CRIME AND DEVIANCEINFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION IS TAKEN FROM

HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY

NOT EVERY CRIME IS REPORTED

bull MOST ARRESTS amp CONVICTIONS RELATE TO RELATIVELY MINOR OFFENCES EG THEFT amp TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS (ROACH ANLEU2006225)

bull TOTAL NUMBER OF INMATES IN AUSTRALIAN PRISONS REACHED OVER 30000 (5122013 ABS)

bull NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE ndash 821 PER 100000 ADULTS INCARCERATED FOLLOWED BY WA WITH 256 PER 100000

bull ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT PEOPLE COMPRISED JUST OVER A QUARTER OF THE TOTAL PRISONER POPULATION (ABS 51213)

NOT EVERY CRIME THAT IS RECORDED IS INVESTIGATED

NOT EVERY CRIME YIELDS A SUSPECT

NOT EVERY SUSPECT IS APPREHENDED

NOT EVERY PERSON BROUGHT BEFORE THE COURTS IS CHARGED

NOT EVERY CONVICGTED PERSON IS IMPRISONED

MOST COMMON FEMALE OFFENCES

bull ILLICIT DRUG OFFENCES (18)

bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY (17)

bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (10)

MOST COMMON MALE OFFENCES

bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY(20)

bull SEXUAL ASSAULT (150

bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (15)

WHITE COLLAR CRIME

ldquoA CRIME COMMITTED BY A PERSON OF RESPECTABILITY AND HIGH STATUS IN THE COURSE OF HIS

OCCUPATIONrdquo (ROACH ANLEU2006357)

FOR EXAMPLE

EMBEZZLEMENT FRAUD INSIDER TRADING VIOLATION OF TAXATION

httpwwwaicgovaucrime_communitycommunitycrimecostshtml accessed 8414

NOT EVERY CRIME IS REPORTED

bull MOST ARRESTS amp CONVICTIONS RELATE TO RELATIVELY MINOR OFFENCES EG THEFT amp TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS (ROACH ANLEU2006225)

bull TOTAL NUMBER OF INMATES IN AUSTRALIAN PRISONS REACHED OVER 30000 (5122013 ABS)

bull NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE ndash 821 PER 100000 ADULTS INCARCERATED FOLLOWED BY WA WITH 256 PER 100000

bull ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT PEOPLE COMPRISED JUST OVER A QUARTER OF THE TOTAL PRISONER POPULATION (ABS 51213)

NOT EVERY CRIME THAT IS RECORDED IS INVESTIGATED

NOT EVERY CRIME YIELDS A SUSPECT

NOT EVERY SUSPECT IS APPREHENDED

NOT EVERY PERSON BROUGHT BEFORE THE COURTS IS CHARGED

NOT EVERY CONVICGTED PERSON IS IMPRISONED

MOST COMMON FEMALE OFFENCES

bull ILLICIT DRUG OFFENCES (18)

bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY (17)

bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (10)

MOST COMMON MALE OFFENCES

bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY(20)

bull SEXUAL ASSAULT (150

bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (15)

WHITE COLLAR CRIME

ldquoA CRIME COMMITTED BY A PERSON OF RESPECTABILITY AND HIGH STATUS IN THE COURSE OF HIS

OCCUPATIONrdquo (ROACH ANLEU2006357)

FOR EXAMPLE

EMBEZZLEMENT FRAUD INSIDER TRADING VIOLATION OF TAXATION

httpwwwaicgovaucrime_communitycommunitycrimecostshtml accessed 8414

MOST COMMON FEMALE OFFENCES

bull ILLICIT DRUG OFFENCES (18)

bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY (17)

bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (10)

MOST COMMON MALE OFFENCES

bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY(20)

bull SEXUAL ASSAULT (150

bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (15)

WHITE COLLAR CRIME

ldquoA CRIME COMMITTED BY A PERSON OF RESPECTABILITY AND HIGH STATUS IN THE COURSE OF HIS

OCCUPATIONrdquo (ROACH ANLEU2006357)

FOR EXAMPLE

EMBEZZLEMENT FRAUD INSIDER TRADING VIOLATION OF TAXATION

httpwwwaicgovaucrime_communitycommunitycrimecostshtml accessed 8414

WHITE COLLAR CRIME

ldquoA CRIME COMMITTED BY A PERSON OF RESPECTABILITY AND HIGH STATUS IN THE COURSE OF HIS

OCCUPATIONrdquo (ROACH ANLEU2006357)

FOR EXAMPLE

EMBEZZLEMENT FRAUD INSIDER TRADING VIOLATION OF TAXATION

httpwwwaicgovaucrime_communitycommunitycrimecostshtml accessed 8414

The Australian Institute on Crime (AIC) estimates that crime costs Australia nearly $36 billion a year ndash some 41 per cent of the nationrsquos gross domestic product 40 of this is the result of fraud which costs some $85 billion and which has increased significantly in recent years Burglary is next at 10 followed by drug offences(9 ) arson (8) and assault (7 )

GENDER WOMEN amp CRIME

bull AT 30 JUNE 2013 THE NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 821 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION FOLLOWED BY WESTERN AUSTRALIA AT 256 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION

THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY HAD THE LOWEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 118 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION

httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45170~2013~Main20Features~Imprisonment20Rates~24

REASONS FOR RISING RATE OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT

bull TREND TO LENGTHIER SENTENCING

bull HIGHER PROPORTION OF WOMEN ON REMAND

bull INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF DRUG AND PROPERTY OFFENCES

bull INCREASE IN ASSAULTS

bull MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT

bull A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE PRISONERS HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME (INCEST SEXUAL ABUSE)

bull HOMELESSNESS IS COMMON

bull THEREFORE PRISONER EDUCATION IS SIGNIFICANT IN THE LIVES OF INMATE WOMEN (SPARK amp HARRIS2005157

IN HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN 2007336)

YOUTH AND CRIME

bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR

bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR

bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE

YOUTH CRIME (CONT)

bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD

bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)

httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8

INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES

bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)

bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)

bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)

WHY

bull TWO EXPLANATIONS

bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION

bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)

bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION

INDIGENOUS DETENTION

bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES

bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA

FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND

JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009

httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)

bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION

bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS

bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

GENDER WOMEN amp CRIME

bull AT 30 JUNE 2013 THE NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 821 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION FOLLOWED BY WESTERN AUSTRALIA AT 256 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION

THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY HAD THE LOWEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 118 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION

httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45170~2013~Main20Features~Imprisonment20Rates~24

REASONS FOR RISING RATE OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT

bull TREND TO LENGTHIER SENTENCING

bull HIGHER PROPORTION OF WOMEN ON REMAND

bull INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF DRUG AND PROPERTY OFFENCES

bull INCREASE IN ASSAULTS

bull MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT

bull A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE PRISONERS HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME (INCEST SEXUAL ABUSE)

bull HOMELESSNESS IS COMMON

bull THEREFORE PRISONER EDUCATION IS SIGNIFICANT IN THE LIVES OF INMATE WOMEN (SPARK amp HARRIS2005157

IN HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN 2007336)

YOUTH AND CRIME

bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR

bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR

bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE

YOUTH CRIME (CONT)

bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD

bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)

httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8

INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES

bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)

bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)

bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)

WHY

bull TWO EXPLANATIONS

bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION

bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)

bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION

INDIGENOUS DETENTION

bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES

bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA

FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND

JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009

httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)

bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION

bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS

bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

REASONS FOR RISING RATE OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT

bull TREND TO LENGTHIER SENTENCING

bull HIGHER PROPORTION OF WOMEN ON REMAND

bull INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF DRUG AND PROPERTY OFFENCES

bull INCREASE IN ASSAULTS

bull MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT

bull A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE PRISONERS HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME (INCEST SEXUAL ABUSE)

bull HOMELESSNESS IS COMMON

bull THEREFORE PRISONER EDUCATION IS SIGNIFICANT IN THE LIVES OF INMATE WOMEN (SPARK amp HARRIS2005157

IN HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN 2007336)

YOUTH AND CRIME

bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR

bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR

bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE

YOUTH CRIME (CONT)

bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD

bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)

httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8

INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES

bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)

bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)

bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)

WHY

bull TWO EXPLANATIONS

bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION

bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)

bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION

INDIGENOUS DETENTION

bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES

bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA

FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND

JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009

httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)

bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION

bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS

bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

YOUTH AND CRIME

bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR

bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR

bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE

YOUTH CRIME (CONT)

bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD

bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)

httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8

INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES

bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)

bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)

bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)

WHY

bull TWO EXPLANATIONS

bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION

bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)

bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION

INDIGENOUS DETENTION

bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES

bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA

FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND

JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009

httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)

bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION

bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS

bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

YOUTH CRIME (CONT)

bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD

bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)

httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8

INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES

bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)

bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)

bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)

WHY

bull TWO EXPLANATIONS

bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION

bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)

bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION

INDIGENOUS DETENTION

bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES

bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA

FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND

JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009

httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)

bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION

bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS

bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES

bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)

bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)

bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)

WHY

bull TWO EXPLANATIONS

bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION

bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)

bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION

INDIGENOUS DETENTION

bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES

bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA

FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND

JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009

httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)

bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION

bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS

bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

WHY

bull TWO EXPLANATIONS

bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION

bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)

bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION

INDIGENOUS DETENTION

bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES

bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA

FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND

JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009

httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)

bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION

bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS

bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

INDIGENOUS DETENTION

bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES

bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA

FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND

JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009

httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)

bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION

bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS

bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND

JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009

httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)

bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION

bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS

bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008

bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)

bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION

bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS

bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT

bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION

bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS

bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood

Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008

Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH

AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME

bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS

bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY

bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE

bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

WEBSITES

bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24

bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY

20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8

REFERENCES - TEXTS

bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON

bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN

bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP

REFERENCES - JOURNALS

bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF

bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY

REFERENCES - JOURNALS

bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF

bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY