Das ABC der Tropenmedizin - nephro-liege-chr.be · Typhoid fever In general ... • Relative...

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Das ABC der Tropenmedizin Filip Moerman. 21sten März 2019 (Aachen)

Transcript of Das ABC der Tropenmedizin - nephro-liege-chr.be · Typhoid fever In general ... • Relative...

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Das ABC der Tropenmedizin

Filip Moerman. 21sten März 2019 (Aachen)

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The ABC of TropicalMedicine

≠ Medizin in den Tropen…

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Epidemiology of Travel

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Loa loa (nicht selten!)

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Fever: general approach• RULE OUT the 3 major killers• Detailed travel history + clinical exam• IF NEG: start Doxycycline and perform thoroughblood analysis (eosinophilia!)

• Doxy treats all tick bite fevers (mainly rickettsiae), Borrelioses, Syphilis, Q‐fever, Leptospirosis,…

• If Eosinophilia present: quantify (Very high = Schistosomiasis, Filariasis, Strongyloidiasis, Trichinosis, Fasciolasis); less high (loeffler, …)

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In detail: the three killers; in overview: other causes (remember Doxy!).

• Exclude IMMEDIATELY three life dangerousinfections: Malaria, Typhoid fever (vacc +/‐), Amoebic abcess of the liver. Via blood slide, Haemocult, US.

• If negative: think epidemiologically andgeographically; look at other symptoms.

• DD: katayama, trypanosomiasis, diarrhea + fever, TBC, HIV, African tick bite fever e.a. rickettsiosen (cfrSouthern Europe!), borrelioses, kala azar, dengue, virushepatitis (vacc!), brucellose, worms/loeffler, cosmopolitan diseases (EBV, CMV, Syphilis)

• Good Website for DD = www.fevertravel.ch

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Malaria Burden• Disease Burden 

– 300 million clinical cases per year

• 80% of cases in Africa– 1/2 million deaths per year

• > 90% of deaths in Africa

– Recent decrease due to better FLHS

– 30 million DALYs lost annually

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The Malaria Challenge• Regional variation in malaria problem ‐ and response.  Influenced by climate and health service performance

Significant disease

burden: poor access to

health care in the

Amazonas

MDRfalciparummalaria

Resurgence in Central Asia & Eastern Europe

Childhood dealths in

sub-Saharan

Africa

Vast burden of morbidity & economic loss

Significant epidemics in the last two years: some reflecting climate change

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Why travel prophylaxis in Africa?

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Malaria

• Unicellulair micro‐organism : protozoa• Eukaryote• Apical complex 

• Sexual replication• Asexual replication

• Transmission: bite female Anophelesmosquito

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Malaria

cyclus

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Presenting Symptoms

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Pitfalls

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Pitfalls

82/125 = 65,6% has doctor delay

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Diagnosis 

• Blood slide remains Golden Standard….: malaria yes or no?

• Thin film for species identification. Non‐falciparum far less dangerous

• ICT / rapid tests – but FP & FN• PCR for P. falciparum• Serology (studies, not for diagnostic purposes)

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1‐4‐2019 19

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First group:Plasmodium malariae, ovale et vivax

• Infections rarely lethal.  Attacs of fever every3rd or 4th day (tertiana P. vivax en ovale; quartana P. malariae)

• NOT common amongst tourists• Graduel splenomegaly and anaemia• Can sometimes occur YEARS after return!

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Treatment – Non severe malariaPlasmodium identification and prophylaxis history

Treatment

No definitive identification – no prophylaxis

Malarone (atovaquone 250 mg/proguanil 100 mg) 4 tablets po daily with food for 3 days

No definitive identification  ‐ prophylaxis with Malarone

Riamet (arthemether 20 mg/lumefantrine 120 mg) ‐ ECG! – 4 tablets at 0, 8, 24, 36, 48 en 60 hours

P. vivax, ovale or malariae (except  originating from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea)

Nivaquine (chloroquine 100 mg base) 10 base/kg (max 600 mg) loading dose, followed by 5 mg/kg (max 300 mg) at 6, 24 and 48 hoursPrimaquine 30 mg daily for 14 days (G6PD deficiency)

P. falciparum – no prophylaxis with Malarone

Malarone (atovaquone 250 mg/proguanil 100 mg) 4 tablets po daily with food for 3 days

Adapted from P. De Munter. Pentalfa

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Second group: severe malaria

• Classic: P falciparum• Recently also P knowlesi (Asia SE) (chloroquine‐sensitive)

• Symptoms usually less than one month after return, occasionally longer

• Infection potentially lethal! Shock, kidney failure, encephalopathy (‘cerebral malaria’)

