Cultural Awareness Guide for the Orange Campus Community Collaborative:

Helpful Information for Understanding Your Learner’s Background

Prepared by:The Student Coalition for Action in Literacy Education

and the NC Literacy Corps

November 2006

Table of Contents

Introduction:Learning Language, Learning Culture

Intercultural Dimensions:The Theories of Geert Hofstede

Cultural Content Sampler:Africa

Kenya * Nigeria * Zambia * ZimbabweThe Americas

Argentina * Bolivia * Brazil * Colombia * Cuba Ecuador * Mexico * Venezuela

AsiaChina * India * Indonesia * Malaysia * The PhilippinesSouth Korea * Thailand

Europe and the Former Soviet UnionFrance * Germany * Greece * Norway * Poland *

RussiaThe Middle East

Egypt * Libya * Morocco * Saudi Arabia * Turkey

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Learning Language, Learning Culture

It’s hard enough to be the new kid in a class, or the newest employee at a job, but imagine if you didn’t understand the materials –a historian in a physics laboratory, a political scientist in a darkroom, or a nurse in an orchestra. But that same kind of confusion occurs on a daily basis for immigrants to the United States. Learning English – or any language – is also learning culture. At the same time, teaching English to a non-native speaker, especially a person who is new to the culture of the United States, requires tutors and teachers to be aware of behaviors, beliefs, and actions that can affect learning.

ProLiteracy America, in the guide Teaching Adults: An ESL Resource Book, describes the disparity between language learning and culture learning. In their opinion, “language learning means replacing one language with a new language. The learner has little or no freedom to mix and match [except] when a learner retains words that have no English substitute.” Culture learning, however, “is a selective or combining process” that gives the learner the freedom to mix and match elements of the new and native cultures. It is the individual learner’s choice how much or how little blending occurs.1

It is because of that freedom to accept, reject, and modify, that culture can play an important role in the ESOL learning environment. One of the most prolific debates in the area of ESOL instruction is to the extent to which American culture can or should be imposed on learners and what extent of cultural sensitivity is required. Dennis White takes on this debate by challenging the theory of “One World.” White defines the “One World” theory as a state in which a person or persons assume that “when people from different cultures live together, they can eventually cut through the barriers of language and custom to find that, all over the world, people are basically alike.”2

While this theory is considered to be a positive motivator, White believes that what is more important in developing cultural competence is encouraging and supporting learners as they move through the stages of ethnorelativism. In this theory, White, cultural anthropologists, and communicators make a basic assumption of differences. Rather than expressing shock at differences in values, language, sport or tradition, ethnorelativism teaches that expecting differences, and “knowing that understanding those differences will help give the new culture meaning… Instead of judging another cultural practice as bad, because it is different, one looks for differences in behavior and values and tries to understand why they

1 ProLiteracy America. “Communicating across Cultures,” in Teaching Adults: An ESL Resource Book, Syracuse, NY: New Readers Press, 1996, 21.2 Dennis White, “One World … or Many?” <http://yeoresources.org/>

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occur from the point of view of that culture.”3 Furthermore, ethnorelativism explores cultures with the belief that cultural cannot be defined conceptually, and that no one cultural is anymore central to one’s reality than any other.

In doing this, ethnorelativism becomes an important learning process for the ESOL learning environment. In order to truly learn culture, it asks that both the learner and the instructor suspend any ethnocentrism that exists, and instead be open to and aware of the opportunity to learn about and investigate divergent behaviors. Rather than saying “That’s not right. Don’t do that again!”, ethnorelativism asks that the reason for the action, and its meaning, be explored. When an individual comes to understand and accept another culture without limitations and ethnocentrism, he or she develops an open-ended awareness: bi- or multi-cultural orientation. At its apex, this awareness allows an individual to not only tolerate differences but also appreciate them. “They become part of an ongoing process of moving in and out of their own cultural context. Since they are not bound by their native cultural frame of reference at all times any more, they are able to shift, appropriately, among points of view.”4

As ESOL tutors, cultural competency is necessary and an acceptance of ethnorelative methodology can provide a foundation for tutoring sessions that are learner-centered and productive. By accepting a learner’s cultural beliefs, and integrating those beliefs into a lesson, as well as providing clear opportunities to merge American culture with native culture, you will continue the cycle of ethnorelativism and will provide your learner with the opportunity to more fully integrate and appreciate the multiple dimensions of culture in his or her society, experiences, and language.

~ Jaclyne Demarse-Marcil

9 November 2006

3 Ibid.4 Dennis White, “One World … Or Many?” <http://yeoresources.org/>

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Hofstede's Intercultural Dimensions

Power Distance

This dimension relates to the degree of equality/inequality between people in a particular society. So how does this manifest in a culture or country?

In a high power distance cultures the following may be observed:• Those in authority openly demonstrate their rank.• Subordinates are not given important work and expect clear guidance from above.• Subordinates are expected to take the blame for things going wrong.• The relationship between boss and subordinate is rarely close/personal.• Politics is prone to totalitarianism.• Class divisions within society are accepted.

A country with a high Power Distance score both accepts and perpetuates inequalities between people. An example of such a society would be one that follows a caste system and in which upward mobility is very limited. Examples of cultures with high PDI scores include Arabic speaking countries, Russia, India and China.

In a low power distance culture:• Superiors treat subordinates with respect and do not pull rank.• Subordinates are entrusted with important assignments.• Blame is either shared or very often accepted by the superior due to it being their responsibility to manage.• Managers may often socialise with subordinates.• Liberal democracies are the norm.• Societies lean more towards egalitarianism.

A low Power Distance indicates that a society does not emphasize differences in people’s status, power or wealth. Equality is seen as the collective aim of society and upward mobility is common. Those with low scores include Japan, Australia and Canada.

Individualism

This dimension focuses on the degree to which a society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships. In short this cultural dimension looks at how much a culture emphasizes the rights of the individual versus those of the group (whether it be family, tribe, company, etc). So how does this manifest in a culture or country?

In a country that scores highly on the individualism scale the following traits are common:• A person’s identity revolves around the "I"• Personal goals and achievement are strived for• It is acceptable to pursue individual goals at the expense of others• ‘Individualism’ is encouraged whether it be personality, clothes or music tastes• The right of the individual reigns supreme; thus laws to protect choices and freedom of speech

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If a country has a high Individualism score, this indicates that individuality and individual rights are dominant. Individuals in these societies tend to form relationships with larger numbers of people, but with the relationships being weak. Individualist cultures include the United States and much of Western Europe, where personal achievements are emphasized. 

In a country that scores low on the individualism scale the following traits are common:• “We" is more important that “I” •  Conformity is expected and perceived positively. •  Individual’s desires and aspirations should be curbed if necessary for the good of the group.•  The rights of the family (or for the common good) are more important. •  Rules provide stability, order, obedience.

