Minggu 1 - Introducing Anthropology and Sociology

8/7/2019 Minggu 1 - Introducing Anthropology and Sociology

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Introducing AnthropologyIntroducing Anthropology

and Sociologyand Sociology


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Lecture GuidelineLecture Guideline The origin of Anthropology and SociologyThe origin of Anthropology and Sociology

both disciplines have different historyboth disciplines have different history

The Emergence of AnthropologyThe Emergence of Anthropology

The Fields of AnthropologyThe Fields of Anthropology The Ethnography and EthnographerThe Ethnography and Ethnographer

The FoundersThe Founders

The Origin of SociologyThe Origin of Sociology

The Sociological ImaginationThe Sociological Imagination

The Sociological PerspectiveThe Sociological Perspective

The FoundersThe Founders

Some common senseSome common sense


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Anthropology looks at humanity's entire history, starting whenAnthropology looks at humanity's entire history, starting when

modern humans first evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago.modern humans first evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago.

About 50,000 years ago, humans starting wandering outside the boundariesAbout 50,000 years ago, humans starting wandering outside the boundariesof Africa by crossing the Sinai peninsula. Human bones dating to this timeof Africa by crossing the Sinai peninsula. Human bones dating to this time

have been found in Israel.have been found in Israel.

From there, humanity spread west into Europe and east into AsiaFrom there, humanity spread west into Europe and east into Asia

and Australia, where fossils dating to 46,000 years ago have beenand Australia, where fossils dating to 46,000 years ago have been

found.found. Throughout Eurasia, humanity displaced otherThroughout Eurasia, humanity displaced other homonidshomonids, such as, such as

NeanderthalsNeanderthals and Homo erectus. 46,000 years ago in Australia.and Homo erectus. 46,000 years ago in Australia.

By 30,000 years ago, Neanderthals were extinct; one of the lastBy 30,000 years ago, Neanderthals were extinct; one of the last coloniescolonies

was located near the strait of Gibraltar.was located near the strait of Gibraltar.

Either 30,000 or about 14,000 years ago, humans crossed theEither 30,000 or about 14,000 years ago, humans crossed the

Bering strait land bridge into the Americas, arriving in NewBering strait land bridge into the Americas, arriving in New

Mexico by 13,000 years ago, then spreading southward to reachMexico by 13,000 years ago, then spreading southward to reach

TierroTierro del Fuego by 8,000 BC certainly, but possibly much earlier.del Fuego by 8,000 BC certainly, but possibly much earlier.


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Foundations of Early Anthropology

Traced back to PLATO (Humanistic through understanding)Traced back to PLATO (Humanistic through understanding)

and his student, ARISTOTLE (Scientific through observation)and his student, ARISTOTLE (Scientific through observation)

HERODOTUSHERODOTUS credited with being first anthropologist (alsocredited with being first anthropologist (also

11stst historian!) for detailed descriptions of peoples he met onhistorian!) for detailed descriptions of peoples he met ontravels during Persian Warstravels during Persian Wars

He recorded astute description of the diverse people he met during hisHe recorded astute description of the diverse people he met during his

travels.travels.

The (European) enlightenmentThe (European) enlightenment changes to the views ofchanges to the views of

humanityhumanity

Through CrusadeThrough Crusade Europeans aware of Islamic accomplishmentEuropeans aware of Islamic accomplishment

Early exploration and colonizationEarly exploration and colonization produced firstproduced first

classification of other people.classification of other people.


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Greater time rangeGreater time rangeSome spend years in difficult physicalSome spend years in difficult physical

conditions; others live amongconditions; others live among

contemporary peoplecontemporary people

Broad range of topicsSome prefer to be scientific andsome prefer subjective humanistic approach


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Defining AnthropologyDefining Anthropology

In the Greek language,In the Greek language,anthroposanthropos meansmeanshuman andhuman and logoslogos means study (ormeans study (orlogylogymeans study of)means study of)

Anthropology as a discipline of infiniteAnthropology as a discipline of infinitecuriosity about human beingscuriosity about human beings

Much broader in scope and range of topicsMuch broader in scope and range of topics

Interested to understand why and howInterested to understand why and howsocieties in the past and present have changedsocieties in the past and present have changedideas and practices?ideas and practices?


