and mp3 players, DVD

players, CD and DVD recorders, laptops, PDAS) have made itfeasible for consumers from all over the world to create, edit and

exchange multimedia data. Broadband Internet connections

almost an errorless transmission of data helps people to distribute

large multimedia files and make identical digital copies of them.

In modern communication system Data Hiding is most essential

for Network Security issue. Sending sensitive messages and files

over the Internet are transmitted in an unsecured form but

everyone has got something to keep in secret. Audio data hiding

method is one of the most effective ways to protect your privacy.

1.1 Project overview

General principles of data hiding technology, as well as

terminology adopted at the First International Workshop on

Information Hiding, Cambridge, U.K. are illustrated in Fig1. A

data message is hidden within a cover signal (object) in the block

called embedded using a stego key, which is a secret set of

parameters of a known hiding algorithm. The output of the

embedded is called stego signal (object). After transmission,

recording, and other signal processing which may contaminate

and bend the stego signal, the embedded message is retrieved

using the appropriate stego key in the block called extractor.

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Fig 1: Block diagram of data hiding and retrieval.

A number of different cover objects (signals) can be used to

carry hidden messages. Data hiding in audio signals exploits

imperfection of human auditory system known as audio masking.

In presence of a loud signal (masker), another weaker signal may

be in audible, depending on spectral and temporal characteristics

of both masked signal and masker [3] Masking models are

extensively studied for perceptual compression of audio signals

[2] In the case of perceptual compression the quantization noise is

hidden below the masking threshold, while in a data hiding

application the embedded signal is hidden there. Data hiding in

audio signals is especially challenging, because the human

auditory system operates over a wide dynamic range. The human

auditory system perceives over a range of power greater than one

billion to one and a range of frequencies greater than one

thousand to one. Sensitivity to additive random noise is also

acute.

The perturbations in a sound file can be detected as low as

one part in ten million (80 dB below ambient level).However,

there are some holes available. While the human auditorysystem has a large dynamic range, it has a fairly small differential

range. As a result, loud sounds tend to mask out quiet sounds.

Additionally, the human auditory system is unable to perceive

absolute phase, only relative phase. Finally, there are some

environmental distortions so common as to be ignored by the

listener in most cases [4]. Now we will discuss many of these

methods of audio data hiding technology.

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EMBED

The compressed data & CRC file is appended (embed) to the

end of the image file without affecting the image data or the

header information of that image. The software stores the data in

a format that is not recognizable even when viewed from a text or

document editor.

DE-EMBED

At the receiving end the module identify the location of the

data picks up the size of the file, filename and reads the data to

the length of the data file and regenerate the text file that was

embedded with in the image file.

CHAPTER 2

Software and hardware Requirements

2.1 Hard Ware Requirements

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Processor :: Pentium(or) Higher

Ram :: 64MB (or) Higher

Cache :: 512MB

Hard disk :: 10GB (or) Above

2.2 Software Requirements

Tools :: Java Swings

Operating System :: Windows XP

CHAPTER 3

Literature survey review of literature

3.1 Previous Works

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This section presents some common methods used for hiding

secret information in audio. Many software implementations of

these methods are available on the Web and are listed in the

relatives section. Some of the latter methods require previous

knowledge of signal processing techniques, Fourier analysis, andother areas of high level mathematics. When developing a data-

hiding method for audio, one of the first considerations is the

likely environments the sound signal will travel between

encoding and decoding. There are two main areas of modification

which we will consider. First, the storage environment, or digital

representation of the signal that will be used, and second the

transmission pathway the signal might travel.

Parity coding

One of the prior works in audio data hiding technique is

parity coding technique. Instead of breaking a signal down into

individual samples, the parity coding method breaks a signal

down into separate regions of samples and encodes each bit from

the secret message in a sample region's parity bit.

Phase Coding

The phase coding method works by substituting the phase of

an initial audio segment with a reference phase that represents the

data. The phase of subsequent segments is adjusted in order to

preserve the relative phase between segments. Phase coding,

when it can be used, is one of the most effective coding methods

in terms of the signal-to perceived noise ratio. When the phaserelation between each frequency component is dramatically

changed, noticeable phase dispersion will occur. However, as

long as the modification of the phase is sufficiently small

(sufficiently small depends on the observer; professionals in

broadcast radio can detect modifications that are imperceivable to

an average observer), an inaudible coding can be achieved.

3.2Proposed Work

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Here we will discuss the disadvantages of the previous

procedure and how those are different with present method. There

are two main disadvantages associated with the use of methods

like parity coding. The human ear is very sensitive and can often

detect even the slightest bit of noise introduced into a sound file,although the parity coding method does International Journal of

Database Theory and Application come much closer to making

the introduced noise inaudible. Another problem is robustness.