A low Individualism score points to a society that is more collectivist in nature. In such countries the ties between individuals are very strong and the family is given much more weight. In such societies members lean towards collective responsibility.  Collectivist cultures, such as China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize the group such as the family and at work this manifests in a strong work group mentality.

 Uncertainty Avoidance

This dimension concerns the level of acceptance for uncertainty and ambiguity within a

society. In essence this cultural dimension measures a country or culture's preference for strict laws and regulations over ambiguity and risk. So how does this manifest in a culture or country?

Below are some of the common traits found in countries that score highly on the uncertainty avoidance scale:• Usually countries/cultures with a long history. • The population is not multicultural, i.e. homogenous.• Risks, even calculated, are avoided in business.• New ideas and concepts are more difficult to introduce.

A country with a high Uncertainty Avoidance score will have a low tolerance towards uncertainty and ambiguity. As a result it is usually a very rule-orientated society and follows well defined and established laws, regulations and controls. Greece is the most risk-averse country. Catholic, Buddhist and Arabic speaking countries tend to score high in uncertainty avoidance.

Some of the common traits found in countries that score low on the uncertainty avoidance scale include:• Usually a country with a young history, i.e. USA. • The population is much more diverse due to waves of immigration. • Risk is embraced as part of business. • Innovation and pushing boundaries is encouraged.

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A low Uncertainty Avoidance score points to a society that is less concerned about ambiguity and uncertainty and has more tolerance towards variety and experimentation. Such a society is less rule-orientated, readily accepts change and is willing to take risks. Singapore is the least risk-averse country. Generally speaking Protestant countries and those with Chinese influences score low.

Masculinity

This dimension pertains to the degree societies reinforce, or do not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power. In essence it looks at the degree to which ‘masculine’ values like competitiveness and the acquisition of wealth are valued over ‘feminine’ values like relationship building and quality of life. Hofstede never meant to describe how gender empowerment differs in a culture but rather uses the term ‘masculinity’ to capture certain propensities. The terms relate to nurturing (feminine) versus assertive (masculine) behaviors and ideals.  The cultures with a low masculinity also have low gender equality, i.e. Middle East. So how does this manifest in a culture or country?

Below are some of the common traits found in countries that score low on the masculinity scale:• In life the main priorities are the family, relationships and quality of life• Conflicts should ideally be solved through negotiation• Men and women should share equal positions in society• Professionals "work to live”, meaning longer vacations and flexible working hours

A low Masculinity score means a society has a lower level of differentiation and inequity between genders. In these cultures, females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society. Sweden was the most feminine with a rating of 5. "Feminine" cultures include Spain, Thailand, Korea, Portugal and the Middle East.

Below are some of the common traits found in countries that score high on the masculinity scale:• Life’s priorities are achievement, wealth and expansion• It is acceptable to settle conflicts through aggressive means• Women and men have different roles in society• Professionals often "live to work", meaning longer work hours and short vacations

A high Masculinity score indicates that a country experiences a higher degree of gender differentiation. In such cultures, males tend to dominate a significant portion of the society and power structure. Japan was found to be the world's most masculine society, with a rating of 95. Other examples of "masculine" cultures include the USA, the Germany, Ireland and Italy.

*** Material adapted from Kwintessential Language and Culture Specialists, “Hofstede’s Intercultural Dimensions,” available on-line at <http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/ intercultural/dimensions.html>.***

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Cultural Content← Africa

Kenya

Common courtesy such as handshakes and politeness go a long way.

Social customs can vary according to race, tribe and

religion.

People are friendly and approachable.

Kenyans also expect and appreciate punctuality.

Nigeria

1. Shaking hands is the acceptable greeting. People bow to superiors and the elderly.

2. Greetings should always include some interest in your acquaintances family and health.

3. Women with children, pregnant women and the elderly should always get the right of way.

4. Do be not over complimentary of a person's dress or belongings, he or she may feel obligated to give you the item. However, be sure to compliment a dinner or food.

5. Do not take or give anything with the left hand. Do not eat with the left hand.

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6. Tribe and ethnic affiliation is important. Be sure to be sensitive to these differences.

7. Nigerians are very formal where titles are concerned. Titles should always be used.

Zambia

There are no specific customs or etiquette to which it is necessary to be aware of.

Politeness and good manners go a long way. Shaking of hands is customary when meeting and leaving

people. Punctuality is important.

Zimbabwe

Punctuality is important.

Shaking of hands is customary when meeting and leaving people.

The giving or receiving of gifts, other than between personal friends is not customary.

No particular proscriptions apply to eating, drinking or smoking and there are no particular religious observances.

Politeness and good manners go a long way.

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Cultural ContentThe Americas

In general, English language learners place a high value on education, history and cultural identity. It is important to acknowledge the shared bond of “American”-ness, and for tutors of Latin or Caribbean American learners to refer to themselves as “North American” (norteamericano) or a citizen of the United States.

American cultures, in general, place a great deal of emphasis on family and community. Being willing and prepared to talk with a learner about his or her family, and to answer questions about your own, can help establish a good relationship.

Socialization and interaction are very important, as is an effort to communicate, at least initially, in the native language. At the same time, it is important to understand regional and ethnical cultural differences and to avoid, to the utmost degree, making generalizations about Latin and Caribbean countries. As an ESOL tutor, you can also find more success and acceptance from your American student if you make an attempt to learn about the history and culture of his or her native country. Specifically, it can be beneficial to understand the land conflicts between the countries of Central and South America – which countries have fought and which land is contested – in order to understand some historically based cultural biases.

Because politics, and especially US foreign policy, is a hot button issue in Latin American countries, it is best to limit the discussion of political topics or, at the very least, to set firm guidelines for a discussion. Themes such as drugs, the military, and the political figures frequently represented in North American media, specifically the Perons from Argentina, Che Guevara, and contemporary leaders Hugo Chavez (Venezuela) and Fidel Castro (Cuba) should be avoided.

While Latin American and Caribbean countries exhibit a generally more relaxed attitude with regard to time and personal space, North Americas are expected to be punctual, to tolerate the close contact of the native culture, and to embrace some of the more material characteristics of these cultures, including an appreciation of and eye for fashion, and “continental” (or European) manners and etiquette.

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It is considered taboo to use a toothpick in public, and three common North American gestures – the “thumbs up” sign, the “O.K” sign, and the act of slamming the right fist into the left palm, are generally taken to indicate various degrees of vulgarity. These signs should be used with extreme sensitivity around new English Language Learners who have not had the opportunity to acclimate to North American culture.

← ArgentinaArgentines are very proud of their country and culture. They are well-educated and sophisticated and like to be viewed as cosmopolitan and progressive.

Meeting and Greeting A handshake and nod show respect when greeting someone. An embrace and one kiss on the cheek is common between friends and

acquaintances. Be punctual, but prepare to wait. Confirm meetings one week in advance.

Body Language Argentines are touchers and stand close to each other. Do not back away. The “O.K.” and “thumbs up” gestures are considered vulgar. Hitting the palm of the left hand with the right fist means “I don’t

believe what you are saying” or “That’s stupid.”

