International Organ is at Ions

8/3/2019 International Organ is at Ions

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International Organisations

Vahur Made

Estonian School of DiplomacyOctober 10-13, 2011


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Course outline


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Course content- Description of IO phenomenon

- World organisations with the main focus on theUN,

- Regional organisations,

- Discussion on multilateralism on global and

regional level (Eugrasp and EU4Seas workingpapers, particularly WPs of van Langenhove

and Vaquer).


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Grading

- Research paper on an UN topic givenby me,

- Delivered to: [email protected],

- Should reach this address by November

4, 2011. 24:00 Estonian time.- All late-coming papers are automaticallygraded F.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Different types of short papers:

- Referative piece: description only,

- Essay: presentation of a point of view,- Research paper: argument based onknowledge (literature, published sources).

However, no need to produce newknowledge (primary sources, unpublisheddata etc.).


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Grading is based on four components:

- mastering of the subject matter,

- existence of clear research argumenttogether with logical argumentation,

- logical structure,

- bibliography and sources used andrefereed.


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Technical features:

- 4-6 pages (NOT MORE!),

- 12 points font,- Times New Roman style,

- 1.5 line space

COPY-PASTE IS PROHIBITED! ANY SUCHPIECE WILL BE GRADED F.


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Electronic databases (1):

EBSCO

http://search.epnet.comUN: ylikool

PW: derp1632

EBSCO host Text OnlyAcademic Search Premier
http://search.epnet.com/http://search.epnet.com/


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Electronic databases

CIAONET

www.ciaonet.orgRegister yourself as a temporary (30 days)

trial user.

* International Relations and SecurityNetwork (ISN)free-of-charge!

www.isn.ethz.ch
http://www.ciaonet.org/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/http://www.ciaonet.org/


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UN-related links:

- http://www.un.org

- http://www.globalpolicy.org EU 7th FP research projects:

- http://www.eugrasp.eu

- http://www.eu4seas.eu
http://www.un.org/http://www.globalpolicy.org/http://www.eugrasp.eu/http://www.eu4seas.eu/http://www.eu4seas.eu/http://www.eugrasp.eu/http://www.globalpolicy.org/http://www.un.org/


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General introduction


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IOs in IR

IO: not only a phenomenonbut also aCONCEPT in IR

The principal dilemma: concept of ORDER the IOs are seen challenging the

position of STATES as institutions of order


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IOs in IR

State-based orders in IR

- International society (all sovereignstates)

- International community (all sovereignstates following the common rules ofconduct)


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IOs in IR

Forms of order in IR (Hedley Bull. TheAnarchical Society: a Study of Order in WorldPolitics, 1977)

- balance of power (balance of fear, bipolarity)- great power domination (pax Romana, paxAmericana)

- international law/justice/arbitration- diplomacy

- war


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IOs in IR

Critique of state-based order of IR

StatesNationalinterests

Disorder


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IOs in IR

We need IOs for (idealist view):

- preventing states creating disorder

- keeping the existing forms of order- helping to re-establish order afterdisorder

States = disorderIOs = order


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IOs in IR

IOs vis--vis States

IO StateEQUAL

(multilateral)Buzan, functionalists,

institutionalists

SUPREME(supranational)

IL scholars,federalists

SUBMISSED(uni- and bilateral)Morgenthau,realists, trans-governmentalists


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IOs in IR

Other concepts related to the IOs

- international (supranational) law/norms- violence

- legitimacy


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IOs in IR

IOs and international (supranational)law/norms

- IOs as creators of international law (law/norm

initiatives, negotiations) Alfred Zimmern.League of Nations and the Rule of Law, 1939.

- IOs as international control and coercion bodies

(monitoring, fact-finding, sanctioning)


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IOs in IR

IOs and violence (in case of political IOs)

Violence creating order or disorder?(WW1 example)

IOs monopoly of violence? Peacebuilders? security communities (KarlDeutsch)?