Least significant bit (LSB) coding is the simplest way to

embed information in a digital audio file. By substituting the least

significant bit of each sampling point with a binary message, LSB

coding allows for a large amount of data to be encoded. Among

many different data hiding techniques proposed to embed secret

message within audio file, the LSB data hiding technique is one

of the simplest methods for inserting data into digital signals in

noise free environments, which merely embeds secret message-

bits in a subset of the LSB planes of the audio stream.

The following steps are:a. Receives the audio file in the form of bytes and converted

in to bit pattern.

b. Each character in the message is converted in bit pattern.

c. Replaces the LSB bit from audio with LSB bit from

character in the message.

This proposed system is to provide a good, efficient method

for hiding the data from hackers and sent to the destination in a

safe manner. This proposed system will not change the size of the

file even after encoding and also suitable for any type of audio

file format.

Encryption and Decryption techniques have been used to

make the security system robust,low-bit encoding embeds secret

data into the least

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significant bit (LSB) of the audio file,the channel capacity is

1KB per second per kilohertz (44 kbps for a 44 KHz sampled

sequence). This method is easy to incorporate.

3.3 Applications

Audio data hiding can be used anytime you want to hide

data. There are many reasons to hide data but most important is to

prevent unauthorized persons from becoming aware of the

existence of a message. In the business world Audio data hiding

can be used to hide a secret chemical formula or plans for a new

invention. Audio data hiding can also be used incorporate world.

Audio data hiding can also be used in the noncommercial

sector to hide information that some one wants to keep private,

Terrorists can also use Audio data hiding to keep their

communications secret and to coordinate attacks. In the project

ARTUS1 which aims to embed animation parameters into audio

and video contents, Data hiding in video an audio, is of interest

for the protection of copyrighted digital media, and to the

government for information systems security and for covert

communications.

CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

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After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed,

the next step is to analyze the problem and understand its context.

The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system and

other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new

system. Both the activities are equally important, but the firstactivity serves as a basis of giving the functional specifications

and then successful design of the proposed system.

Understanding the properties and requirements of a new system is

more difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding of

existing running system is also difficult, improper understanding

of present system can lead diversion from solution.

4.1.1 Procedure

The data is to be embedded in an selected audio file.

The embedding process is done internally because of

the GUI.

Whenever we selected the embedding data, then in

internally the particular programs

Module Description

Graphical User Interface(GUI)

Encryption, Decryption with Audio File

GUI Module

This module generates the user interface through which a

user browses the audio file and can play and stop the audio file.

This GUI contains different fields such as text area for entering

message and buttons for encryption and decryption.

Encryption and Decryption Module

During encryption, audio file will be created and in this

audio file. In this audio file LSB of the each byte will be replaced

by the encrypted data which is generated by the combination of

the encryption key and the plain text i.e., the original message.

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Then this audio file will be sent to the recipient. At recipient side

this encrypted data will be extracted from each LSB and performs

decryption operation on it and gives original information

The encryption and decryption process are done by usingthe algorithm DES. The DES algorithm.

4.1.2 Feasibility Report

Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the

likelihood the system will be useful to the organization. The main

objective of the feasibility study is to test the Technical,

Operational and Economical feasibility for adding new modules

and debugging old running system. All system is feasible if they

are unlimited resources and infinite time. There are aspects in the

feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation:

Technical Feasibility

Operational Feasibility

Economical Feasibility

Technical Feasibility

The technical issue usually raised during the feasibility stage

of the investigation includes the following:

Does the necessary technology exist to do what is

suggested?

Do the proposed equipments have the technical

capacity to hold the data required to use the new

system?

Will the proposed system provide adequate response

to inquiries, regardless of the number or location of

users?

Can the system be upgraded if developed?

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Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability,

ease of access and data security?

Earlier no system existed to cater to the needs of

Secure Infrastructure Implementation System. The

current system developed is technically feasible. It isa web based user interface for audit workflow at NIC-

CSD. Thus it provides an easy access to the users.

The databases purpose is to create, establish and

maintain a workflow among various entities in order

to facilitate all concerned users in their various

capacities or roles.

Operational Feasibility

Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned

out into information system. That will meet the organizations

operating requirements. Operational feasibility aspects of the

project are to be taken as an important part of the project

implementation. Some of the important issues raised are to test.

The operational feasibility of a project includes the

following: -

Is there sufficient support for the management from

the users?

Will the system be used and work properly if it is

being developed and implemented?

Will there be any resistance from the user that will

undermine the possible application benefits?

This system is targeted to be in accordance with the

above-mentioned issues. Beforehand, the

management issues and user requirements have been

taken into consideration. So there is no question of

resistance from the users that can undermine the

possible application benefits.

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The well-planned design would ensure the optimal

utilization of the computer resources and would help

in the improvement of performance status.