Dining and Entertainment Don’t use toothpicks, blow your nose or clear your throat at the table. For social events, arrive thirty to sixty minutes late. Arriving at a party on time

is impolite. Be on time for lunch appointments, the theater and soccer.

Dress Dress well if you want to make a good impression. Conservative, modest

clothing is best. Women are expected to dress with a flair that does not detract from

professionalism.

Gifts

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Do not give personal items, including clothing. When presented with a gift, open it at once and be appreciative. Bring flowers, candy, pastries, chocolates or imported liquor when invited to

someone’s home.

Helpful Hints Don’t be offended by Argentine humor, which may mildly attack your clothing

or weight. Don’t compare Argentina with the United States or with Brazil, which

is considered a rival. Avoid talking about Great Britain or the Falkland Islands (Las

Malvinas). These are sensitive subjects to many Argentines. Be careful when discussing the Perón years. People either love or hate

the Peróns. Although Argentines may be very vocal about politics and religion, avoid

adding your opinions to these discussions.

Especially for WomenWhile machismo persists, it is being challenged and women are gaining visibility and influence. Argentine businesswomen are similar in status to North American businesswomen.

A kiss or a hug is considered a compliment to a woman. Piropos - flirtatious comments - are common. Defensive behavior will damage your credibility. Emphasize status

and responsibility.

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Bolivia

Bolivians are very proud of successfully promoting multicultural integration. Bolivians are kind, gentle people, who are concerned for each other's welfare. Friendship is a very important value. The family is the central unit in the social system. Education is valued.

Meeting and Greeting The customary greeting is a handshake. Shake hands when meeting and

departing. Close male friends may embrace. Female friends embrace and touch cheeks. Although punctuality is not a high priority, you should be punctual for

meetings. However, meetings rarely start on time.

Body Language Bolivians stand very close when conversing. You will be viewed as untrustworthy if you do not maintain direct eye

contact. Correct posture while sitting and standing will be noticed. A slumping

posture is rude. The “so-so” gesture (rocking your palm-down open hand from side to side)

means “no” in Bolivia.

Working Together Deadlines are not considered important.

Dining and Entertainment It is impolite to be on time to a social occasion. Guests are expected to be 15

to 30 minutes late. Never touch food or eat anything with your fingers. Even fruit is eaten

with a knife and fork. Stay at least 30 minutes to one hour after dinner is finished.

Gifts A gift given sincerely will be appreciated regardless of the value. The

intention is what counts. The recipient may not open gifts until after the giver has left. Don't give yellow or purple flowers.

Helpful Hints Know something about Bolivian sports. Don't talk about poverty, religion, drugs or the United States' drug

policy. The United States' military activity in Bolivia is a sore spot. Do not give political opinions on Bolivia. Never praise Chile, Brazil or Paraguay. Make an effort to use Spanish in conversation. Bolivians appreciate people who are warm and friendly.

Especially for Women Machismo is very strong in Bolivia, and women are considered

subordinate.

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Brazil

Brazilians are friendly and free-spirited, with an incredible zest for life. They are very risk-oriented and very creative. Family, educational and socioeconomic backgrounds are important to Brazilians.

Meeting and Greeting Take time to greet and say good-bye to each person. Women kiss twice -- once on each cheek -- if they are married. Single women

add a third kiss.

Body Language Physical contact is part of communication. Touching arms, elbows and

backs is common and acceptable. Brazilians stand extremely close to one another. Do not back away. The "O.K." sign is considered very rude and vulgar; the "thumbs up"

gesture is used for approval. Wiping your hands together means "it doesn’t matter." Clicking the tongue and shaking the head indicates disagreement or

disapproval.

Working Together Brazilians will do anything for friends, hence the expression: "For friends,

everything. For enemies, the law." Presentations should be expressive and have some flair.

Dining and Entertainment Brazilians always wash their hands before eating and rarely touch

food with their hands. Use a knife and fork for everything, even fruit. Always use a napkin while eating or drinking.

Using toothpicks in public is not acceptable unless you cover your mouth with your other hand.

Dress Appearance counts. Your clothing will reflect upon you and your company.

Shoes should be stylish, polished and well-kept. Nails should be manicured.

Helpful Hints Brazilians are extremely casual about time. Being ten to fifteen minutes

late is normal, and twenty to thirty minutes late is not unusual. Be on time for a meeting, but prepare to wait.

Soccer (football), family, Brazil’s beautiful beaches and the country’s rapid growth are all appropriate conversation topics. Politics, poverty, religion, Argentina (considered a rival) and the deforestation of Brazil are not. Personal topics such as age, salary and marital or job status are also unacceptable.

Don’t refer to Brazilians as Latins.

Especially for WomenMachismo has become less common. Women are well-accepted.

Brazilian women are very aggressive, in both their business and personal lives.

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Colombia

Colombians are hardworking and peace loving. Politeness, proper behavior, good manners and courtesy are valued. Colombians are very proud of their democracy and independence.

Meeting and Greeting Shake hands with everyone when entering or leaving a room. Colombians are normally punctual, although they may be up to a half-hour

late. The best policy is to be punctual, but prepared to wait. Excuse yourself if you are late.

Body Language Smiling is very important. Never put your feet on furniture in a hotel, office or home. Yawning is impolite and viewed as a sign of hunger or sleepiness.

Always cover your mouth. It is considered demeaning to beckon someone with your index finger.

Instead, beckon with your palm down, waving your fingers or your whole hand.

“In an hour or two” may mean tomorrow or next week. “Tomorrow” seldom means tomorrow and may mean next week. Don't get offended if someone says they will phone you tomorrow and then calls a week later.

Maintain eye contact during conversations, or you may leave a bad impression.

Dining and Entertainment Time and punctuality are not stressed. Colombians will typically

arrive up to thirty minutes late for social engagements.

Dress Dress conservatively and be well groomed. Shoes are the first thing people notice. Colombians do not wear tennis

shoes unless they are playing tennis, jogging, etc.

Helpful Hints Don't offer your opinions about politics or religion. Colombia is working

with the United States' government in the war against drugs, but U.S. foreign policy is not viewed positively by many Colombians.

Do not be offended if you are called a “gringo.” Colombians use this term to refer to people from the United States, and it is not meant to be insulting.

Colombians consider Panama to have been stolen from them by norteamericanos eager to build the Panama Canal. Try to stay away from this touchy subject.

Especially for Women Men may flirt or make comments; simply ignore them. Women should

be careful not to do anything that might be considered flirtatious, which may be misinterpreted.

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.

Cuba As in many Spanish-speaking countries, two surnames follow the

Christian name. The first surname is usually the correct one to use.

Shaking of hands is customary when meeting and leaving people.

Punctuality is expected and appreciated.

Ecuador

Ecuadorians are hospitable and warmly welcoming of visitors. They revere older people and honor experience and authority. Superiors, parents and teachers are greatly respected. Ecuador is one of the most racially divided countries of South America. Native Ecuadorians (Indios) are considered lower class, and many live in poverty, are illiterate and often don't speak Spanish.

Meeting and Greeting People shake hands when meeting for the first time. Men may embrace each other if they are good friends. Ecuadorians kiss once when they meet friends. Ecuadorians are generally not punctual. Arriving 15 to 20 minutes

late is considered “on time.”

Body Language There is a good deal of touching among friends and family. Yawning in public is rude. Fidgeting with hands and feet is distracting and considered impolite. Holding out a hand, as though to shake hands, and twisting it back and forth

means “no.” It is impolite to point at someone. Ecuadorians may point by puckering or

pursing their lips.

Dining and Entertainment Arrive half an hour to an hour late for a party. There is no such thing as a party without dancing. Ecuadorians learn to dance

at the same time they learn to walk.

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Being invited to someone's home is a sign of friendship and should be viewed as a great honor.

Dress Styles are European and conservative.

Gifts Be very demonstrative in your gratitude when you are given a gift. If invited to a home for a meal, send or bring flowers. Do not give lilies or

marigolds, which are considered funeral flowers. Give: pastries, chocolates, wine, liquors or items for the home.

A gift for the children is appreciated.

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Mexico

Mexico is a very class-conscious society where social stratifications are well-defined. A sense of fatalism is quite strong among many Mexicans, who feel that their path through life is largely preordained. Macho attitudes are inculcated in Mexican males almost from birth, and machismo plays a pervasive role in shaping Mexican culture.

Meeting and Greeting Shake hands or give a slight bow when introduced. Bow when greeting a Mexican woman. Shake hands only if she

extends her hand first. Thirty minutes past the scheduled meeting time is considered

punctual by Mexicans.

Body Language Mexicans generally stand close together when conversing. Don't show signs of

discomfort. Mexicans often "hold" a gesture (a handshake, a squeeze of the arm, a hug)

longer than Americans. Don't stand with your hands on your hips; this signifies anger. It is

considered rude to stand around with your hands in your pockets.

Working Together Personalize everything. Explain how all actions will benefit community,

family and, most important, the individual.

Dining and Entertainment Always keep both hands above the table. Don't leave the table immediately after you are finished eating. Drinking to excess is frowned upon. Don’t show up on time for a social engagement.

Helpful Hints Any attempt to speak Spanish is appreciated and is seen as a gesture

of goodwill. Demonstrating knowledge and appreciation of Mexican culture wins friends.

Mexicans are very proud of their independence and have a very strong sense of national identity and pride. Never compare Mexico with the United States.

Deadlines are often little more than target dates. Little things count.

Especially for Women Because some Mexican men you encounter may not have had

dealings with women in positions of authority, you should demonstrate your competence and skill.

Mexican men will pay women many compliments and may even be flirtatious. Graciously accept such banter -- it is usually done with the utmost respect.

Appearances are important.

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Venezuela

Venezuelans respect leadership and are a tolerant and loving people. Extended family and friends are very important, and one should avoid doing anything that might shame them.

Meeting and Greeting Greetings are warm and friendly. People kiss acquaintances on the cheek

once and personal friends twice. Handshakes are common among strangers. Be punctual for meetings, but be prepared to wait. Be patient.

Body Language Venezuelans stand very close when speaking. Do not back away. Seating posture is important. Try to keep both feet on the floor, and avoid

slouching. Don't put your feet on furniture. The “ch-ch” sound is used to get someone's attention or to get a bus to stop. The North American “O.K.” sign is extremely rude. Pointing with your index finger can be considered rude. Motioning

with your hand is polite. Always maintain eye contact when talking.

Dining and Entertainment For social events, always arrive at least half an hour to an hour later than the

invitation reads.

Dress Appearances count. It is important to be neat, clean and properly groomed.

Your watch and jewelry will be noticed.

Gifts Always bring a gift when visiting someone's home. A gift for the

children will be appreciated. White, gold and silver are popular colors for any gift. Send flowers before a social occasion. The orchid is the national flower.

Helpful Hints Learn about Venezuelan history, and ask questions. Venezuelans are

proud of their country and will appreciate your interest. However, don't give your opinion on politics.

People call each other names like Negro (“black”), Gordo (“fatso”), Chino (“Chinaman”), etc. These nicknames are meant to show friendship, fondness and fun and are not demeaning.

Privacy is not valued in the same way it is in North America.

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Cultural ContentAsia

In general, English language learners place a high value on education, respect for authority and bringing honor to the family. As a result, it is important for learning environments with Asian students to be quick to praise and to note accomplishments but also handle criticism and correction in a manner that does not attract attention to the individual.

Asian cultures have great respect for structure and superiors. Giving and receiving gifts is an important marker of the level and quality of the relationship shared by individuals and groups. Men, however, may hesitate to regard a woman as a superior or a teacher if she is not quick to establish her credentials.

In general, it is taboo to sustain direct eye contact, to beckon an individual with a single finger, and to expose the bottoms of one’s feet to another person. Heads are accorded great respect and should not be touched; personal space, and the respect of space, is highly valued.

American behaviors, such as the giving of gifts in sets (such as dishes) and using or reusing cloth handkerchiefs are frowned upon in most Asian cultures. The use of the number 4, because of conations of death, should be avoided. Most, if not all countries, discourage public displays of affection, although most countries do not consider it inappropriate to ask personal questions about work or family.

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China

Deeply rooted in Chinese society is the need to belong and conform to a unit. The family is the focus of life for most Chinese. Age and rank are highly respected.

Meeting and GreetingShake hands upon meeting. Chinese may nod or bow instead of shaking

hands.← Punctuality is important. Being late is rude. Meetings always begin

on time. ← Observing seniority and rank are extremely important. ←

Names and Titles← Use family names and appropriate titles until specifically invited to

use given names. ← Names may have two parts; for example: Wang Chien. Traditional Chinese

family names are placed first with the given name coming last (family name: Wang; given: Chien).

Body Language← The Chinese dislike being touched by strangers. Do not touch or make

any body contact. ← Clicking fingers or whistling is considered very rude. ← Never put your feet on a desk or a chair. ← Blowing one's nose in a handkerchief and returning it to one's pocket is

considered vulgar.← Never use your index finger to beckon anyone. ← Chinese point with an open hand. Never point with your index finger.

Dining and Entertainment ← Never arrive early for dinner. Don’t ask for a doggy bag.

← Leave some food on your plate during each course of a meal to honor the generosity of your host.

← Slurping soup and belching are acceptable. Cover your mouth when using a toothpick.

← Tapping your chopsticks on the table is considered very rude. ← Guests are rarely invited to a Chinese home. Be on time or a little

early, and take a small gift. ← Bedrooms and kitchens are private. Don't enter these rooms unless

you are invited to do so.

Dress← Conservative, simple, unpretentious, modest clothing should be

worn.

Gifts← Present a gift with both hands. Gifts are not opened upon receiving.