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IOs in IR

World War 1 influence on IOs

- unprecedented violence (20 mil. casualties) violence becomes non-legitimised

- old monarchies fall (Germany, Austria, Russia),elites distrusted

- diplomacy and secrecy discredited, demand of

open diplomacy- national self-determination state equality


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IOs in IR

Security community

An international community whereviolence is not used in mutual relations


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IOs in IR

IOs and legitimacy (1)

IOs as providers of legitimacyIOs more legitimate than states?

Why states seek IO legitimacy?


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IOs in IR

IOs and legitimacy (2)

IOs as providers of legitimacy

- heritage of concert diplomacy- attempt of bringing democratic standardsto the IR

- basis of international cooperation intechnical fields


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IOs in IR

IOs and legitimacy

IOs more legitimate than states?

- international law can not be generated by

one or some states only, but it can begenerated by an IO

- political decisions of an IO are hardly

disputed by international community,decisions by individual states are oftendisputed


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IOs in IR

IOs and legitimacy

Why do states seek IO legitimacy?

- consent of international community(cases of Kosovo and Iraq)

- consent of domestic public (IO legitimacymay not be always needed)

- main aim is to lessen the burden of policy-making (Morgenthau and the realist view)


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IOs in IR

Union of International Associations

Established in Brussels in 1907

Publishes The Yearbook of International OrganizationsKeeps online databases of IOs and IO-related matters

Homepage

http://www.uia.be/

Union of International Associations

Established in Brussels in 1907

Publishes The Yearbook of International OrganizationsKeeps online databases of IOs and IO-related matters

Homepage

http://www.uia.be/
http://www.uia.be/http://www.uia.be/http://www.uia.be/http://www.uia.be/http://www.uia.be/


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IOs in IR

Seven features of IO (by UIA):

- Three-members rule (voluntarity rule)

- Round-table principle

- International treaty

- Non-profit

- International civil servant

- Charter and permanent administration

- Uninterrupted activity


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IOs in IR

IO as an international legal entity- IO is juridically equal to state and can havestate-like features- independent bureaucracy- diplomatic representation- territory (UN)- postal service (UN)

- armed forces (UN,NATO)- foreign policy (EU)etc.


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IOs in IR

Cooperation

Common policies

without the transferof sovereignty

Integration

Common policies with

the transfer ofsovereignty


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IOs in IR

IO classification

- membership type

- membership geographic scope- areas of activity

- structures


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IOs in IRCompetence

Comprehensive

Issue-specific

UN EU

ILOWHO ESA

OPEC

RestrictedMembership Universal


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IOs in IR

IOs by membership type

inter-governmental IOs

international nongovernmental

organisationshybrid IO

transgovernmental IO

international political party


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IOs in IR

International regimes

Institutions that have common features tothe IOs but which do not make policydecisions but carry out monitoring andcontrol functions only (GATT, International

Ocean Convention).


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IOs in IR

Trans- and Multinational Corporations

- TNC private corporation whichoperates in many countries but has the

headquarters in one country (Coca-Cola)- MNC business enterprise establishedby an international treaty (SAS)

TNCs and MNCs are not considered beingIOs. But they may create IOs (likeprofessional world federations)


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IOs in IR

Membership geographic scope

- global organisations (multicontinentalorganisations, organisations withoutgeographically restricted membership)

- regional organisations (organisationswith geographically restrictedmembership)


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IOs in IR

Areas of IO activity

IO

Multi-functional

Mono-functional

Religious

Technical

Political


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IOs in IR

IO classification by structure

- Division of powers between plenary andpermanent structures

- Members voting power (equal or not)

- Members influence on IOs decisions


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IOs in IR

Function Authority Delegation Example

Programme

organisations

Strongly binding

Intergovernmental UN

Supranational EU

Loosely bindingIntergovernmental OSCE

Supranational IWC

Operationalorganisations

Strong inimplementation

Intergovernmental OPEC

Supranational IMF, World Bank

Weak inimplementation

Intergovernmental ICO

Supranational UNHCR


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IOs in IR

Main dilemmas related to IO implemen-tation:

- program IOs aiming at implementation oftheir decisions,

- state sovereignty versusstrong IO imple-mentation.