Economical Feasibility

A system can be developed technically and that will be used

if installed must still be a good investment for the organization. In

the economical feasibility, the development cost in creating the

system is evaluated against the ultimate benefit derived from the

new systems. Financial benefits must equal or exceed the costs.

The system is economically feasible. It does not require any

addition hardware or software. Since the interface for this system

is developed using the existing resources and technologies

available at NIC, There is nominal expenditure and economical

feasibility for certain.

CHAPTER 5

DESIGN

Introduction

Design is a meaningful engineering representation of

something that is to be built. Software design is a process through

which the requirements are translated into a representation of the

software. Design is the place where quality is fostered in software

engineering. Design is the perfect way to accurately translate a

customers requirement in to a finished software product. Design

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creates a representation or model, provides detail about software

data structure, architecture, interfaces and components that are

necessary to implement a system.

5.1 UML DIAGRAMS INTRODUCTION

The unified modeling language is a standard language for

specifying, Visualizing, Constructing and documenting the

software system and its components. It is a graphical language

which provides a vocabulary and set of semantics and rules. The

UML focuses on the conceptual and physical representation of

the system. It captures the decisions and understandings about

systems that must be constructed.It information about the

systems.

The UML has nine diagrams; these diagrams can be

classified into the following groups.

5.1.1 Static UML diagrams

Class Diagram

Component Diagram

Deployment Diagram

5.1.2 Dynamic UML diagrams

Use case diagram.

Sequence diagram.

Collaboration diagram.

State chart diagram.

Activity diagram.

Static or structural diagrams

Class diagram

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This shows a set of classes, interfaces, collaborations and

their relationships. There are the most common diagrams in

modeling the object oriented systems and are used to give the

static view of a system.

Component diagram

This shows a set of components and their relationships

and used to illustrate the static implementation view of a system

interfaces of collaborations.

Deployment diagram

Set of nodes and their relationships have shown here. Theyare used to show the static deployment view of the architecture

of a system. They are related to the component diagrams where a

node encloses one or more components.

Dynamic or behavioral diagrams

Use Case diagram

Set of use cases and actors and their relationships have

shown here. These diagrams illustrate the static use case view of

a system and are important in organizing and modeling the

behaviors of a system.

Sequence diagram & collaboration diagram

These two diagrams are semantically same i.e. the dynamics

of a system can be modeled using one diagram and transform it tothe other kind of diagram without loss of information. Both form

the, Interaction diagram.

Sequence diagram

Sequence diagram is an interaction diagram which focuses

on the time ordering of messages it shows a set of objects and

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messages exchange between these objects. This diagram

illustrates the dynamic view of a system

Collaboration diagram

This diagram is an interaction diagram that stresses oremphasizes the structural organization of the objects that send

and receive messages.objects and messages send and received.

Class diagram

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Fig 2.Class Diagram

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Use case Diagram

Fig 3.Use Case Diagram For Sender

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Use case Diagram

Fig 4.Use Case Diagram For Receiver

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Sequence diagram

Fig 5.Sequence Diagram For Sender

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Sequence diagram

Fig 6.Sequence Diagram For Reciever

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CHAPTER 6

CODE

Encryption and Decryption Module

During encryption, audio file will be created and in this

audio file. In this audio file LSB of the each byte will be replaced

by the encrypted data which is generated by the combination of

the encryption key and the plain text i.e., the original message.

Then this audio file will be sent to the recipient. At recipient side

this encrypted data will be extracted from each LSB and performs

decryption operation on it and gives original information

The encryption and decryption process are done by using

the algorithm DES. The DES algorithm description is as follows:

6.1 ALGORITHM

DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD (DES)

The algorithm is designed to encipher and decipher blocks of

data consisting of 64 bits under control of a 64-bit key.Deciphering must be accomplished by using the same key as for

enciphering, but with the schedule of addressing the key bits

altered so that the deciphering process is the reverse of the

enciphering process. A block to be enciphered is subjected to an

initial permutation IP, then to a complex key-dependent

computation and finally to a permutation which is the inverse of

the initial permutation IP-1 The key-dependent computation can

be simply defined in terms of a functionf, called the cipher

function, and a function KS, called the key schedule. A

description of the computation is given first, along with details as

to how the algorithm is used for encipher ment. Next, the use of

the algorithm for decipherment is described. Finally, a definition

of the cipher functionfis given in terms of primitive functions

which are called the selection functions Si and the permutation

function P. Si, P and KS of the algorithm are contained in theAppendix.

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The following notation is convenient: Given two

blocks L and R of bits, LR denotes the block consisting of the bits

ofL followed by the bits ofR. Since concatenation is associative,

B1B2...B8, for example, denotes the block consisting of the bits of

B1 followed by the bits of B2...followed by the bits of B8.

Blocks are composed of bits numbered

from left to right, i.e., the left most bit of a block is bit one.