Always give a gift to everyone present or don't give gifts at all. ← Never give a gift of great value until a clear relationship is

established. ← Avoid white and black, which symbolize tragedy or death.

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← When invited to someone's home, always bring a small gift for the hostess.

Helpful Hints← Chinese find "no" difficult to say. They may say "maybe" or "we'll see" in order

to save face. ← Show respect for older people. ← Return applause when applauded. ← Refrain from being loud, boisterous or showy. ← Do not be insulted if the Chinese ask personal questions. Change the subject .← Most Chinese women don't wear wedding rings. Don't assume marital status.

Especially for Women← China is a male-dominated society. A woman may gain acceptance, but it

will take time and will not be easy. One of the principles of the Chinese communist system is to work toward sexual equality.

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India

India is one of the most diverse countries in the world. It is a sophisticated, modern, industrial leader that is home to many primitive tribes and millions of poor people. Religion and language separate people. The caste system limits social mobility. A wide gap separates a few wealthy from many poor.

Meeting and Greeting ← Westerners may shake hands, however, greeting with 'namaste' (na-mas-

TAY) (placing both hands together with a slight bow) is appreciated and shows respect for Indian customs.

Men shake hands with men when meeting or leaving. Men do not touch women when meeting or greeting. Western women may offer their hand to a westernized Indian man, but not normally to others. Traditional Indian women may shake hands with foreign women but not usually with men.

← Indian counterparts may not show up for scheduled meetings. Be prepared to reschedule.

←Body Language

← Public displays of affection are not proper. ← Indians value personal space. Don't stand close. ← When an Indian smiles and jerks his/her head backward -- a gesture that looks

somewhat like a Western "no" -- or moves his head in a figure 8, this means "yes." ← The Western side-to-side hand wave for "hello" is frequently interpreted by

Indians as "no" or "go away." ← Use your right hand only to touch someone, pass money or pick up

merchandise. The left hand is considered unclean. ← Do not touch anyone's head. The head is considered sensitive. ← Feet are considered unclean. Pointing footwear at people is considered an

insult. ← Indians are very sensitive to being beckoned rudely. Hand and arm waved up

and down (Western "good-bye") means "come here." To beckon, extend your arm, palm down and make a scratching motion with fingers kept together.

← Never point with a single finger or two fingers. Point with your chin, whole hand or thumb.

Dining and Entertainment ← Never flatly refuse an invitation to a home or dinner of a counterpart. ← Strict orthodox Muslims don't drink any alcohol. Most Hindus do not

consume alcohol. ← Arrive 15-30 minutes later than the stated time for a dinner party. ← Never refuse food, but don’t feel obligated to empty your plate. ← If hosts eat with hands, assure them you enjoy doing the same. If utensils are

not used, use your right hand and your first three fingers and thumb only. ← Take food from communal dish with a spoon; never your fingers. Use chappati

or poori (bread) torn into small chunks to scoop up food. ← Give gifts with both hands. Gifts are not normally opened in the presence of

the giver. ←

Helpful Hints ← When an Indian answers, "I will try," he or she generally means "no." ← Many Indians do not wear shoes inside a home. Make sure your socks are

clean and do not have holes. ← Apologize immediately if your feet or shoes touch another person.

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← Ask permission before smoking. It is considered rude to smoke in the presence of elders.

← Do not show anger.

Especially for Women ← India is a male-dominated society. Western women may be accepted, but

must establish their position and title immediately to warrant acceptance. ← Women might not be included in social events or conversation.

Indonesia

Along with unity and conformity to society's rules, honor and respect for the individual is the basis of Indonesian culture. Indonesians value loyalty to family and friends above all else.

Meeting and Greeting ← Shake hands and give a slight nod when meeting for the first time. After the

first meeting, a slight bow or nod of the head is sufficient. ← Greet people with "Selamat" (sell-a-mat), which means peace. Say it

slowly and sincerely. ← Westerners are expected to be punctual. Call if you are delayed. It is very

common for Indonesians to arrive late.

Body Language← Good relationships involve a great deal of physical contact and touching. ← Allowing for personal space is a sign of respect. ← A man does not touch a woman in public except to shake hands. Do not

display affection in public. ← The head is considered sacred. Do not touch a person’s head. ← Keep both feet on the floor. Don’t allow the bottom of your feet to face

another person. ← Looking someone straight in the eyes is considered staring. Avoid prolonged

eye contact. ← Point with your thumb. Never beckon with one finger. ← The left hand is unclean. Do not touch food, pass or receive, touch anyone

or point with your left hand. ← American-style backslapping is considered offensive. ← Personal visits are important to Indonesians. ← Indonesians want very much to please. An untruthful answer may be

given so as not to disappoint anyone. ← Indonesians rarely disagree in public.

Dining and Entertainment← Social events start late. Indonesians usually arrive thirty minutes after the

stated time. ← A fork and spoon are used for dining. The fork is held in the left hand and the

spoon in the right. Use the fork to push food onto the spoon. ← Most Indonesians are Muslim and consume no liquor or pork. ← Fingers are still used for eating in some places. Both hands are kept above the

table while eating.

Dress← Muslim rules of modesty should be honored.

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Gifts← Receive a gift appreciatively. Gifts are not opened in the giver's presence.

Helpful Hints← Taking photographs is a way of honoring someone. ← Don't assume tomorrow means tomorrow. Set specific dates and times for

arrangements. ← Do not chew gum or yawn in public.

Especially for Women ← Indonesia is a Muslim society and very male-oriented.← A woman is expected to initiate a handshake.

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Japan

Japan is a highly structured and traditional society. Great importance is placed on loyalty, politeness, personal responsibility and on everyone working together for the good of the larger group. Education, ambition, hard work, patience and determination are held in the highest regard.

Meeting and Greeting ← A handshake is appropriate. The Japanese handshake is limp and with no

eye contact. ← The bow is a highly regarded greeting to show respect. A slight bow is

acceptable. ← Punctuality is a must in all business and social meetings. ← Any degree of knowledge of Japanese culture is greatly appreciated.

Body Language← Nodding is very important. When listening, you should nod to show

you understand.← Silence is a natural and expected form of non-verbal communication. Do not

feel a need to chatter. ← Do not stand close to a Japanese person. Avoid touching. ← Prolonged eye contact (staring) is considered rude. ← Don’t show affection, such as hugging or shoulder slapping, in public. ← Never beckon with your forefinger. The Japanese extend their right arm out in

front, bending the wrist down, waving fingers. Do not beckon older people. ← Sit erect with both feet on the floor. Never sit with ankle over knee. ← Waving a hand back and forth with palm forward in front of face means "no"

or "I don't know." ←

Working Together← Work is always undertaken as a group. The workgroup is strongly united

with no competition; all succeed or all fail. Decision-making is by consensus. ← Always allow polite conversation before beginning meetings. ← Etiquette and harmony are very important. "Saving face" is a key

concept. Avoid saying "no."