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Anthropology is composed of four closely interrelated fields.Anthropology is composed of four closely interrelated fields.

The first isThe first is biological or physical anthropologybiological or physical anthropology, which, whichsimply tries to understand the human being as a livingsimply tries to understand the human being as a living

organism. Populationorganism. Population geneticsgenetics andand primatologyprimatology comes incomes in

handy here.handy here.

The second, and largest field, isThe second, and largest field, is sociosocio--cultural anthropologycultural anthropology,,

involving field studies comparing or recording any number ofinvolving field studies comparing or recording any number of

thousands of social or cultural patterns. The distinctionthousands of social or cultural patterns. The distinction

between sociobetween socio--cultural anthropology and certain parts ofcultural anthropology and certain parts of

psychology and sociology may be fuzzy.psychology and sociology may be fuzzy.

The third field isThe third field is linguistic anthropologylinguistic anthropology, which focuses on, which focuses onlanguage, including its history and many complex branches.language, including its history and many complex branches.

The fourth field isThe fourth field is archaeologyarchaeology, which seeks to excavate, which seeks to excavate

artifacts, bones, and other clues to shed light on how peopleartifacts, bones, and other clues to shed light on how people

lived in pastlived in past cultureScultureS


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Anthropologys FieldsAnthropologys Fields

Anthropology

Biological

AnthropologyArchaeology

Cultural

Anthropology

Linguistic

Anthropology

Primatology

Contemporary

Human

Variation

PaleoanthropologyPrehistoric

Archaeology

Historic

Archaeology

Underwater

ArchaeologySociolinguistics

Historical

Linguistics

Descriptive/

Structural

Linguistics

Applied

Anthropology

Economic ant.

Political ant.

Medical ant.

Psychological ant.

Ethnobotany

Development ant.

Cultural change

Feminist ant.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2006


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Fields ofAnthropology contFields ofAnthropology cont

Biological Anthropology

Biological Anthropology

:studi

es th

e

:studi

es th

eemergence ofhumans and theirevolutionemergence ofhumans and theirevolution

Human paleontology or also known asHuman paleontology or also known as

PaleoanthropologyPaleoanthropology based on thebased on thefossilfossil

recordrecord Interested in why contemporary human populationsInterested in why contemporary human populations

vary biologicallyvary biologically ardipithecusardipithecus ramidusramidus (current(current

discovery)discovery)

Closely relates the natural environment with humanClosely relates the natural environment with humanevolutionevolution

PrimatologyPrimatology non human members callednon human members called

primatesprimates

Study in the wild and in captivityStudy in the wild and in captivity


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Cultural AnthropologyCultural Anthropology Studies the ways of thinking and behaving (e.g.Studies the ways of thinking and behaving (e.g.

language, customs, religion,food,music)language, customs, religion,food,music)

Related to archaeologyRelated to archaeology interested in howinterested in how

culture changeculture change Archaeology (the study of the old)Archaeology (the study of the old)

Also related toAlso related to PaleoanthropologyPaleoanthropology -- tracingtracingcultural changes as far back as 15,000 years agocultural changes as far back as 15,000 years ago

Reconstruct history from studying remains ofReconstruct history from studying remains ofhuman cultures (e.g. pottery, weapons, ancienthuman cultures (e.g. pottery, weapons, ancienttemples, tools)temples, tools)

Prehistoric archaeology and historicalPrehistoric archaeology and historicalarchaeology (writtenarchaeology (written doumentsdouments).).


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Ling

uistic Anthropology

Ling

uistic Anthropology

Studies theemergence of language and itsStudies theemergence of language and its

evolution into diverse languagesevolution into diverse languages

Language is a set ofsymbols that convey meaningsLanguage is a set ofsymbols that convey meanings

(verbal and non verbal)(verbal and non verbal) Studies the prehistoric languages i.e.Studies the prehistoric languages i.e.

reconstructing history ofunwritten languagesreconstructing history ofunwritten languages

Threemajor subfieldsThreemajor subfields Historical linguisticsHistorical linguistics to study how language change overto study how language change over

timetime

Descriptive linguisticsDescriptive linguistics how contemporary language differhow contemporary language differ

(structure(structure grammar)grammar)

SociolinguisticsSociolinguistics social context and non verbalsocial context and non verbal

communication.communication.