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IOs in IR

IO structures

- Plenary bodies- Parliamentary bodies

- Permanent (restricted membership) bodies

- Secretariates- Judicial and arbitrary bodies


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IOs in IR

Member states

Governments

Plenary body Parliamentary body

Executive body Administrative body

Judicial or arbitrary body


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IOs in IR

IO decision making

- majority voting (consensus, simple-,absolute- and qualified majority)

- weighted voting

- conference strategy

- package deal


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IOs in IR

History of IO development (1)

Early IO-like institutions- unions of states (defence, trade)

- Roman Catholic Church

- religious orders


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IOs in IR

Oldest still-existing IO

The Order of Emperor Constantine

Established in 312

Aimed at educating the cross-congregationalChristian elite


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IOs in IR


Conditions necessary for modern IOs (Inis

Claude):- large number of sovereign states

- increasing number of interstate relations

(notably increased trade and communication)- increasing need to solve the problems of co-existence


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IOs in IR


Emergence of technical organisations in the 19th

century- on IG level the transport organisations (1805

Central Navigation Commission of Rhein River)

- NGO level the anti-slave trade organisations(1840 International Anti-Slavery Convention,1864 International Red Cross)


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IOs in IR

History of IO development (4):

On the 20th century the political IOsemerge:

1899 and 1907 Hague conferences(restrictions on the use of violence, rulesof war, international arbitration etc.)

1919 the League of Nations, 1945 UN


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League of Nations

In comparison with the UN


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LON and UNO

League of Nations

Established in 1919 inParis PeaceConference

Ended its activities in1946

Had all together 63

member states, 45 in1946

Covenant

United Nations

Established in 1945 inSan FranciscoConference

Has currently 192member states

Charter

www.un.org


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LON and UNO

Founding of the League of Nations

+ Post WW1 environment (German defeat)

+ Woodrow Wilsons initiative

+ US withdrawal

+ Organisation dominated by Britain and France

+ Accession of Germany

+ Withdrawal of Japan, Germany and Italy+ Accession and expulsion of the USSR


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LON an UNO

League of Nations historical landmarks

+ Post WW1 conflicts in Europe (Germanborders in the East, Lithuania and Poland,

Aland islands, Corfu incident and otherBalkan conflicts)

+ Mosul crisis 1923-1926

+ Manchuria 1931-1933+ Abyssinian war 1935-1937

+ Finnish-Soviet war 1939-1940


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LON and UNO

Structure of the League of Nations

+ Assembly

+ Council (permanent and semi-permanent

members)+ Secretariate

+ Secretaries-General:

James Eric Drummond (1919-1933), British

Joseph Avenol (1933-1940), French

Ian Sean Lester (1940-1946), Irish


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LON and UNO

LNO: other issues

+ mandates (A,B,C)

+ disarmament

+ refugees

+ technical and humanitarian issues


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UN birthday

On 26 June 1945 in San Francisco the UNCharter was signed,

On 24 October 1945 the Charter came into

force the UN Day,

On 20 April 1946 the League of Nationswas dissolved


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LON and UNO

Founding of UN (problems)

+ very closely attached to the internationalsituation of April 1945, Charter as the

document of winners+ a frozen Charter, almost impossible toamend the UN charter

+ many important powers of the currentworld underreprsented (Germany, Japan,Arab countries, EU, India etc.)


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LON and UNO

LON Covenant

+ 26 articles

+ membership, structures

+ disarmament, securityguarantees (art. 10),arbitration, definition ofagression and sanctions(art. 16)

+ int. treaties, mandatorysystem, humanitarianissues

UN charter

+ 19 chapters

New things:

Definition of sovereigntyHuman rights

Conflict prevention

Regional security

organisationsChp. 17 (WW2 clauses)


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LON and UNO

UNO structures: main differencescompared to LON

+ veto

+ ECOSOC

+ Trusteeship Council

+ network of sub-institutions and regionalheadquarters (the UN system)


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Why the LNA was not reformed?

LNA a Franco-British institution, too Euro-centric,

USSR was expelled in 1939,

USA never became a member,

Axis allies and Baltic states members,

The idea of world policeman.