Figure 7: Enciphering computation.

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CHAPTER 7

TESTING

7.1Introduction

Testing is one of the most important phases in the software

development activity. In software development life

cycle(SDLC),the main aim of testing process is the quality; the

developed software is tested against attaining the required

functionality and performance during the testing process the

software is worked with some particular test cases and the output

of the test cases are analyzed.

The success of the testing process in

determining the errors is mostly depends upon the test criteria, for

testing any software we need to have a description of the

expected behavior of the system and method of determining

whether the observed behavior confirmed to the expected

behavior.

7.1.1 Levels Of Testing

Since the errors in the software can be injured at any stage

we have to carry out the testing process at different levels during

the development. The basic levels of testing are Unit, Integration,

System and Acceptance testing.

The Unit Testing is carried out on

coding. Here different modules are tested against the

specifications produced during design for the modules. In case of

integration testing different tested modules are combined into

subsystems and tested in case of the system testing the full

software is tested and in the next level of testing the system is

tested with user requirement document prepared during SRS.

There are 2 basic approaches for

testing. They are

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Functional TestingIn Functional Testing test cases are decided solely on the

basis of requirements of the program or module and the internals

of the program or modules are not considered for selection of test

cases. This is also called Black Box Testing.

Structural TestingIn Structural Testing test case are generated on actual code of

the program or module to be tested. This is also called as White

Box Testing.

7.1.2 Testing Process

A number of activities must be performed for testing

software. Testing starts with test plan. Test plan identifies all

testing related activities that need to be performed along with the

schedule and guidelines for testing. The plan also specifies the

levels of testing that need to be done, by identifying the different

testing units. For each unit specified in the plan first the test cases

and reports are produced. These reports are analyzed.

7.1.3 Test PlanTest Plan is a general document for entire project, which

defines the scope, approach to be taken and the personal

responsible for different activities of testing, The inputs for

forming test plan are:

1.Project plan

2.Requirements document

3.System design

7.1.3.1 Test case specification

Although there is one test plan for entire project test cases

have to be specified separately for each test case. Test case

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specification gives for each item to be tested. All test cases and

outputs expected for those test cases.

7.1.3.2 Test case execution analysis

The steps to be performed for executing the test cases arespecified in separate document called test procedure

specification. This document specifies any specified requirements

that exist for setting the test environment and describes the

methods and formats for reporting the results of testing.

White Box Testing

This type of testing ensures that

All independent paths have been exercised at least

once.

All logical decisions have been exercised on their true

and false sides.

All loops are executed at their boundaries within their

operational bounds.

AIl internal data structures have been exercised.

Unit Testing

Unit testing mainly focused first in the smallest and low level

modules, proceeding one at a time. Bottom-up testing was

performed on each module. As developing a driver program, that

tests modules by developed or used. But for the purpose of

testing, modules themselves were used as stubs, to print

verification of the actions performed. After the lower levels

modules were tested, the modules that in the next higher level

those make use of the lower modules were tested. Each module

was tested against required functionality and test cases were

developed to test the boundary values.

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Integration Testing Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing

the program structure, while at the same timeconducting teststo

uncover errors associated with interfacing. As the system consists

of the number of modules the interface to be tested was between

the edges of the two modules. The software tested under this was

incremental bottom-up approach.

Bottom-up approach integration

strategy was implemented with the following steps..

CHAPTER 8

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SCREEN SHOTS

Fig.8 Audio Crypto Page

Fig.9 Seletcing Output File

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Fig.10 Embedding Message

Fig.11 Opening the output file

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Fig.12 Embedding file

Fig.13 Master File Information

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Fig.14 Encryption Zone

Fig.15 Selecting Data File

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Fig.16 Alert Message

Fig.17 Retrieving File

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Fig. 18 Entering Password

Fig.19 Final output Alert message for retrievingfile Successfully

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CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

In this project we have introduced a robust method of

imperceptible audio data hiding. This system is to provide a

good, efficient method for hiding the data from hackers and

sent to the destination in a safe manner. This proposed

system will not change the size of the file even after

encoding and also suitable for any type of audio file format.

Thus we conclude that audio data hiding techniques can be

used for a number of purposes other than covert

communication or deniable data storage , information

tracing and finger printing, tamper detection. Man is now

pushing away its own boundaries to make every thought

possible. So similarly these operations described above

can be further modified as it is in the world of Information

Technology

CHAPTER 10

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REFERENCES

1.WILLIAMSTALLING PRESSMAN - CRYPTOGRAPHY &

NETWORK SECURITY

2.PATRICK NORTON AND HERBERT SCHILD, TATA Mc

GRAW - 2. JAVA COMPLETE REFERENCE -

3.BAHRAMI,TATA Mc GRAW HILL- OBJECT ORIENTED

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

4. www.wikiepedia.com

5 .www.google.com

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