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EthnographyEthnography

Ethnography consists of the observation and analysis ofEthnography consists of the observation and analysis of

human groups considered as individual entities (the groupshuman groups considered as individual entities (the groups

are often selected, for practical and theoretical reasonsare often selected, for practical and theoretical reasons

unrelated to the nature of the research involved, fromunrelated to the nature of the research involved, from

those societies that differ most from our own).those societies that differ most from our own).Ethnography thus aims at recording as accurately asEthnography thus aims at recording as accurately as

possible the perspective modes of life of various groups.possible the perspective modes of life of various groups.

The word 'ethnography' has a double meaning inThe word 'ethnography' has a double meaning in

anthropology:anthropology:

ethnography asethnography as productproduct(ethnographic writings(ethnographic writingsthe articles andthe articles and

books written by anthropologists), andbooks written by anthropologists), and

ethnography asethnography as processprocess (participant observation or fieldwork).(participant observation or fieldwork).

The product depends upon the process, but not in any simple A>BThe product depends upon the process, but not in any simple A>B

relationship.relationship.


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EthnographerEthnographer

EthnographerEthnographer

Studies the community by observing andStudies the community by observing and

participating in their daily lives (e.g. speakingparticipating in their daily lives (e.g. speaking

the native languages, behave the way nativesthe native languages, behave the way natives

behave, observing and participating inbehave, observing and participating in

religious rituals)religious rituals)

Studies the peoples worldview by applyingStudies the peoples worldview by applyingsystematic analysis on their behaviorsystematic analysis on their behavior


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Ethnographers (sometimes called fieldworkers) often live amongEthnographers (sometimes called fieldworkers) often live among

the people they are studying, or at least spend a considerablethe people they are studying, or at least spend a considerableamount of time with them. While there, ethnographers engage inamount of time with them. While there, ethnographers engage in

"participant observation""participant observation", which means that they participate as much as, which means that they participate as much as

possible in local daily life (everything from important ceremonies andpossible in local daily life (everything from important ceremonies and

rituals to ordinary things like meal preparation and consumption) whilerituals to ordinary things like meal preparation and consumption) while

also carefully observing everything they can about it.also carefully observing everything they can about it.

Through this, ethnographers seek to gain what is called anThrough this, ethnographers seek to gain what is called an ""emicemic""

perspectiveperspective, or the, or the "native's point(s) of view""native's point(s) of view" without imposing their ownwithout imposing their own

conceptual frameworks.conceptual frameworks.

TheThe emicemic world view, which may be quite different from theworld view, which may be quite different from the ""eticetic"",, oror

outsider's perspectiveoutsider's perspective on local life, is a unique and critical part ofon local life, is a unique and critical part of

anthropology.anthropology. Through the participant observation method, ethnographers record detailedThrough the participant observation method, ethnographers record detailed

fieldnotesfieldnotes, conduct interviews based on open, conduct interviews based on open--ended questions, and gatherended questions, and gather

whatever site documents might be available in the setting as data.whatever site documents might be available in the setting as data.


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AnthropologistsAnthropologists

EvansEvans--Pritchard (1902Pritchard (1902 1973)1973)

Popular withPopular with Witchcraft, Oracles,Witchcraft, Oracles,and Magic Among theand Magic Among the AzandeAzande

(1937),(1937), TheThe NuerNuer(1940) and(1940) and

Theories of Primitive ReligionTheories of Primitive Religion(1965)(1965)


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RadcliffeRadcliffe--Brown (1881Brown (1881 1955)1955)

Often been associated withOften been associated with

functionalism and is considered byfunctionalism and is considered by

some to be the founder ofsome to be the founder of

structural functionalism.structural functionalism. Aim of his field to study primitiveAim of his field to study primitive

societies and determinesocieties and determine

generalizations about the socialgeneralizations about the socialstructure.structure.

Popular with his finding onPopular with his finding on

Joking RelationshipsJoking Relationships


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CliffordClifford GeertzGeertz (1926(1926 2006)2006)

Popular withPopular with PriyayiPriyayi,, SantriSantri andand AbanganAbangan

(The religion of Java).(The religion of Java).