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United Nations


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UN Charter

UN goals:

- maintenance of peace and resolution ofconflicts,

- human rights,- equality (gender, big and small states etc.),

- socio-economic well-being.

International community:- sovereign states only.


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UN Charter

UN membership:

- Every peace-loving nation,

- Currently 192 members, Holy See(Vatican) and Palestine Authority areobservers (should EU also become anobserver?)

- Members approved by GA majority,recommendation from SC needed.


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UN Charter

UN institutions

* General Assembly,

* Security Council,

* Secretariate,

* ECOSOC,

* Trusteeship Council,

* International Court of Justice,

* UN system.


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UN Security Council

Importance of Security Council:- binding resolutions,

- right to impose sanctions (incl. military),- together with Secretary General exercises leadership inUN peace-and-conflict activities,

- approves new Members States and appoints newSecretaries General,

- since 1945 there have been 4,000 SC meetings


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UN Security Council

UN Security Council composition:

- 5 permanent members (P5),

- veto-right, one or more P5s votes againstthe SC resolution

- 10 non-permanent members (6 before1965),

- Military Staff Committee.


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UN Security Council

Development of P5 concept prior San Franciscoconference:

* USA and UK announcing Atlantic Charter 1941, UKagrees that UN should be established and LNAdemolished,

* USSR adheres to AC in 1942, agrees with the idea ofUN,

* China promoted by the USA in 1943 Cairo conferenceas the main ally against Japan, USSR hopes that afterCommunist victory China becomes its ally in the UN,

* France disliked by the USA (particularly de Gaulle),but supported by UK, and eventually USSR. Stalin hopesthat critical de Gaulle weakens US position in the UN.Finally approved by Roosevelt in 1945 Yalta conference.


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UN Security Council

Veto* veto I prohibit* 1,400 SC resolutions (1946-1990 annualaverage 15 resolutions, after 1990 annually

about 60 resolutions)* 300 vetoes* Election of a new SG 15%* Admission of a new MS 20%

* Chapter VII (threats to international peace andsecurity) and implemantation of previous SCresolutions 65%


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UN Security Council

Frequency and nature of veto-use:* 1946-1961: beginning of the Cold War, 40-60% SCresolution drafts vetoed, in 1949 and 1956 80% vetoed,almost entirely USSR vetos,

* 1961-1970: after Cuban missile crisis (1961) clear veto-

decrease, 5-20% vetoed, almost entirely USSR vetos,* 1970-1990: late Cold War, veto-increase, 20% vetoed,predominantly US vetos.

* 1990-2007: post Cold War, drastic veto-drop, 21 vetosalltogether, 2% vetoed, mostly US vetos. The hidden

veto: many issues are not brought to resolution level asP5 members indicate their likely veto (Kosovo 1999 andcurrently).


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UN Security Council

Bargaining in the Security Council

Veto powers 1+2 Veto power 3 Veto power 4+5

Militaryintervention

Sanction No action


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UN Security Council

Alternatives to bargaining:

- purchasing of votes (economic andfinancial concessions through aid orloans),

- bypassing the SC.


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UN Security Council

Veto-users Top-5 (vetos on electing SGare classified):

* USSR/Russia (since 1991): 123

* USA: 82

* UK: 32

* France: 18* China (until 1971 Taiwan): 6


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UN Security Council

USSR/Russian veto-using:* First veto in 1946* Vetos in major Cold War crises (Greece,Czechoslovakia in 1948 and 1968, Berlin, disarmamentand arms control, Hungary,

Israel/Egypt(Suez)/Syria,Lebanon, India/Pakistan,Cyprus, Vietnam/Cambodia/China, Afghanistan)

* UN membership of pro-Western states (Finland 1947,Italy 1948). Culmination in 1955.

* Last Cold War-veto by USSR in 1984, first post Cold

War veto by Russia in 1993.* 3 post Cold War vetos (Cyprus, Bosnia, Myanmar).* Usually vetoes alone. In 1946 one veto with France and1972 and 2007 with China.