• Usually irregular fever pattern

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Criteria for severe Plasmodiumfalciparummalaria

• Clinical criteria:– Confusion, decreased conscience, coma, convulsions: 

cerebral malaria– oliguria < 500ml/24hrs– ALO, circulatory collapse , jaundice, vomitting+++, diarrhea

+ dehydration• Lab‐wise:

– hyperparasitemia:> 5% RBC infected or >250000 parasites/ml

– Severe anaemia: Hct<20%; Hgb <7 g/dl– Kidney failure: creatinine >3mg/dl– hypoglycemia (<40mg/dl) or hyponatremia(<130 mmol/ml)

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Treatment of severe malariaTreatment

Severe malaria (Preference) Artesunate (60 mg/vial): 2.4 mg/kg IVbolus, folowed by 2.4 mg/kg at 12 and 24 hours, followed by 2.4 mg daily for 6 days Doxycycline 200 mg daily or Clindamycin  5 mg/kg base QID of (if > 60 kg) 300 mg QID  (prenancy or children) for 5 days as soon as possible

Severe malaria (Alternative) Quininehydrochloride (amp 250 mg/2ml or 500 mg/2 ml) 20 mg/kg over 4 hours (cardiac monitoring!), followed by 10 mg/kg over 4 hours IV TIDDoxycycline 200 mg daily or Clindamycin  5 mg base/kg or (if > 60 kg) 300 mg QID  (prenancy or children) for 7 days as soon as possible + quinine sulfate (325 mg) 10/kg salt TID

Adapted from P. De Munter. Pentalfa

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Kinabast in wine as former malaria treatment malaria  (bitter taste – Herr Schweppe 1780)

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Qinghaosu (Artemisinin): The Price of Success, N. J. White et al, Science 320 (2008)

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Some pertinent reflections

• Antibiotics: only in ‘algide malaria’: FQ ifsepsis by G‐ bact)

• Corticosteroids: NO, no evidence

• Exsanguinotransfusion (5% paras + ‘MOF’, or 10% without ‘MOF’). Since Artesunate: hardlyever necessary

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Impregnate your mosquito net!

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Malaria : prevention

the vaccin: MosquirixRand placebo Contr Trial in different Afr countries. Phase IIb & III in children aged 

5‐17 months. Intermediate results and recent final results are disappointing: strongly decreased 7‐year‐efficacy after transitory improvement. Rebound 

with higher‐than‐average exposure to malaria parasites.Olotu, et al. 2016

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Fliegenkrankheit!

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Typhoid fever

In general– Salmonella typhi (Daniel Salmon, syn. Eberth’s bacillus)– New name : Salmonella enterica sérotype typhi– Salmonella paratyphi A, B, C– Humans are the reservoir for S. typhi– ≠ Spo ed Typhus (= Ricke sia)

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Clinically

• Big variability

• Incubation 7‐14 days (long!) (range 3‐60 j)

• Septicaemia    ‘

• Fever that increases gradually for 5 d, than stagnating

• Dry cough

• Sick patient, headache  “URTI, LRTI, flu‐like, malaria”

• Abdo pains, diarrhea, constipation (!), vomiting, becoming typhoid

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Clin exam

• +/‐ Hepatosplenomegalie

• Roseola typhosa (not often)

• Relative bradycardia (Faget’s sign)

• Asymptomatic ECG changes

• Typhoid : confusion 

• Spontaneous abortion

• Sometimes massive hair loss

Improvement after week 3

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Diagnosis

• Non specific clinical picture, but default diagnosis• Perforation of ileum = pathognomonic but too late of course.

• Cultures : blood (!), stool, urine, bone marrow (goldstandard)

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Treatment • Chloramphénicol : cheap• Quinolones : ofloxacine, ciprofloxacine excellent, minimum 10 days• Cephalosporines : ceftriaxone excellent (Asia!)• Azithromycine• Ampi, amoxy, cotrimoxazole : resistant! • Resistance especially in Asia; Nepal, India!• Laparatomy if perforation • ? Dexamethasone 3 mg/kg QDS, totale 8 doses 

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Prevention

Vaccination : – Typhim®– Vivotif® vaccin oral atténué (vivant)

BUT: protection 60 à 70%.... during 3 years

HYGIENE…

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Geographie, Klima und Krankheit

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Bartonella / Carrion’s disease.Mücken

Hautmanifestation Tödliche Anämie

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Entamoeba histolytica

- transmisison via cystes

- Maladie: trophozoites

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Amoebic dysenteria• Epidemiology:adventurous travelers that stay longer in (sub)‐tropical regions

• Cause:Entamoeba histolytica

• Symptomatology:Stool not fully diarrheic + pus/mucoid +/‐ blood. Tenesmus. Hardly any fever

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Complication

LiverabcessSometimes shortly after infection,…

– Months (1/2 – 12) to years after an asymptomaticperiod: breakthrough to pericard, pleura, abdominalcavity

– SS:• intermittent fever with anorexia, loss of weight, fatigue, malaise. Painfull liver, peritoneal irritation

• septic clinical picture with pain in Right hypochondriumshortly after return

– DX: ultrasound liver and serology. Faeces examination very low sensitivity.

