Deviance -sociology

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Sociology, 12thEditionby John MacionisCopyright 2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. ll rights reserved.

Deviance

The recognized violation of cultural norms


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Deviance

Norms guide almost all human activities Most familiar examples are negative instances of

rule-breaking.

Especially righteous people also might be calleddeviant.!

Di"erent! or unexpected! are often used todescribe deviance from a sociological perspective.

#rime $la%s& 'iolation of a society(s formal criminal la% #riminal deviance spans a %ide range of behaviors

The recognized violation of cultural norms


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)ocial #ontrol

#riminal *ustice system + formal response by police, courts, and prison

ocials to alleged violations of the la%.

iological context iological factors might have a real but modest

e"ect on %hether a person becomes a criminal.

/ersonality factors

Deviance is vie%ed as unsuccessfulsocialization.!

The attempts a society makes at regulating thought and

behavior


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)ocial 0oundations of Deviance

Deviance varies according to culturalnorms. No thought or action is inherently deviant.

/eople become deviant as others de1ne

them that %ay. 2o% other perceive and label us

oth norms and the %ay people de1nerule-breaking involve social po%er.

3ule-makers, rule-breakers, and rule-enforcers

Norms and applying them are linked tosocial position.


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Deviance arms cultural values and norms.

There can be no good %ithout evil and no *ustice%ithout crime.

3esponding to deviance clari1es moral

boundaries. /eople dra% a boundary bet%een right and %rong.

3esponding to deviance brings people together.

/eople typically react to serious deviance %ith shared

outrage.

Deviance encourages social change.

Deviant people push a society(s moral boundaries.

Durkheim4s asic 5nsight


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Merton(s )train Theory

argued that society can be set up in a %aythat encourages too much deviance.)peci1cally, the extent and type ofdeviance people engage in depend on%hether a society provides the means$such as schooling and *ob opportunities&to achieve cultural goals $such as 1nancial

success&.


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Merton(s )train Theory

#onformity /ursuing conventional goals through normal means

5nnovation

6nconventional means to achieve approved goals

3itualism +ccept institutional means7 re*ect goals

3ebellion

De1ne ne% goals and means to achieve goals



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0igure 8.9Merton(s )train

Theory of Deviance#ombining aperson(s vie% of

cultural goals andthe conventionalmeans to obtainthem allo%ed3obert Merton toidentify varioustypes of deviance.)ource: Merton $98;


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Deviant )ubcultures

#lo%ard and =hlin Extended Merton(s theory

#ohen Delin>uency is most common among lo%er-class

youths because they have the least opportunity forconventional success.

Miller Delin>uent subcultures: trouble, toughness, smartness,

need for excitement, belief in fate, desire for freedom

+nderson 5n poor urban neighborhoods, most people conform to

conventional values.


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?abeling Deviance )ymbolic-interaction analysis

The assertion that deviance and conformity result not somuch from %hat people do as from ho% others respondto those actions.

/rimary deviance

Norm violations that most people take part in %ith littleharm to self-concept

)econdary deviance @hen people make something! of another(s deviant

behavior

)tigma /o%erful negative label that greatly changes a person(s

self-concept and social identity


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?abeling Deviance

3etrospective labeling

3e-interpreting someone(s past in light ofpresent deviance

/ro*ective labeling

/redicts future deviant behavior Medicalization of deviance

Transform moral and legal deviance into amedical condition

2o% people respond

/ersonal competence of the deviant person


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)utherland(sDi"erential +ssociation

+ person(s tendency to%ard conformity or deviancedepends on the amount of contact %ith others %hoencourage or re*ect conventional behavior.

Deviant behavior is learned.

0re>uency of association is central to thedevelopment of deviance.

5f associates are prone to violation of norms, thenone is also more likely to take part.

#onformity reaps re%ards %hile the lack of it reaps

punishment.


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2irschi(s #ontrol Theory

The social control depends on peopleanticipating the conse>uences of their behavior.2irschi assumes that everyone 1nds at leastsome deviance tempting. ut the thought of aruined career keeps most people from breaking

the rules7 for some, *ust imagining the reactionsof family and friends is enough. =n the otherhand, individuals %ho feel they have little to loseby deviance are likely to become rule breakers.


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2irschi(s #ontrol Theory

+ttachment

)trong social attachments encourage conformity.

=pportunity

The greater the access to legitimate opportunity, thegreater the advantages of conformity.

5nvolvement

Extensive involvement in legitimate activities inhibitsdeviance.

elief

)trong belief in conventional morality and respect forauthority controls deviance.



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)ocial-#onAict +nalysis

Deviance and /o%erNorms or la%s reAect interests of

rich and po%erful.