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UN Security Council

Importance of vetoto USSR/Russia:* Great power status symbol,

* Guarantee (sovereignty, US domination),

* (Imaginary) tool to control the USA and its useof force,

* Russia sees the UN and SC exactly the sameway as US does. If UN restricts Russian

sovereignty then Moscow is very ready to takeactions without UNs consent (Trans-Nistria,Abkhazia, South-Ossetia etc.).


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UN Security Council

US veto-using:* First veto in 1970,* Major Cold War issues: Middle East(Israel/Palestine/Lebanon/Syria/Libya) and

Central America (Nicaragua, Grenada,Panama),* Together with UK and France conflicts in SouthAfrica (SAR, Namibia, Rhodesia, Angola),

* Post Cold War issues: Middle East(Israel/Gaza) and International Criminal Court.


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UN Security Council

Importance of vetoto the USA:

* US sees itself as an alternative institutionto the UN (coalitions of willing),

* Veto is seen not quite as a sovereigntyguarantee but rather as a toolof USforeign policy,

* Veto helps to marginalise UN if USinterests require so.


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UN Security Council

British and French veto-using:* First French veto in 1946, British in 1956,* Mainly joint vetos or in association with theUSA,

* Suez crisis, colonial issues (Rhodesia, SAR,Namibia, Comoros, Falkland), Libya.

Veto and the EU:* Britain and France have not managed to bring

the EU voice to the SC,* It is the USA who is pushing the EU to replacethe UN in European affairs (ex-Yugoslavia).

S C


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UN Security Council

Chinese veto-using:* First veto in 1955 by Taiwan, first Communist veto in 1972,* Wanting to present its great power-status (Middle East 1972),* UN membership applications (Mongolia 1955, Bangladesh 1972),* Because of official relations to Taiwan (Guatemala 1997, Macedonia

1999),

* Wanting to preserve a neighboring friendly regime (Myanmar 2007),* If China dislikes the SC resolution then usually abstaines from voting

seeing that USA or USSR/Russia will do the job anyway,* China has NOT vetoed: Korean war (1950), India/Pakistan,

Vietnam/Cambodia (1970s), Vietnam-China war (1979),* China sees the SC mainly as a security and sovereignty guarantee. SC

veto guarantees that China is not considered neither as US norRussian client.

* China is not quite enthusiastic about UN international interventionmechanisms seeing them as threats to its sovereignty.

UN S i C il


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UN Security Council

Veto reform proposals:

* Abolishing veto,

* Allowing veto only in Chapter 7 cases

* New permanent members without veto

* Veto needs at least two supporters

UN S i C il


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UN Security Council

P5 reform proposals:

* Germany and Japan (P5+2),

* Common seat for the EU,

* India,

* Africa (Egypt, SAR, Nigeria rotating),

* Latin America (Brazil)

UN S i C il


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UN Security Council

Non-permanent members (NPMs):* Currently 10 NPMs: 3 from Africa, 2 from Asia, WesternEurope and Latin America, 1 from Eastern Europe,

* Nominated by regional groups, elected by the GA,* 75 states (39% of UN members) have never beenelected to the SC,

* Cathegories of NPMs:- Aspirants to permanent membership (Germany, India),- Medium-sized NPMs (Sudan, Sweden),

- Small-sized NPMs (Finland, Panama),- Outsiders (too small/micro or poor, in bad terms withP5 or otherwize problematic, passive).

UN S i C il


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UN Security Council

UN SC of 24 members? Why it is important to become an UN SC non-

permanent member?

- Influence?

- Information?

- Prestige?

- Experience?

- Diplomatic training?

UN G l A bl


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UN General Assembly

Importance of the GA:

* Forum for all UN members,

* High-level meetings/dialogues,

* Non-binding resolutions (GA committees),* Initiatives put forward in the GA maylead tointernational conventions, become internationallaw,

* Possibility to bypass SC veto-situations,

* Elections and appointments to UN bodies.

UN G l A bl


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UN General Assembly

GA is competing with other UN institutions:

* Secretary-General (reforms, agenda,policy),

* Security Council (security, conflicts,peace-keeping),

* ECOSOC (socio-economic matters).

