Development of Sociology and Anthropology

7/31/2019 Development of Sociology and Anthropology

1/45

THE DEVELOPMENT OF

SOCIOLOGY

Sincecommunicationbegan

Scientific study ofsociety started 15thin18th century(scientificRevolution)

Social philosophers: Are we social by

nature of not?


2/45

THE DEVELOPMENT OFSOCIOLOGY

HENRI SAINT-SIMON 1760-1825

Behavior of the society is

determined by law of nature

and can be determined inthe same way as

astronomers, physicists,

biologists, chemists and

other natural scientists.

Positive sociology


3/45

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

AUGUSTE COMTE 1798-1857

- Founder of

Sociology

-Student andsecretary of Saint-

Simon

-Mental hygiene!

- Society based on

rationality and

science!


4/45

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE

AUGUSTE COMTE

- Stages of science

Theologicalfictitious

Metaphysicalabstract

Scientificpositive


5/45

Sociology

science of the

associated life

of humanity

Methods and

techniques of

natural sciencesmust also be

applied in the

study of society

AUGUSTE COMTE


6/45


AUGUSTE COMTESOCIAL STATICS SOCIAL DYNAMICS

-

ORDER, STABILITY,and socialorganization

that which holds

societies grouptogether andendure.

processes of sociallife related to

institutionalDEVELOPMENT ANDSOCIAL CHANGE.


7/45

- social staticsstructure of the society


8/45

- social dynamicssocial change


9/45


HERBERT SPENCER1532-1903

- He applied the concept

of Darwins theory ofevolution to societies

in order to explain how

they change or evolve,

over time.


10/45


HERBERT SPENCER1532-1903

Evolutionary

process

Primitive tocomplexsocieties

Survival of the

fittest

Governedby conflict

Social progress

Naturalselection(adaptation)


11/45


EMILE DURKHEIM 1858-1917

- focused on the concept

of social integration.- society does not

operate under the rule

of natural science but bydistinct social facts and

phenomena.


12/45


EMILE DURKHEIM 1858-1917

- Social solidaritysocial

forces that hold societytogether


13/45


EMILE DURKHEIM

- SOCIAL INTEGRATIONdensity of social relationships

- The more people are connected to

one another the stronger and

meaningful are the sentiments

that emerge out of these

relationships.

- Focused less on the individual but

more the characteristics of groups


14/45


EMILE DURKHEIM

- He also examined the

social solidaritythetendency of people to

maintain social

relationships.


15/45


EMILE DURKHEIMMECHANICAL

SOLIDARITY

- People were knit together

by their engagement in

SIMILAR TASKS. They

derived a sense of oneness

from being so much alike.

ORGANIC

SOLIDARITY

- Society is held together by

the interdependence fostered

by the DIFFERENCES among

people.


16/45


EMILE DURKHEIMMECHANICAL

SOLIDARITY

ORGANIC

SOLIDARITY


17/45


EMILE DURKHEIMMECHANICAL SOLIDARITY - People were knit

together by their engagement in similar tasks. They derived

a sense of oneness from being so much alike.


18/45


EMILE DURKHEIMORGANIC SOLIDARITY - Society is held together bythe interdependence fostered by the differences among people.


19/45


EMILE DURKHEIM

- Individuals with social

bonds are less

inclined to suicidethan individuals who

are weakly integrated

into group life.


20/45


KARL MARX- CLASS CONFLICTthe

believed that society is

divided into those whoown the means of

producing wealth and

those who do not.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF


21/45

THE DEVELOPMENT OF

SOCIOLOGY

FRIEDRICH ENGELS1820-1903

- Together with Karl

Marx, they proposedto address the class

struggle by adhering

to the Communist

Manifesto.


22/45

Bourgeoisie

(oppressor)

Proletariat

(oppressed)


23/45


KARL MARX- CLASS CONFLICT

have

nots

haves


24/45


MAX WEBER

Belief systems

affect peoplesaction and in

turn the

economic

system of the

society.


25/45


MAX WEBER 1864-1920

- Focused on the study of

HUMAN SUBJECTIVITY:

the intentions, values,beliefs, and attitudes

that underlie peoples

behavior.

- VERSTEHEN

understanding or insight.


26/45


MAX WEBERVERSTEHEN

sociological

method used

PLACINGONESELF IN

THE SHOES OF

OTHER PEOPLE

and identifywhat they think

and how they

feel.


27/45


MAX WEBERWent against Marx

(conflict theory of

materiality) and

introduced theSUBJECTIVE

MEANINGS of the

sociologist in studying

society.

Sympathetic

understanding!

(society is more than a

collection of objects


28/45


FERDINANDTOENNIS 1855-1936

All socialrelationships

are creations of

human will.


29/45

Basic, INSTINCTIVE,organic tendency

which drives human

activityEssential

DELIBERATE, purposive

form of volition whichdetermines human

activity with regard to

the future

Arbitrary

Will


30/45

Peasants

Artisans

Common

men

Essential

will

Businessmen

Scientist

Upper class

Arbitrary

will


31/45

Gemeinschaft

Arbitrarywill

Upper classGesselschaft

Essentialwill

Commoner

Typology of Society

(out of the expression of the will)


32/45

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

GEORGE SIMMEL 1858-1918

Society CANNOT BE

understood as a psychic

entity independent of

individual minds, as a

kind of mysticism or

conceptualism that

ascribes to mere

concepts.


33/45


GEORGE SIMMEL 1858-1918

Mutual relations may not

last long while some are

purified in the course of

time such as the state,

church, education,

economic group or even

social conspirators!


34/45


EDWARD TAYLOR 1832-1917

Responsible for the first50 years of Anthropologyin Britain

Popularized comparativemethodology in study(statistical correlation)

Introduced the concept of

ANIMISM OR BELIEF INSPIRITUAL BEINGS in thestudy of anthropology


35/45


WILLIAM GRAHAMSUMNER 1840-1910

Dealt extensive

researches on folkways FOLKWAYS ARE HABITS

OF INDIVIDUAL ANDCUSTOMS OF THE

SOCIETY which arisefrom efforts to satisfyneeds


36/45


THORSTEIN VEBLEN1857 1929

Dealt extensive

researches on economic

aspect of the society

labor performance and

laborsaving

machinery.

Th i i ki d t d


37/45

There is in mankind a tendency

towards craftsmanship as an end in

itself developed by cultural heritage

and community stock technicalknowledge.


38/45


39/45


BRONISLAWMALINOWSKI1884-1942

the relation of SOCIALACTIVITY WITH RITUAL orinstrumental, governedby set of rules andfacilitated linguisticusages

Social grouping Social organization

Linguistics


40/45


BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI

known for his detailed first-hand anthropological

observations on the Trobriand islanders.

Kula trading expeditions


41/45


42/45


PITIRIM SOROKIN1889-1968

view society in aMACROSCOPICPERSPECTIVE ratherthan detailed account

Made an encyclopedicsurvey on social forms

of art, systems oftruths, laws, relationswar and revolution.


43/45


TALCOTT PARSONS 1902-1979

REJECTED sprit of age

theory of society, pursuit

of self interest, operationof coercive force

-society is not mere

automatic response from

a stimuli (VS positivisttheories of society)


44/45

Sociologyrejects

Philosophical framework

Uniqueness of historical epochs

Sociology is

Based on universals of social life

Dynamic relation between

important event and human

society

All embracing paradigm (includes

middle ground and miniaturetheories)

An abstract terminology not

immediately known to the world


45/45

QUIZ

Development of Sociology and Anthropology

Documents

Transcript of Development of Sociology and Anthropology