/o%erful have resources to resistdeviant labels.

elief that norms and la%s arenatural and good masks politicalcharacter


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Deviance and #apitalism

)teven )pitzer(s likely targets of labeling /eople %ho interfere %ith capitalism.

/eople %ho cannot or %ill not %ork.

/eople %ho resist authority.

+nyone %ho directly challenges the status quo

@hite-collar crime Those committed by people of high social position in the

course of their occupations

#orporate crime

5llegal actions of a corporation or people acting on itsbehalf

=rganized crime + business supplying illegal goods or services


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Deviance, 3ace, and Bender

2ate crime + criminal act against a person or person(s

property by an o"ender motivated by racial orother bias

Bender

The %orld applies more stringent normativecontrols to %omen.

)train due to reality of gender-basedine>uality

Cudge the behavior of %omen and mendi"erently

@hy do %omen commit fe%er crimes thanmen


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+pplying TheoryDeviance


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#rime The violation of criminal la%s enacted by a locality,

state, or the federal government T%o elements

The act itself

#riminal intent

#rimes against the person

Direct violence or threat of it

#rimes against property

5nvolves theft of property

#riminal statistics

'ictimization surveys: #rime rate is t%o to four timeshigher than ocial reports


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National Map 8.9 The 3isk of 'iolent #rime across the 6nited )tatesThis map sho%s the risk of becoming a victim of violent crime. 5n general, the risk ishighest in lo%-income, rural counties that have a large population of men bet%een theages of 9 and FG. +fter reading this section of the text, see %hether you can explainthis pattern.)ource: +merican Demographics magazine, December FHHH issue. #opyright $c& FHHG by #rain #ommunications, 5nc.


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The )treet #riminal: + /ro1le +ges 9-FG

9GI of population

J8I of arrests for violent crime, GI of propertycrimes

Bender

Males commit ;


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0igure 8.F #rime 3ates in the 6nited )tates, 98;H-FHHThe graphs sho% the rates for various violent crimes and property crimes during recentdecades. )ince about 988H, the trend has been do%n%ard.)ource: 0ederal ureau of 5nvestigation $FHH;&


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#rime in Blobal /erspective

6nited )tates The 6) crime rate is high by %orld standards.

The rate of 6) violent crime is several times higher than inEurope.

Elliott #urrie: #rime stems from our culture(s emphasis on

individual economic success, fre>uently at the expense of strongfamilies and neighborhoods.

=ther countries #rime rates are high in some of the %orld(s largest cities, %hich

have rapid population gro%th and millions of poor.

The traditional character of lo%-income societies and their strongfamilies allo% informal crime control outside of big cities.

Di"erent countries have di"erent strategies for dealing %ithcrime.


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The criminal *ustice system must operateaccording to la%.

This principle is grounded in the constitution.

+nyone charged %ith a crime must receive:9. 0air notice of the proceedings

F. + hearing on the charges conducted accordingto la% and %ith the ability to present a

defense,J. + *udge or *ury that %eighs evidence

impartially

#riminal Custice )ystem

Due /rocess


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/olice: /rimary point of contact bet%een populationand criminal *ustice system

The police maintain public order by enforcing thela%.

=cers >uickly size up situations in terms of sixfactors.

Bravity of situation

'ictim(s %ishes

#ooperation of suspect

2as suspect been arrested before /resence of observers increases chances of

arrest

#riminal Custice )ystem

Due /rocess


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Blobal Map 8.9 #apital /unishment in Blobal /erspective

The map identi1es ;< countries and territories in %hich the la% allo%s the death penalty forordinary crimes7 in 9H more, the death penalty is reserved for exceptional crimes under military la%or during times of %ar. The death penalty does not exist in


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Sociology, 12th

Editionby John MacionisCopyright 2008 Prentice Hall, a division of Pearson Education. ll rights reserved.

Custi1cations for /unishment 3etribution

+n act of moral vengeance by %hich societymakes the o"ender su"er as much as thesu"ering caused by the crime

Deterrence

The attempt to discourage criminality through

the use of punishment 3ehabilitation

+ program for reforming the o"ender to preventlater o"enses

)ocietal protection

3endering an o"ender incapable of furthero"enses temporarily through imprisonment orpermanently by execution.


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)umming 6p0our Custi1cations for /unishment


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Sociology, 12th

Editionby John MacionisCopyright 2008 Prentice Hall a division of Pearson Education ll rights reserved

#ommunity-ased #orrections

/robation

+ policy permitting a convicted o"ender toremain in the community under conditionsimposed by a court

)hock probation

@hen a *udge orders a convicted o"ender toprison for a short time, then suspends theremainder of the sentence.

/arole 3eleasing inmates from prison to serve the

remainder of their sentences in the community.

#orrectional programs operating %ithin society

at large rather than behind prison %alls.

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