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Do Now 2
List at least 3 major functions of the skeletal system
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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Skeletal System - Do Now 3
What is the most dangerous bone to break?
What is the most commonly broken bone(s)?
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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Skeletal System - Do Now 4
What do you understand by the expressions:Bone tired?Dry as a bone?Bag of bones?
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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Skeletal System - Do Now 5
Where are the majority of our bones?In our head, hands, feet, or vertebra?
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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Over half your bones are found in your hands and feet. There are 26 bones in each foot and 27 in each hand.
26 x 2 = 5227 x 2 = 54_________ 106 (total bones: 206 – 106 =
100)
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Skeletal System - Do Now 6
How well do you know the major bones?
What is the best way to remember them?
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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Skeletal System Write a quiz for your partner and score
a pre and post grade.
Based on your notes, please write down the 20 major bones labeled on the skeleton handout
Write a pneumonic device to remember the major bones of the body.
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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Skeletal System - Do Now
How are you memorizing the bones?
How are bones differentiated from one another?
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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Skeletal System - Do Now
Without looking at your notes – Please list the 7 main bones of our legs and the 6 major bones in our arms!
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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Skeletal System - Do Now 1
What is the most painful injury you have ever had?
Have you ever broken a bone?
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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ObjectivesContent: Identify the subdivisions of the
skeleton as axial or appendicular. Name the four kinds of bones. Label the major anatomical areas of
long bones.
Language: List three functions of the skeletal
system
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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You already know a lot!!!
You are probably aware of many functions for the skeletal system!
For example: What does it do? What can go wrong? Where are our bones?
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The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments
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Bones Intro
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Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
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Cells
Closing
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The Skeletal System Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
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Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
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Closing
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AXIAL SKELETON
THE AXIAL SKELETON FORMS THE LONG AXIS OF THE BODY AND INCLUDES THE BONES OF THE SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND THE RIB CAGE.
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AXIAL SKELETON
GENERALLY THESE BONES ARE MOST INVOLVED IN PROTECTING, AND SUPPORTING.
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AXIAL SKELETON
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AXIAL SKELETON
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONSISTS OF THE BONES OF THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS, AND THE GIRDLES THAT ATTACH THE LIMBS TO THE AXIAL SKELETON.
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONSISTS OF 126 BONES. IT FUNCTIONS TO HELP IN MOVEMENT.
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AXIAL and APPENDICULARSKELETONS
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Functions of Bones 1. SUPPORT 2. PROTECTION 3. MOVEMENT 4. MINERAL STORAGE 5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION
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Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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1. Support The bones of the legs, pelvic girdle,
and vertebral column support the weight of the erect body.
The mandible (jawbone) supports the teeth.
Other bones support various organs and tissues.
2. Protection The bones of the skull protect the
brain. Ribs and sternum (breastbone)
protect the lungs and heart. Vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
3. Movement
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4. Reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue 99% of the body’s calcium is
stored in bone. 85% of the body’s phosphorous is
stored in bone. Adipose tissue is found in the
marrow of certain bones.
5. Hematopoiesis A.k.a. blood cell formation. All blood cells are made in the
marrow of certain bones.
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Bones of the Human Body The adult skeleton has 206
bones Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone Homogeneous
Spongy bone Small needle-like
pieces of bone Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
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Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
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Cells
Closing
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Scene 3 (1)1. What is a parry fracture? What does that
mean? 2. How could Sheila know that the ulnar
fractures are several years old? 3. What are osteophytic reactions? Could this
have something to do with abuse? 4. What causes bone to become ridged and
grooved 5. What is an avulsion fracture?
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Parry Fracture Monteggia's
fracture one in the proximal half of the shaft of the ulna, with dislocation of the head of the radius.
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Osteophytic :A small, abnormal bony outgrowth.
An avulsion fracture is a bone fracture which occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma.
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Scene 3 (2)6. What is remodeling? 7. What is a long bone? Why would these be
particularly robust? 8. What are other kinds of bones? 9. What does lumbar mean? 10. Why are the lumbar verts osteophytic? 11. Why is what Theo’s guardians do for a living
relevant?
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONE BY SHAPE
THE BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETON COME IN MANY SIZES AND SHAPES.
BONES CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY SHAPE INTO:
LONG; SHORT; FLAT; IRREGULAR.
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Bones Intro
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Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
tomy of long bones
Changes
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Closing
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
tomy of long bones
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Cells
Closing
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Classification of Bones Long bones
Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone
Examples: Femur, humerus
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Bones Intro
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Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
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LONG BONES
Long bones are longer than they are wide.Long bones have 2 epiphyses, and a diaphysis.All of the bones of the limbs, except the patella, ankle, and wrist, are long bones.