Has conducted extensive ethnographicalHas conducted extensive ethnographical

research in Southeast Asia and North Africa.research in Southeast Asia and North Africa. He has also contributed to social and culturalHe has also contributed to social and cultural

theory and been influential in turningtheory and been influential in turning

anthropology toward a concern with theanthropology toward a concern with the

frames of meaning within which variousframes of meaning within which various

peoples live out their lives.peoples live out their lives.

He has worked on religion, most particularlyHe has worked on religion, most particularly

Islam, on bazaar trade, on economicIslam, on bazaar trade, on economic

development, on traditional politicaldevelopment, on traditional political

structures, and on village and family life.structures, and on village and family life.


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What is SociologyWhat is Sociology

Sociology is the systematic study of human social life, groupsSociology is the systematic study of human social life, groups

and societies. Socio = Society; Logy = Study ofand societies. Socio = Society; Logy = Study of

The purpose of sociological study is to gain knowledge andThe purpose of sociological study is to gain knowledge and

understanding the changes that took place in human societiesunderstanding the changes that took place in human societies

in the past decades and on what is happening in our currentin the past decades and on what is happening in our current

modern world.modern world.

Sociologist try to understand this by studying our culture,Sociologist try to understand this by studying our culture,

socialization, life cycle, conformity, deviance, gender,socialization, life cycle, conformity, deviance, gender,

sexuality, power, class structure, ethnicity, race, politics,sexuality, power, class structure, ethnicity, race, politics,government, kinship, marriage, family, war, military,government, kinship, marriage, family, war, military,

education, communication, media, religion, work, socialeducation, communication, media, religion, work, social

change, urbanism, revolutions, social movements, population,change, urbanism, revolutions, social movements, population,

health, aging and much more.health, aging and much more.


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There are many ways theoretical approachesThere are many ways theoretical approachessociologist uses in trying to answer sociologicalsociologist uses in trying to answer sociological

questions. Among the popular approachesquestions. Among the popular approaches

includesincludes

(Structural) functionalism,(Structural) functionalism,

(Structural) conflict,(Structural) conflict,

symbolicsymbolic interactionisminteractionism; etc.; etc.

Important figures in sociological studies includeImportant figures in sociological studies includeAgusteAguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx andComte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and

Max Weber.Max Weber.


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Modern Sociologist consider Sociology as aModern Sociologist consider Sociology as a

scientific field because it uses systematicscientific field because it uses systematic

methods of investigations and evaluation ofmethods of investigations and evaluation of

theories in the light of evidence and logicaltheories in the light of evidence and logical

arguments just like modern scientific research.arguments just like modern scientific research.

However, sociology cannot be comparedHowever, sociology cannot be compared

directly with natural science due to thedirectly with natural science due to the

difference of studying the natural world anddifference of studying the natural world andhuman behavior.human behavior.


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What is Sociology ?What is Sociology ?

Scientific study of society and human behaviorScientific study of society and human behavior(Henslin, 2007)(Henslin, 2007)

Systematic, scientific study of human societySystematic, scientific study of human society(Thio, 2000; Macionis, 2003)(Thio, 2000; Macionis, 2003)

Scientific study of human and social behaviorScientific study of human and social behavior(Robertson, 1989)(Robertson, 1989)

The process of scientific inquiry into social attitudes and behaviorsThe process of scientific inquiry into social attitudes and behaviorsand the cultural products of those attitudes and behaviorsand the cultural products of those attitudes and behaviors

(Lamberton, 1998)(Lamberton, 1998)

The scientific study of human society; the study of social behaviorThe scientific study of human society; the study of social behaviorand the interaction of people in groupsand the interaction of people in groups

(Landis, 1980)(Landis, 1980)


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Origin of SociologyOrigin of Sociology

Sociology is interested in studying social lifeSociology is interested in studying social life

scientificallyscientifically

Father of sociology is Auguste Comte usedFather of sociology is Auguste Comte used

scientific method (i.e. positivism) to analyze societyscientific method (i.e. positivism) to analyze societyin order to improve societyin order to improve society to know, to predict, toto know, to predict, to

controlcontrol

Sociology began to take a strong hold in GermanySociology began to take a strong hold in Germany

and France where sociological thinkers became veryand France where sociological thinkers became very

prominentprominent


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Subfields of SociologySubfields of Sociology

Social PsychologySocial Psychology

Cultural AnthropologyCultural Anthropology

SociobiologySociobiology

Community MedicineCommunity Medicine


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The Sociological ImaginationThe Sociological Imagination

C. Wright Mills coined the termC. Wright Mills coined the term

sociological imagination tosociological imagination torefer torefer to ......the vivid awarenessthe vivid awareness

of the relationship betweenof the relationship between

private experience and theprivate experience and the

wider society.wider society.