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Liveramoebiasis : curved right hypochondr

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Liverabcess :

breakthrough 

pleura ‐ lung

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Treatment

• Amoebicides (Tissue)

– Metronidazole  (Flagyl®, Anaeromet®)– Tinidazole (Fasigyn®)– Ornidazole (Tiberal®)

FOLLOWED by Gabbroral (Paromomycine) as second amoebicide (contact).

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Breakthrough liver abcess to the skin

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Geographie, Klima und KrankheitBacterielle Spuren

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Anthrax

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Sleeping disease  ‐ African Trypanosomiasis• Only in Africa: 20 NB  ‐ 20 ZB• Estimated: 300.000 cases/y• Transmission via TseTse‐fly• Low vectorial capacity (rarely import)

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African Trypanosomiasis• Sometimes small epidemics• Foci depending on epidemiology of insectvector: TSE‐TSE‐FLY• Western‐Africa: Trypanosoma gambiense• Eastern‐Africa: Trypanosoma rhodesiense

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Clinically: Hematolymphatic

• LNN: Glands in neck (Winterbottom)• Splenomegalie• Fever and headache• Oedemas• Rash• Anemia

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Dengue ‐ Chikungunya

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First cases of autochthonous dengue fever and chikungunya fever in France: from bad dream to 

reality!

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Treatment and Prevention

• No specific treatment exists• Prevention

• Vaccination

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Rickettsiosen – Typhus 

• In general– Very small bacteria– Antibiotics work well– Frequent discovery of new subtypes– zoönoses (except for R. prowazekii)– transmission via arthropodes– entire genome R. prowazekii known

– Ehrlichia and Q‐fever different but same treatment

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Leishmaniasis

• 1900: William Boog Leishman• Several sorts of Leishmania, 

all are morphologically identical

• But different clinical pictures– Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala Azar)– Cutaneous leishmaniasis– Muco‐cutaneous L (South‐America) 

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Leishmaniasis : L. donovani complex

– L. donovani – L. infantum– L. chagasi

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eine Auswahl aus der Welt der Würmer

• Nematoda• Cestoda• Trematoda• Filaria

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Trichuris female Enterobius Necator male /female

Trichurismale Trichinella Ancylostomamale /female

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Löffler (Loeffler) syndrome‐ Described by Löffler in 1932

‐ Transient respiratory illness with eosinophilia and Rx infiltrates

‐ Often 10‐16 days after contamination with Ascaris eggs

‐ Symptoms due to larval lung passage or hypersensitivity reaction ?

‐ Self‐limiting 3 days  ‐ 3 weeks

‐ Dry cough, slight fever, wheezing, dyspnoe

Löffler syndrome

Consolidation with surrounding ground‐glass opacity in the left lower lobe. Dilated airways are observed within the lesion.

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Strongyloides stercoralis

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Schistosomiasis

Theodor Maximillian Bilharz

1825‐1862

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Schistosomiasis : clinical picture

• Swimmer’s itch : cercariële dermatitis• Katayama syndrome : reaction on first eggs in non‐immune persons (you and me)

– Fever ± 4‐8 weeks after infection (!)– Abd pains ‐ nausea– Cough – asthma‐like picture– Eosinophilia (!)– Hepatosplenomegaly

Swimmer’s itch

CT‐scan lung : Katayama

Serologie and copro/urine initially negative

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Cestoden : Taenia saginata– Rundsvlees bevat cysticerci – Ook kamelen en rendieren– Volwassen lintworm ongewapend– Adulte worm in darmlumen van mens

– Mobiele proglottiden– R/ Niclosamide – praziquantel

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Zoetwaterkrabben  Paragonimus

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Filariosen

• Lymfatische filariosen• Onchocercose• Loasis• Mansonellosis• Dirofilariosis• ( Guinea Worm)

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Lepra

Epizentrum liegt in India

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Tuberculoide lepra (paucibacillair),    diff diagnose granuloma annulare

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Verdickte Nerven

‐ Hals (N. auricularis)