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Classification of Bones Short bones
Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals
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Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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SHORT BONES
Short bones are cube shaped, nearly equal in length and width.The bones of the wrist and ankle are examples of short bones.
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Classification of Bones
Flat bonesThin and flattenedUsually curvedThin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy boneExamples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
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Cells
Closing
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FLAT BONES
Flat bones are thin, flattened, and a bit curved. The sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most of the bones of the skull are flat bones.
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Classification of Bones
Irregular bonesIrregular shapeDo not fit into other bone classification categoriesExample: Vertebrae and hip
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Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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IRREGULAR BONES
Irregular bones havecomplicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes.The vertebrae, the bones of the hip, and some facial bones.
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis
Shaft Composed of
compact bone Epiphysis
Ends of the bone Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long Bone Periosteum
Outside covering of the diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Sharpey’s fibers Secure periosteum
to underlying bone Arteries
Supply bone cells with nutrients
Figure 5.2c
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Structures of a Long Bone Articular cartilage
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long Bone Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft Contains yellow marrow
(mostly fat) in adults Contains red marrow (for
blood cell formation) in infants
Figure 5.2a
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Bone Markings Surface features of bones Sites of attachments for muscles,
tendons, and ligaments Passages for nerves and blood vessels Categories of bone markings
Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface
Depressions or cavities – indentations
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Osteon (Haversian System)
A unit of bone Central (Haversian) canal
Opening in the center of an osteon Carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkman’s) canal Canal perpendicular to the central canal Carries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Lacunae
Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in concentric rings
Lamellae Rings around the
central canal Sites of lacunae
Detail of Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Canaliculi
Tiny canals Radiate from the
central canal to lacunae
Form a transport system
Detail of Figure 5.3
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Skeletal System - Do Now
List at least three problems that can occur in the skeletal system (from what we have seen as see what your own experience).
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Bones Intro
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Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage During development, much of this
cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints
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Cells
Closing
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Bone Growth Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of
long bone during childhood New cartilage is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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Bone Growth Bones are remodeled and lengthened
until growth stops Bones change shape somewhat Bones grow in width
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4b
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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With a partner One person, please list all 7 the
major bones in the leg The other person, please list the 6
major bones in the arm Between the two of you, please
describe the four kinds of bones, and give examples of each.
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Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes
Mature bone cells Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for
remodeling and release of calcium Bone remodeling is a process by
both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing
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OSSIFICATION
THREE TYPES OF CELLS ARE INVOLVED IN BOTH MECHANISM OF OSSIFICATION:
1. OSTEOBLASTS 2. OSTEOCLASTS 3. OSTEOCYTES
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BONE GROWTH
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF BONE GROWTH: 1. LONGITUDINAL--LENGTH 2. APPOSITIONAL--DIAMETER
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LONGITUDINAL BONE GROWTH
Epiphysealplate
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APPOSITIONAL BONE GROWTH
Osteoblast
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BONE GROWTH
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CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS FACTORS OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS: 1. HORMONES 2. VITAMIN D—MILK 3. CALCIUM—MILK 4. VITAMIN A—CARROTS 5. PHOSPHORUS—MEAT
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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
RICKETS 1. DISEASE OF CHILDREN DUE TO
LACK OF VITAMIN D. 2. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED. 3. BOWING OF THE BONES.
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Rickets
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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEMOSTEOMALACIA 1. RICKETS IN ADULTS 2. DUE TO A LACK OF VITAMIN D 3. CALCIUM IS NOT DEPOSITED IN BONE. 4. MAIN SYMPTOM IS PAIN WHEN WEIGHT
IS PUT ON THE AFFECTED BONE.
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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OSTEOPOROSIS
1. BONE REABSORPTION IS GREATER THAN BONE DEPOSITION. 2. CAUSES: A. LACK OF ESTROGEN B. LACK OF EXERCISE C. INADEQUATE INTAKE D. LACK OF VITAMIN D
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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEMOSTEOPOROSIS 3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: A. SPONGY BONE OF THE SPINE IS MOST
VULNERABLE. B. OCCURS MOST OFTEN IN
POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN. C. BONES BECOME SO FRAGILE THAT
SNEEZING OR STEPPING OFF A CURB CAN CAUSE FRACTURES.
4. TREATMENT A. CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTS. B. HORMONE REPLACEMENT TREATMENT C. INCREAE WEIGHT BEARING EXERCISE.
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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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Closing/HomeworkCan you do this now?Content: Identify the subdivisions of the
skeleton as axial or appendicular. Name the four kinds of bones. Label the major anatomical areas of
long bones.
Language: List three functions of the skeletal
system
AgendaAgenda
Do Now
Objectives
Bones Intro
Functions
Bone Tissue
Shapes of bones
Anatomy of long bones
Changes
Cells
Closing