UN S t i t


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UN Secretariate

UN Secreataries General:Trygve Lie (Norway) 1946-1952

Dag Hammarskjld (Sweden) 1953-1961

Sithu U Thant (Burma/Myanmar) 1961-1971Kurt Waldheim (Austria) 1972-1981

Javier Perez de Cuellar (Peru) 1982-1991

Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt) 1992-1996

Kofi Annan (Ghana) 1997 2007

Ban Ki-moon (South-Korea) 2007 -

UN S t i t


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UN Secretariate

Electing UN Secretary General:- Candidates presented by Regional Groups,

- P5 citizens do not apply,

- SC vote. P5 support is crucial. GA vote is only formal.

UN Secreatariate reform (management reform):- More or less personell?

- Skills or representation?

- Structural duplication

- 38th floor gap

UN i d fli t


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UN in peace and conflict

Forms of UN peace-and-conflict activities:- preventive diplomacy (SG and SC),

- peace-keeping (SG and SC),

- peace enforcement (collective security,humanitarian intervention SC, memberstates, SG),

- post-conflict missions (police missions,nation building etc SG and SC)

Role of regional organisations?

UN ti di l


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UN preventive diplomacy

What the SG can do?* Bring the conflict to the UN agenda,* Use early warning, co-operate with media and memberstates,

During the Cold War SG had to ensure the support ofboth the USA and USSR, or the majority of Non-AlignedMovement states.

After the Cold War the possibility of humanitariancatastrophy activates the member states.

It is important to:* Target the conflict in its preliminary stage,* Start negotiations with conflicting parties,* Bring in the third parties who are able to offer exit-strategies,

* Face-saving of conflicting parties is very important.

UN d h it i i t ti


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UN and humanitarian intervention

Just war,

Intervene to save civilian lives,

Congo crisis first HI,

Human rights or state sovereignty? Attitudes towards foreign intervention:

- Exremely negative in Asia and Latin America,

- Rather supportive in Sub-Saharan Africa,- What about ex-Yugoslavia?

UN d h it i i t ti


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UN and humanitarian intervention

Responsibility to Protect (2001):- UN has the responsibility to protect the civilian lives,

- International community has to prevent conflicts, reactrapidly, and rebuild after the conflict,

- Before using force all other methods of conflicmanagement should be used (contradiction with rapidreaction?),

- Use of force must be in right proportions,

- Only for saving civilian lives. No other goals (likerestoring democracy etc.).

UN and nation b ilding


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UN and nation-building

Number of failed states is growing. Nationbuilding is UNs main post-conflict activity.

Legitimity in the eyes of local population: does

nation-building succeed through the UN-ledforeign autocracy?

Democracy or stability? Should UN help to buildstabile but non-democratic institutions?

Democracy is not everywhere legitimite. EU and nation-building in ex-Yugoslavia.

UN peace keeping


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UN peace-keeping

Problems:

* Financing,

* Mandate flexibility,

* Conflicting interestsof member states,

* Local tradition ofconflict escalation.

Successes:

* Cyprus case,

* Helps to prevent

inter-state conflictsescalating,

* Still a valuable formof international

military cooperation.

UN and peace keeping


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UN and peace-keeping

Main conflicts dealt by UN+ Arab-Israeli, since 1948+ Near East (Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Afghanistan)+ India-Pakistan (since 1947)+ Korea (1950-1953)+ Africa (Congo, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South-Africa, Rwanda, Darfur etc.)

+ Central America (Nicaragua, El Salvador)+ Cyprus+ Cambodia+ East Timor+ Ex-Yugoslavia

* During the Cold War marginal role for the UN. Actual conflict management was carriedout through the bilateral US-USSR negotiations.

UN peace keeping


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UN peace keeping

Currently 16 operations, 55,000 military personell UNs limits of its capacities?

Deployment of great powers (part. US) military forces?