Dining and Entertainment ← Drinking is a group activity. Do not say "no" when offered a drink. ← Keep your glass at least half full if you do not want more. ← Leave a little food on your plate when you are finished eating. ← When drinking with a Japanese person, fill his glass or cup after he has filled

yours. Never pour your own drink. ← It is rude not to sample each dish. ← It is acceptable to slurp noodles.

Dress ← Dress is modern and conservative. The Japanese dress well at all times.

Dress smartly for parties.

Gifts ← The ritual of gift giving is more important than the value of the gift. ← Allow your Japanese counterpart to initiate the gift giving. Present a gift in a

modest fashion.

25

← It is important to receive a gift properly. Give and receive a gift with both hands and a slight bow.

← Do not give anyone a gift unless you have one for everyone present. ← Correct wrapping is very important. Appearance counts for as much or more

than the contents.

Helpful Hints ← Avoid using the number "four". It has connotations of death to the

Japanese. ← The Japanese may ask personal questions. You may give vague or general

answers.← The Japanese do not express opinions and desires openly. What they say and

what they mean may be very different. "Maybe" generally means "no."

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←

The Philippines

Personal and family honor are stressed, as well as dignity and pride. Education is highly valued and families make great sacrifices to educate their children. Hiya (shame) is instilled in Filipinos at an early age. To be shamed is the greatest form of disgrace.

Meeting and Greeting ← Men and women shake hands with everyone present at a meeting or social

occasion and when saying "goodbye." Handshakes should be friendly and informal, but limp.

← Men should wait for women to extend their hand. ← Filipinos are relaxed about time. Foreigners are supposed to be on time.

Body Language ← If Filipinos don't understand a question, they open their mouths. Raised

eyebrows signify recognition and agreement. ← Laughter may convey pleasure or embarrassment; it is commonly

used to relieve tension. ← "Yes" is signified by a jerk of the head upward. "No" is signified by a jerk of

the head down. Since the Filipinos rarely say no, the non-verbal sign for "no" is sometimes accompanied by a verbal yes, which would still indicate "no."

← Staring is considered rude and could be misinterpreted as a challenge.

← Standing with your hands on your hips means you are angry. ← Never curl your index finger back and forth (to beckon). This is an

insult. ← To indicate two of something, raise your ring and pinkie fingers. ← To beckon, extend arm, palm down, moving fingers in scratching motion.

Touch someone's elbow lightly to attract attention. Do not tap on the shoulder. ← "Eyebrow flash" -- a quick lifting of eyebrows -- is a Filipino greeting.

Filipinos find it difficult to say "no," disagree, reject or be confrontational, especially when a superior is involved.

← Face-to-face meetings are preferred.

Dining and Entertainment← When entertaining, you may be asked to sing. Try to join in. ← Punctuality is appreciated but not demanded when attending social

affairs. ← Getting drunk is considered greedy and rude. ← It is polite to decline the first offer of seating, food, drink, etc. Accept the

second offer. ← Keep your hands above the table during dinner. ← Leave a small amount of food on your plate when you are finished eating.

Helpful Hints ← Speak softly and control your emotions in public. Make requests, not

demands. ← Don't be offended by personal questions. Feel free to ask the same questions

in return, especially about family. ← Never bring shame to a person. This reflects on his family. Personal

goals are sacrificed for the good of the family.

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← Never directly criticize anyone, especially in public. Never offer insincere comments or compliments.

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South Korea

Hard work, filial piety and modesty are characteristics esteemed by Koreans. They are proud of their traditional culture and their modern economic success. Education is highly valued as the path to status, money and success.

Meeting and Greeting← The bow is the traditional Korean greeting, although it is often

accompanied by a handshake. To show respect when shaking hands, support your right forearm with your left hand.

← Korean women will not shake hands with Western men. ← Western women may offer their hand to a Korean man. ← Bow when departing. Younger people wave.

← Koreans expect Westerners to be punctual. However, you may be kept waiting up to a half hour.

Names and Titles← Address Koreans using appropriate titles until specifically invited to

use given names. ← In Korean names the family name is first, followed by the two-part given

name. The first of the two given names is shared by everyone of the same generation in the family, and the second is the individual's given name. Example: Lee (Family) + Dong (Shared Given) + Sung (Given). Dong Sung is the individual's given name. Address him as Mr. Lee.

←Body Language

← Koreans consider it a violation to be touched by someone who is not a relative or friend.

← Direct eye contact between should be avoided. This is seen as impolite or even as a challenge.

← Do not cross your legs or stretch your legs out straight in front of you. Keep your feet on the floor.

← Always pass and receive objects with your right hand or with two hands. ← Never point with your index finger. ← "Yes" is not necessarily “yes.” Koreans avoid saying "no." Try to

phrase questions in a manner that doesn't require a "yes" or "no" answer.

Dining and Entertainment← Do not pour your own drink, but do offer to pour others'. Leave some drink in

your glass if you don't want a refill. ← It is polite to pass or accept food or drink with your right hand while your left

hand supports your forearm/wrist.

Gifts← Offer and receive a gift with both hands. Wrapped gifts are never opened

in front of the giver. ← Wrap your gift nicely. Bright colors are preferred. Avoid dark colors or red. ← Always bring a small gift for the hostess. Do not give liquor to a woman. ← Do not give: expensive gifts, knives or scissors (they signify "cutting

off" a relationship), green headwear, gifts with red writing (denotes death) or gifts in a set of four (denotes death).

←Helpful Hints

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← Never use words like "fellow," "guy," "this man" or "that man." This is considered demeaning.

← Koreans are not Chinese. ← Expect Koreans to ask personal questions. ← Deny a compliment. Don't say "thank you." It is impolite and shows a

lack of humility. ← Never expect Koreans to admit to not knowing an answer when questioned. ← Don't talk about Koreans or their customs or culture within earshot of a

Korean.←

Especially for Women← Korean women seldom shake hands. ← Generally, women wait for Korean men to make the first move.

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← Thailand

Thais are tolerant of individualism, but find comfort and security in being part of a group. Mai Pen Rai (never mind) is the Thai expression which characterizes the general focus of life - "it is to enjoy." Thais are very proud of their cultural heritage.

Meeting and Greeting← When being introduced or greeting someone, men say Sawatdee-krap and

women say Sawatdee-kah. ← Wai (why) - a person places the palm of his or her hands together, with their

fingers extended at chest level close to their body and bows slightly. The higher the hands are placed, the more respect is shown. However, the tips of their fingers should never be above eye level.

← Thais greet each other with a "wai." It is an insult not to return the wai. If a wai is not offered to you, shake hands with men and smile and nod to women. A wai can mean "Hello," "Thank you," "I'm sorry," or "Goodbye."

Names and Titles← Thais address one another by first names and titles and reserve last

names for very formal occasions. Last names have been used in Thailand for only the past fifty years. Two people with the same last name are almost certainly related.

← Titles, rank and honor are very important. Introductions require only the given name and title.

