Darwin the detective: Observable facial muscle contractions reveal emotional high-stakes lies
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Joe Flynn & Tasha Hanley
DARWIN THE DETECTIVE: OBSERVABLE FACIAL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS REVEAL
EMOTIONAL HIGH-STAKES LIES
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ASSERTIONS MADE BY DARWIN
Emotional expressions are:
• Inherited
• Involuntary
• Emotion-based
• Adaptive
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DARWIN’S INHIBITION HYPOTHESIS
• Some “emotional” facial muscles can’t be inhibited
• Attempts to hide these will fail
• Previous studies support this
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• Some facial muscles are involuntary and will signal emotions
Do you remember which part of the face the study hypothesized would be more associated with involuntary movement (lies)?
• Emotional leaking is likely to happen when the lie is complex and/or associated with strong emotions that have to be concealed
• People perform at chance levels when asked to gauge if someone is lying
• People lie (on average) 2x a day
DECEPTION
BRINKE ET AL GENERAL HYPOTHESIS
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STUDY
• Looked at videotaped behaviors of 52 people emotionally asking for the return of a missing relative
• Half of these (n=26) people were later determined to be guilty of murdering the missing person (based on “overwhelming evidence”)
• Looked at muscle activation associated with surprise, sadness, and happiness
• Very specific coding system (Facial Action Coding System)
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Hypothesis 1 & 2: Genuinely upset people will show more activation of the (1) corrugator supercilii and of the depressor
anguli oris (2)
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Hypothesis 3 &4: Deceivers will show activation of the frontalis- which pulls up the eyebrows (only the medial frontalis is relevant to sadness) and (4) produce more
voluntary smiles (zygomatic major)
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RESULTS
• Genuine pleas lasted longer
• “Honest” pleas did activate the corrugator supercilii for longer than the deceivers (H1)
• H2 was not statistically significant but seemed to be supported
• H3 was supported- liars activated the frontalis more
• H4 was also supported- deceivers DO smile more
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• Note: Relationship totals exceed sample size due to several cases of
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DISCUSSION
Deceptive people from the study:• Activated specific facial muscles’ associated with lying
• Had more gross frontalis activation
• Smiled more frequently (thought to mask emotional leaks)
Genuine pleaders from the study:
• Often showed activation of innate grief muscles (transcultural & Darwin said these displays facilitated human communication)
• Had contractions of the corrugator supercilii for a greater proportion of their pleas (Hypothesis 1)
• The depressor anguli oris was engaged more often (Hypothesis 2)