Post 9/11: terrorism more important than peace keeping

Lakhdar Brahimi report (2000): Pre-MandateCommitment Authority, rapid deployment (90 days),Department for Peacekeeping Operations

Africa: 7 operations, 85 per cent of UN personell, role ofregional organisations, British and French interests

UN and USA


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UN and USA

Since the 1960s the GA becomes increasingly anti-American, UN Secretariate recruits personell on the basis of

regional representation, USA becomes increasingly critical towards the UN,

First serious US-UN crisis during Reagan administrationin the 1980s. US starts to curb its contribution into UNregular and peace-keeping budget,

Clinton administration in the 1990s. US takes lead inconflict management and sidelines the UN. Serious

conflicts with Boutros Boutros-Ghali. Kosovo crisis 1999, Bush Jr. administration since 2001. Iraq 2003. Oil-for-

Food crsis 2005-2006. John Bolton.

UN and USA


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UN and USA

USA has not joined the agreements on:* climate change (Kyoto protocol),

* small arms proliferation,

* biological weapons prohibition,* land mines prohibition,

* missile defence systems limitation,

* nuclear desting prohibition.

UN system


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UN system

Specialised agencies (19)

Related organisations (4)

Programmes and funds (13)

Research and training institutes (5)

Functional and Regional commissions(9+5)

Other entities and bodies


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Regional organisations

UN Charter and regional


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gorganisations

Chapter 8 of the UN Charter encouragesfor the regional arrangements formaintenance of international peace andsecurity,

Simultaneously it also says that noenforcement action shall be taken underregional agreements or by regional

agencies without the authorization of theSC.

Key regional organisations


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Europe:* The EU family (EU+EFTA(-Switzerland)=EEA),

* NATO,* Council of Europe,

* OSCE,

* EBRD,* Sub-regional organisations.



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Asia:* The Arab League,

* ASEAN,

* APEC,* ASEM/ ASEF (an EU-Asia linkage),

* ADB,

* SAARC, Shanghai CO, CIS and othersub-regional organisations.



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Africa:

* AU (formely OAU),

* AfDB,

* ECOWAS, SADC, COMESA and othersub-regional organisations.



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America:

* OAS,

* NAFTA,

* MERCOSUR,* FTAA,

* IADB,

* Andean Community, Central-American FTA,Carribean Cooperation Council and other sub-regional organisations.

Regional organisation concepts


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Regional organisation concepts

Classification of regional organisations:* Top-level: Supra-regional dominators (EU, AU, OAS).Political, economic or both.

* Medium-level: Aspiring supra-regional dominators

(NAFTA, MERCOSUR, ASEAN, others??).Mainlyeconomic, with emerging political ambitions.

* Ground-level: Sub-regional organisations (dominators,margins). Mostly economic, both often with clear politicalambitions.

* Discussion forums (international regimes). Bringing inglobal actors beyond regional or sub-regional borders(APEC, FTAA, development banks etc.).

Sub regionalism


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Sub-regionalism

Reasons for sub-regionalism:

* Powers: resources, ideas, norms,legitimacy,

* Counterweight to the supra-regionalpowers,

* Support for the middle-powers.

Models of regionalism


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Europe:

- No dominating supra-regional power,

- No power of decisive global influence,

- Global power emerges from united forcesof supra-regional powers(UK+Germany+France),

- Cooperation of attractiveness.

Models of regionalism:


106/110

Models of regionalism:

Africa (Europes mirror-image):

- No dominating supra-regional power,

- African countries do not have any

substantial global influence,

- Cooperation based on shared poverty,and on common appeal for outside

resources.



107/110


Asia:

* Very powerful sub-regions with individualglobal influence,

* No chance of emerging the onedominating supra-regional organisation,

* Sub-regions versusChina/Japan,

* Political power is the key element ofregionalisation.



108/110


America:

* USA versusthe rest,

* Brazil versusLatin America,

* Cooperation based on antagonisms,

* Can Europe (still) be a model forAmerica?



109/110


Established domination politicalambitions, conflict resolution.

Emerging leadership economic and

technical integration. Establishing phase economic and

technical cooperation.


110/110

THANK YOU!

International Organ is at Ions

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