← Thai given names are preceded by Khun (Mr. Mrs. or Miss), unless they carry a higher degree, such as doctor. Khun is used for men and women, married or single.

←Body Language← Touching someone of the opposite sex is taboo. Do not show affection in public. ← Never touch or pass anything over anyone's head.

Never point your feet at anyone. Feet are regarded as unclean. ← Do not put your hands in your pockets while talking to someone.

Never put your arm over the back of the chair in which someone is sitting. ← A smile is often used for many different emotions. It may be an apology, a

thank-you, a greeting, or to show embarrassment. Don't wave your hands about as you talk, giving Thais the impression that you

are angry. Never pass anything with your left hand. Never point with your hand and never, never with one finger.

← To beckon someone, extend your arm with the palm of your hand down and flutter your fingers up and down.

← Family comes first before business. ← Frankness is not appreciated. Be subtle in responding with a negative reply.

Dress← Wealth is greatly admired. General dress is informal but always neat and

clean. Clothing should be stylish and cool.

Gifts← Give a gift with your right hand and receive a gift with your right hand. You

should also offer a wai. Do not open a gift you've been given unless invited to do so. ← For the hostess give: Fruit, flowers, cakes, brandy/liquors, candy.

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Helpful Hints← Take off your shoes before entering a home, wat or building which has a

Buddha image within. ← Use your right hand only for passing, eating, touching, etc. ← Never touch the head of a Thai or pass an object over it; the head is

considered sacred in Thailand. ← Do not speak in a loud voice. Do not show your temper. Never criticize

anyone publicly.

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Cultural Content ← Europe and the Former Soviet Union

←

←

← France

The French adhere to a strong and homogeneous set of values. They cherish their culture, history, language and cuisine. They embrace novelty, new ideas and manners with enthusiasm as long as they are elegant.

Meeting and Greeting Shake hands with everyone

present when arriving and leaving. A handshake may be quick with a light grip.

Hard work is admired, but workaholism is not.

Be on time. The French appreciate punctuality. The French get down to business quickly, but make decisions slowly after

much deliberation.

Names and Titles Use last names and appropriate titles until specifically invited to use first

names. First names are used only for close friends and family.

Body Language Sit up straight with legs crossed at knee or knees together. Feet should never

be placed on tables or chairs. Toothpicks, nail clippers, and combs are not used in public. Keep your hands out of your pockets. Do not yawn or scratch in public. Sneeze or blow your nose as quietly

as possible using a handkerchief or tissue. If possible, leave the room.

Do not slap your open palm over a closed fist (this is considered a vulgar gesture).

The "okay" sign, made with index finger and thumb, means "zero." The French use the "thumbs up" sign to say "okay."

Dining and Entertainment Never cut bread. Break bread with your fingers. Cut cheese vertically. Do not cut off the point of cheese. Never eat fruit whole. Fruit should be peeled and sliced before eating.

Gifts Do not give gifts of 6 or 12 (for lovers); gifts of odd numbers, especially 13;

chrysanthemums or red roses; or wine unless it is exceptional quality. A gift should be of high quality and wrapped beautifully.

33

Helpful Hints Lower your voice a little and behave graciously. Don’t ask personal questions related to occupation, salary, age, family or

children unless you have a well-established friendship. Try to demonstrate some knowledge of history, politics and French

culture. The French do not tell or like to hear jokes. They prefer intelligent and satirical

wit. Funny stories of real life situations are appreciated.

Germany

Germans value order, privacy and punctuality. Germans respect perfectionism. There is a sense of community and social conscience and strong desire for belonging. To admit inadequacy -- even in jest -- is incomprehensible.

Meeting and Greeting At a social meeting, shake hands with everyone present. Introduce yourself by your last name only. Never shake hands with one hand in your pocket. Germans take punctuality seriously. Tardiness is viewed as

thoughtless and rude.

Names and Titles Use last names and appropriate titles until specifically invited to use first

names.

Body Language Germans may appear reserved and unfriendly until you get to know them

better. Never put your hands in your pockets when talking with someone. "Thumbs up" gesture means "one" or is a sign of appreciation or agreement. Making hands into two fists, thumbs tucked inside the other fingers and

making pounding motion lightly on a surface expresses "good luck." Never use the "okay" sign (index finger and thumb jointed together

to make a circle). This is considered a rude gesture. Don't point your index finger to your own head. This is an insult.

Working Together Objective criticism isn't given or received easily. Compliments are

seldom given. Decision making is slow with thorough analysis of all facts. Remain silent if you are not prepared to make an informed contribution.

Dining and Entertainment Keep your hands on the table at all times during a meal. Keep your elbows off

the table. Use a knife and fork to eat sandwiches, fruit, and most food.

34

Dress Being well and correctly dressed is very important. Casual or sloppy

attire is frowned upon.

Gifts Do not give pointed objects like knives, scissors, umbrellas (considered

unlucky), personal items, extravagant gifts or wine. Give an uneven number of flowers (unwrapped, not 13), yellow roses, tea

roses or chocolates. Do not give red roses (love symbol) or carnations (mourning). Yellow and

white chrysanthemums and calla lilies are given for funerals only.

Helpful Hints Germans are more formal and punctual than most of the world. Don't be offended if someone corrects your behavior. Policing each other

is seen as a social duty. Compliment carefully and sparingly -- it may embarrass rather than please. Don’t lose your temper publicly. This is viewed as uncouth and sign of

weakness. Don’t shout or be loud, put your feet on furniture or chew gum in

public.

←

←

←

← Greece

Families are very important. Elders are highly respected, and children care for their elderly parents. Children are disciplined firmly, but parents spend a great deal on feeding, clothing and educating their children. Men consider it a personal honor and responsibility to care for their family.

Meeting and Greeting Shake hands with everyone present at meeting. Shake hands again when

leaving. Punctuality is not particularly important in Greece. Trust is a major ingredient for acceptance and is much more

important than qualifications, expertise or performance. Consensus is important.

Body Language Greeks are very demonstrative and affectionate. Nodding your head "yes" is not polite; say "yes" instead. "Yes" is signified by a slight downward nod of the head; “no" is a slight

upward nod of the head. The “O.K.” sign is a rude gesture; "thumbs up" means O.K.

Dining and Entertainment Try to join in Greek dances. It is greatly appreciated.

Helpful Hints The Greeks "pass" time, not "use" it.

35

Expect Greeks to ask personal questions, such as "Are you married?" or "Do you have children?" This is not considered rude, but an attempt to get to know you personally.

Norway←

Tolerance, kindness to each other and independence are highly valued. Criticism of other people or others' systems is frowned upon.

Meeting and Greeting Shake hands with everyone present. When introduced for the first time, address the other by both first and last

name. Norwegians do not use the phrases "Pleased to meet you" or "How

are you?" They find these to be surface formalities with no real meaning.

Call if you will be more than five minutes late. Consensus is a high priority,

Body Language There is little personal touching except between relatives and close friends. Do not stand close to a Norwegian, back slap or put your arm around anyone.

