DIURNAL AND SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF PM10 WITH SURFACE ...

British Journal of Environmental Sciences

Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015

___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)

62 ISSN 2055-0219(Print), ISSN 2055-0227(online)

DIURNAL AND SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF PM10 WITH SURFACE OZONE

CONCENTRATION AT JABALPUR

KALPANA SAGAR, R.K. SRIVASTAVA & SHAMPA SARKAR

Environmental Research Laboratory, P.G. Department of Environmental Science, Govt.

Model Science College (Autonomous), NAAC RE-Accredited – ‘A’ Grade, College with

Potential for Excellence, UGC, Jabalpur 482001(M.P.) India

ABSTRACT: This paper presents measurements of daily monthly and yearly sampling offing

particulate matter (PM10) and ozone (O3) at the urban locations in Jabalpur. This study

evaluates the effects of particulate air pollution (PM10) associated with ozone concentration

long-term exposure. The correlation value of PM10 and O3 is r = 0.2852, r2 = 0.0813 it showing

positive correlation.

KEYWORD: Particulate Matter (PM10), Ozone (O3), Diurnal average, seasonal average,

positive correlation

IMPLICATIONS

Our study of course particulate matter and ozone (O3) its chemical composition in Jabalpur

provides crucial information that may be used to determine the efficacy of the new NAAQS

for PM course particulate matter. Moreover, the gas-to-particle conversion processes provide

improved prediction of long-range transport of pollutants and air quality and as well as impact

on environment and human health.

INTRODUCTION

Particulate matter (PM) refers to the mixture of solid and liquid particles in air. In a broader

sense the term applies to matter in the atmosphere classed into particles having a lower size

limit of the order of 10-3m and an upper limit of 100m. SPM, a complex mixture of organic

and inorganic substances, is a ubiquitous air pollutant, arising from both natural and

anthropogenic sources. Ever since the advent of the industrial era, anthropogenic sources of

PM have been increasing rapidly. PM that is 10m or less in diameter is called as respirable

suspended particulate matter (RSPM) or PM10, since it penetrates the respiratory system.

Airborne PM is reportedly known to cause wide-ranging health effects.

Our atmosphere is made up of many components; which are chemical, physical, gaseous as

well as biological. All the components are inter-dependent. As such, the particulate pollutant

(PM10) is a major constituent which act as a primary pollutant in the lower atmosphere.

Chemically, when primary pollutants NOX and VOCs chemically react with the external

substance like dust, smog, smoke and suspended particulate matters of nature in the presence

of sunlight the resultant is O3.

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Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015



Scientifically, O3 shows tremendous fluctuation with other pollutants of ground level. The

concentration of O3, PM2.5 and PM10 were fluctuated during all the seasons because their

concentration depends on the regional topography and climatic behavior. According to IMD

(Indian Meteorological Department); India has designated into four seasons: winter, summer

and monsoon. Winter occurred from November to February. Summer from March to June,

May is the hottest month of the year. Monsoon or rainy season enduring from July to October

and contains lots of humidity. During the study at Jabalpur, various gaseous pollutants (O3,

CO, CH4, NO2, PM10) are come forward which has shown fluctuation throughout the years.

On outdoor/indoor particulate pollution in urban and rural residential environment by using

biomass fuel in which 94% is rural area and 58% urban area studied by (Colbeck, 2010).

Critical reviewed of how particulate matter in the atmosphere affects visual air quality, human

health, soiling and damage to materials, vegetation/animals, soil/water bodies and

direct/indirect radioactive forcing. (Jimoda, 2012)

Result found that, when O3 concentration was higher (in the studied year) concentration of CO

and CH4 was gradually an increases whereas NO2 decline its concentration (Sarkar, S., 2015).

In winter season, the ozone concentration is higher (David L.M., 2011) due to elevated amount

of precursor gases and low solar radiation. Thus, O3 concentration has shown inverse

correlation with its precursor gases while whole diurnal interval.

At the city Kannur, surface ozone has continuously monitored throughout the study which

shown its diurnal variation and correlation with various meteorological parameters (Nishanth,

T. and Satheesh Kumar, M.K., 2011). During winter season, mixing ratios of surface ozone has

maximum at the rural areas (44.01±3.1ppbv) and urban areas (36.3±5.4ppbv). It has also

noticed that during winter, production of ozone was much higher in the afternoon (Selvaraj

et.al., 2013).

At Bhubaneswar the study of surface ozone variation and its correlation with various

parameters has performed. It found that, seasonal variation of O3 concentration was maximum

in January (~85ppbv), gradually it has increases in the month of June (∼38 ppbv) and minimum

in August (∼20ppbv). Affected by topography and climatic conditions in contrary, ozone raised

during pre-monsoon and monsoon. (Mahapatra et.al., 2012)

Assessment of occupational and ambient air quality of traffic police personnel of the

Kathmandu valley, Nepal; in view of atmospheric particulate matter concentrations (PM10) by

Majumder et al. (2012)

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The Study Area

Madhya Pradesh is generally known as the heart of India. The site Jabalpur is one of the major

centers of Madhya Pradesh in India and is famous for its green belt. Geographically, it is located

at “23.17°N 79.95°E”. It has an average elevation of 411 meters (1348 ft). Topographically

Jabalpur is rich with forests, hills and mountains which contain lots of minerals in it. On the



Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015



other hand, quality of air is getting deteriorated slowly by increasing industrialization and due

to tremendous increase in number of vehicles plying on the roads.

Fig. 1: Location of Jabalpur

Sampling and Investigative method

The instrument Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System (AAQMS) was manufactured by

Ecotech Australia. It is systematic, assessment of long term pollutants in the surroundings.