C. Wright Mills


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From our limited experiences From our limited experiences

Judge the greater societyJudge the greater society

Place blinders on our viewsPlace blinders on our views Develop our prejudicesDevelop our prejudices

Develop our discriminationsDevelop our discriminations

Develop our concepts of right and wrongDevelop our concepts of right and wrong


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Sociological ImaginationSociological Imagination

Allows us to seeAllows us to see

the strange in thethe strange in the

familiar.familiar.


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Sociological Imagination allowsSociological Imagination allowsus to think globallyus to think globally

Where we live makes a great difference inWhere we live makes a great difference inshaping our livesshaping our lives

Societies are increasingly interconnectedSocieties are increasingly interconnected

Many problems are more serious elsewhereMany problems are more serious elsewhere

Good way to learn about ourselvesGood way to learn about ourselves


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The Founders The Founders

The outstanding figures in Sociology (partly modernThe outstanding figures in Sociology (partly modern

philosophy) are Emile Durkheim in France, Karlphilosophy) are Emile Durkheim in France, Karl

Marx and Max Weber in GermanyMarx and Max Weber in Germany

Emile Durkheim was a positivist who wasEmile Durkheim was a positivist who wasparticularly interested inparticularly interested in social anomiesocial anomie

Karl Marx and Max Weber were social philosophersKarl Marx and Max Weber were social philosophers

who were interested inwho were interested in conflict theoriesconflict theories to explainto explain

any social phenomenaany social phenomena


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AugusteAuguste ComteComte

17981798--18571857

The Father of SociologyThe Father of Sociology

French philosopher who responsibleFrench philosopher who responsible

for coining the term Sociologyfor coining the term Sociology Set out to develop the science of

man that would be based onempirical observation

Focused on two aspects of society:

Social Staticsforces whichproduce order and stability

Social Dynamicsforces whichcontribute to social change


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Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer

18201820--19031903

Authored the first sociologyAuthored the first sociologytext,text, Principles of SociologyPrinciples of Sociology

Most well known for proposingMost well known for proposinga doctrine called Sociala doctrine called SocialDarwinismDarwinism

Suggested that people whoSuggested that people whocould not compete werecould not compete were

poorly adapted to thepoorly adapted to theenvironment and inferiorenvironment and inferior

This is an idea commonlyThis is an idea commonlycalledcalled survival of the fittestsurvival of the fittest


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Karl MarxKarl Marx

1818-1883

Marx is the father of conflict theory

Saw human history in a continual

state of conflict between two majorclasses:

Bourgeoisie owners of themeans of production(capitalists)

Proletariat the workers Predicted that revolution would

occur producing first a socialiststate, followed by a communistsociety


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Max Weber (1864Max Weber (1864--1920)1920)

Much ofWebers work was a critiqueMuch ofWebers work was a critiqueor clarification ofMarxor clarification ofMarx

His most famous work,His most famous work,The ProtestantThe ProtestantEthic and the Spirit ofCapitalismEthic and the Spirit ofCapitalismdirectly challenged Marxs ideas ondirectly challenged Marxs ideas onthe role ofreligion in societythe role ofreligion in society

Weber was also interested inWeber was also interested inbureaucracies and the process ofbureaucracies and the process ofrationalization in societyrationalization in society


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Emile DurkheimEmile Durkheim

1858-1917

Pioneered sociological research with hisstudy of suicide

Popular with mechanic and organicsolidarity

Durkheim moved sociology fully intothe realm of an empirical science

Most well known empirical study is

called Suicide, where he looks at thesocial causes of suicide

Generally regarded as the founder offunctionalist theory

Minggu 1 - Introducing Anthropology and Sociology

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