Gifts Do not give: carnations, bouquet of only white flowers, like lilies (funeral only),

wreath (even at Christmas--for funerals only).

Helpful Hints Sincerity is very important. Norwegians often consider Americans too glib

and too casual. Never invite someone to dinner or suggest "getting together" without following with a sincere invitation.

Never lump Norwegians together with Swedes or Danes.

← Poland←

Handshakes and a few Polish words to the local people you meet will go a long way.

Handshakes on arrival and when leaving are customary.

36

Bringing an odd number of flowers to dinner still persists as a nice gesture.

It is the convention to use the right and not the left hand when shaking hands and passing or receiving anything.

←

←

←

← Russia

Russia has had a long history of totalitarianism, which has resulted in a rather fatalistic approach to living.

Meeting and Greeting

Initial greetings may come across as cool. Do not expect

friendly smiles. A handshake is always appropriate. Remove your gloves before shaking

hands. Don't shake hands over a threshold (Russian folk belief holds that this action will lead to an argument).

Russians appreciate punctuality.

Body Language Russians are a very demonstrative people, and public physical

contact is common. Russians stand close when talking. Putting your thumb through your index and middle fingers or making

the "OK" sign are considered very rude gestures in Russia.

Helpful Hints Russians are very proud of their culture and enjoy opportunities to talk about

their music, art, literature and dance. Knowledge about art, music and some Russian history is appreciated.

37

Learn at least a few phrases in Russian. It doesn't have to be perfect; Russians greatly appreciate any attempt to speak their language.

Never refer to a Russian as "Comrade."

Especially for Women Women are initially regarded with skepticism and may have to prove

themselves. Be feminine.

Cultural Content← The Middle East

←

Egypt

Egyptian culture is more open to Western ideas than many Arabic cultures, however it must be remembered that information that contradicts Islamic values will not be readily accepted.

Most Egyptians are subjective thinkers, who use their own experiences and reason to help decision making.

Within Egyptian society the male leader is usually responsible for decision-making. His judgement however, will often be formed through the group and their thoughts.

Individuals are always ranked lower than the family in Egyptian culture.

38

The Egyptian culture has a very fatalistic nature. Education is the very important in Egyptian culture and is seen as the

key to success. Speak at a closer distance. Point with your entire hand instead of just your index finger as Egyptians often

like to gesture with their hands while speaking. When sitting, keep both feet on the ground, and do not cross your legs and do

not show the bottom of your foot as this is considered offensive. The "thumbs up" sign is considered offensive in all Arab countries. Pointing at other people is often considered unacceptable. Egyptians tend to speak at a much closer distance and there tends to be a lot

of touching in conversations. If an Egyptian holds your hand, accept this gesture of friendship. Avoid gesturing with the left hand as the left hand is considered unclean in

the Arab world.

Libya Common courtesy such as handshakes and politeness go a long way. People are very friendly and very hospitable. Hierarchy is important. The Libyans also expect and appreciate punctuality.

Morocco Forms of address are mainly European (especially French and Spanish). Greet people with your right hand and accept any items such as drinks in your

right hand. There are generally, many French influences on etiquette. Formality should be acceptable as normal until invited to be less

formal. Common courtesy such as handshakes and politeness go a long way. The social customs in Morocco are very similar to France and Spain. Be aware that food is generally eaten with the fingers of the right hand. Muslims are barred from eating pig meat and from drinking alcohol. People in Morocco expect and appreciate punctuality.

Saudi Arabia Punctuality is not a priority. Saudis tend to have a very relaxed attitude toward time. Conversations will involve contact and a lot of touching. Saudi's tend to ignore information that is incompatible with Islamic values. Religion has a big influence on politics, social behavior, and business. Be sure to be very accommodating and relaxed at all times, but not distant or

reserved. Interruptions from phone calls and visits from friends and family are to be

expected as meetings are rarely private ocassions. Eye contact is extremely important when speaking to Saudis so be sure to

look directly in to the eye.

39

Rising pitch and tone of your voice or even shouting are perceived as signs of sincerity

Positive topics for conversation: family; sports, especially football (soccer), horse racing and hunting.

Topics to Avoid: Israel; Oil politics; Middle Eastern politics; Illness, accidents, death, or bad luck; Islamic beliefs.

Saudis tend to speak at a much closer distance. The left hand is considered unclean in the Arab world. When sitting, keep both feet on the ground and do not expose the bottom of

your feet, especially in public. The "thumbs up" sign is offensive in Saudi Arabia. Ask permission before taking a photograph.

Turkey Always be on time but be prepared for delay or even postponement. Personal relationships are highly rated. Do not accept food or anything else in your left hand, as your right should always be used. Turks say yes by nodding their head forward and down and say no by nodding their head up and

back while lifting their eyebrows.

Resources:

For more information on cultural etiquette, similar to the information found in the “Cultural Content Sampler” visit these great on-line resources:

A - Z of Etiquette: http://www.a-zofetiquette.com. This was my source for information on the African nations, the Middle Eastern nations, Cuba, Poland and Russia.

eDiplomat – Global Portal for Diplomats: http://www.ediplomat.com. Click on the tab for “New Posting” and the link for cultural etiquette. This was my source for most of the country information in the “Sampler.” Countries are rotated and the list changes based on openings for and travel of foreign service officers with the US Department of State.

To learn more about your learner’s country, these sites offer the best country profiles:

State Department Background Notes: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/

Library of Congress – Portals to the World: http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/portals.html

40

CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/

BBC News Country Profiles: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/country_profiles/default.stm

WorldPress.org Country Profiles: http://www.worldpress.org/map.cfm

For more information on Geert Hofstede’s theories, to take cultural awareness quizzes or to understand cultural competency you can use:

Kwintessential Language and Culture Specialists: http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/

Geert Hofstede’s homepage: http://feweb.uvt.nl/center/hofstede/index.htm

Jann Gaston. Cultural Awareness Teaching Techniques. Brattleboro, VT: Pro Lingua Associates, 1984.

Pro Literacy America. Teaching Adults: An ESL Resource Book. 1996.

Great book on cultural etiquette:o Kiss, Bow or Shake Hands by Terri Morrison and Wayne A.

Conway (2nd ed. 2006)o Do’s and Taboos Around the World (1993) and Gestures:

The Do’s and Taboos of Body Language Around the World(1997) by Roger E. Axtell

o Multicultural Manners: The New Rules of Etiquette for a Changing Society by Norine Dresser (1996)

Books on cultural awareness, cultural competency and multiculturalism:o Multiculturalism in a Global Society by Peter Kivisto (2002)o Rethinking Multiculturalism: Politics and Theory (Second

Edition) by Bhikhu Parekh (2006)o Multiculturalism in the United States: A Comparative Guide to

Acculturation and Ethnicity (Revised and Expanded Edition) by John D. Buenker and Lorman A. Ratner (2005)

41