Ecotech established the instrument for environmental monitoring that is WinAQMS (Air

Quality Monitoring Station). This WinAQMS has two parts: the client as client and the server.

The monitoring system consists of the assembly of many transducers and analyzers employing

various instrumentation techniques. The instrument has provided all the yearly observation of

the O3 concentration by EC9810 Ozone Analyzer (O3). In addition to this, BAM1020 provides

all the observation of PM10.

Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM): The Met One instruments model BAM-1020 automatically

measures and records particulate concentration levels using the principal of beta ray

attenuation. This method provides a simple determination of concentration in units of

Jabalpur



Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015



milligrams or micrograms of particulate per cubic meter of air. A small 14C (carbon 14) element

emits a constant source of high-energy electrons known as beta particles. These beta particles

are detected and counted by a sensitive scintillation detector. An external pump pulls a

measured amount of dust-laden air through a filter tape. After the filter tape is loaded with

ambient dust, it is automatically placed between the source and the detector thereby causing an

attenuation of the beta particle signal. The degree of attenuation of the beta particle signal is

used to determine the mass concentration of particulate matter on the filter tape, and hence the

volumetric concentration of particulate matter in ambient air.

A statistical analysis Pearson correlation coefficient has done to estimate the correlation of O3

concentration with PM10.

Observation Table

The site for the study is quite dense related to residential area but the place of Jabalpur is also

very near to green belt. While on monitoring the ambient air by AAQMS (Ambient Air Quality

Monitoring System) of the city, some gaseous pollutants are like ozone O3 and PM10. The

observation of gaseous pollutants and SPM has been taken from the two years 2013 and 2014.

Here, the graphical representation showing the annual average of O3 and PM10 with their

diurnal average value:

Fig. 2: Monthly average of O3 and PM10 concentration in 2014



Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015



Table 1: Seasonal observation of Ozone (O3) and PM10 2014

YEAR 2014

SEASON

Winter

Summer

Rainy

O3

(ppb) 35 51 16

PM10

(µg/m3) 102 91 56

Fig. 3: Seasonal Average of O3 and PM10 concentration of 2014

35

51

16

Concentration in ppb

Seasonal Average of O3

2014

102

91

56

Concentration in ppb

Seasonal Average of PM10

2014



Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015



Fig. 4 Diurnal variation of PM10 and O3 in 2014

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

January

PM10 O3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0102030405060708090

100

Febuary

PM10 O3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0102030405060708090

100

March

PM10 O3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

April

PM10 O3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

May

PM10 O3

05101520253035404550

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

June

PM10 O3



Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

July

PM10 O3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

September

PM10 O3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

October

PM10 O3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

August

PM10 O3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

November

PM10 O3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

December

PM10 O3



Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015



RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

The seasonal and diurnal concentration of particulate pollutant (PM10) compared with ground

level Ozone (O3) was studied in 2014 at Jabalpur city. The yearly average shown that, when

PM10 was higher than O3 level was slightly decreased (fig.2), due to the effect of meteorological

condition. In table (1), it can be observed that seasonal variation of ozone level was higher in

summer (51ppb), moderate in winter (35ppb) and less in rainy (16ppb). PM10 was higher in

winter (102g/m3) moderate in summer (91g/m3) and lower in rainy (56g/m3) season. The

result was showing that the value of PM10 and O3 concentration was specifically low in rainy

season. From fig. 4, fluctuation in PM10 and O3 can be observed clearly.

Correlation Study: - This table presented r-value of correlation between particulate matters

(PM10) & Ozone (O3) in 2014.

Annual correlation value of O3 and PM10

r = 0.2852 r2 = 0.0813 Positive Correlation

Seasonal correlation value of O3 and PM10

Season r value r2 value Correlation

Winter 0.4151 0.1723 Positive Correlation

Summer 0.2811 0.079 Positive Correlation

Rainy 0.068 0.0046 Positive Correlation

REFERENCES

Colbeck, I., Nasir, Z.A., and Ali, Z. (2010), Characteristics of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate

Pollution in Urban and Rural Residential Environment of Pakistan.

www.ncbi,wm.nih.gov

David, L.M., Diurnal and seasonal variability of surface ozone and NOX at a tropical coastal

site: Association with mesoscale and synoptic meteorological conditions. Journal of

Geophysical Research,116, D10, (2011)

Jimoda L. A. (2012). Effects of particulate matter on human health, the ecosystem, climate and

materials: a review. Working and Living Environmental Protection Vol. 9, No 1, 2012,

pp. 27 – 44.

Jayamurugan, R., Kumaravel, B., Palanivelraja, S. and Chockalingam, M.P., Influence of

Temperature, Relative Humidity and Seasonal Variability on Ambient Air Quality in a

Coastal Urban Area, International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, Article ID 264046,

7 pages, (2013)

Kour, R., Patel, N. and Krishna, A.P., Effect of Terrain Attributes on Snow Cover Dynamics

in Parts of Chenab Basin, Western Himalaya. Hydrological Sciences, (2015)

Nishanth, T. and Satheesh Kumar, M.K., Diurnal variation of Surface Ozone with

Meteorological parameters at Kannur, India, Advances in Applied Science Research. 2

(3), 407-417, (2011)

Nair, P.R., David, L.M., Girach, I.A.. and George, K.S., Ozone in the marine boundary layer

of Bay of Bengal during post-winter period: Spatial pattern and role of meteorology,

Atmospheric Environment, 45, 4671-4681, (2011)

Majumder, A.K., Nazmul Islam, K.M., Roshan Man Bajracharya and William S.Carter (2012).

Assessment of occupational and ambient air quality of traffic police personnel of the


http://www.ncbi,wm.nih.gov/


Vol.3, No.3, pp.62-70, August 2015



Kathmandu valley, Nepal; in view of atmospheric particulate matter concentrations

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