‐ Hand (cutane tak N. medianus)

‐ Knie (N. fibularis)

‐ Supra‐orbital (N. supraorbitalis)

‐ Ellenbogen (N. ulnaris)

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Leprosy : colder areas (back of hand) more affected than warm areas (palms)

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Mutilations through leprosy

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Lepra : Diagnose, kliniek

• Huid : type letsel, ontkleuring, infiltratie, randen• Huid :anhydrose, gevoelloos, verminderdebeharing, …

• Zenuwuitval : eerst T° > fijne tast > pijn• MICROBIOLOGY

• Complicaties: besmette ulcera, osteomyelitis, botresorptie, oogletsels, testisdestructie

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Behandelung Lepra

• Keine monotherapie• Dapsone• Rifampicine• Clofazimine (Lamprene)

Verkleuring urine : rifampicine, clofazimine

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Rabies 

Reeds gevreesd in vroegere eeuwen

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TOLLWUT : geografie– Weltweit, 50.000 Tote jährlich– Nicht in Neu Seeland, West Maleisia, Bali, Hawaii, UK 

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RABIES : Klinik

• Incubatie gemiddeld 20‐90 dagen

• Extreme incubatietijden : 6 dagen tot 6 jaar

• Beten dicht bij gelaat hebben kortere incubatieduur

• Prodroma gedurende 2‐10 dagen

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Furieuze rabiës• Angst – hyperactief 

• Intermittente desorientatie – hallucinaties

• Destructie inhibitoire centra

• Spasmen : keel, larynx

• Hydrofobie

• Speekselvloed

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Diff. Diagnose paralytische rabiës• Polio

• Guillain‐ Barré

• Difterie

• Elapidenbeet (speekselvloed door sliklast)

• Encefalopathie: metabool, hypoxisch, toxisch

• Syndroom van Reye: braken en lever‐

• Botulisme (afdalend, geen t°, droge mond, mydriasis)

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RABIES : Preventie

• Geen wilde dieren aanraken

• Loslopende honden doden

• Honden (huisdieren) vaccineren

• Vaccinatie wilde dieren

• Hoog risico mensen vaccineren

Boosterinjecties 

Antistoftiter

Wasbeer verorbert oraal vaccin in lokaas

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Scorpions

• 1400 species 

• 20 potentially lethal

• Nearly all fatal stings occur in :– Mexico– Brazil, Trinidad– Maghreb– Southern Africa– Middle East

– India

Opisthoptalmus carinatus

Parabuthus granulatus

Triangular sternal  plate

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Spiders : dangerous species

• Loxosceles sp.

• Latrodectus sp.

• Atrax sp.

• Phoneutria sp.

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General

• 2700 snake species

• 200 potentially lethal

• Diverse biotopes

• Not in Chile, Madagaskar, New Zealand

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Snake familiesFangs

• Viperidae         : mobile‐front• Crotalidae        : mobile‐front• Elapidae           : fixed‐front• Hydrophiidae    : fixed‐front• Colubridae        : fixed‐back• Atractaspididae : sideways

Note : Loreal pit  Pit vipers

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Venom gland• Main and accessory venom glands• Fast, active emptying (muscle contraction)• Slow emptying (Duvernoy’s gland) in colubrids

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Elapids : example• King cobra

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Initial generalised symptoms• Fear• Dizziness • Nausea and vomiting• Malaise• Weakness

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Neurological symptoms

• paresthesias• ptosis• ophtalmoplegia• diplopia and blurred vision• metallic taste• myokymia

• dysphagia• slurred speech and aphony• general paralysis• respiratory arrest

Ptosis

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Hemostasis ‐ coagulation effects• Procoagulantia• Anticoagulantia

• Trombine‐like effect (eg. crotalase) • Coagulation V + X factor activation  (eg. Russell’s viper)• Increase fibrinolysis (eg. lebetase; Vipera 

lebetina)

• Thrombocyt‐aggregation or –inhibition• Endothelial damage

DIC

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Treatment : before hospital• Diminish fear• Immobilise limb with splint• Compressive elastic bandage• Rinse eyes if relevant

• Transport to hospital

• Avoid electroshock• Avoid arterial tourniquet• Avoid cutting or bleeding• ?? Mechanical vacuum “Extractor” doubtful

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Prepare (1)• Plasma‐expander• Neostigmine 1 mg: blocks acetylcholinesterase• Atropine 0,6 mg : inhibition muscarine receptors 

Locate antivenin : monovalentpolyvalent

Adrenaline or ephedrine SteroidsAntihistaminicum (?)

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Thank you for your attention.Danke für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit