CRIME AND DEVIANCEINFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION IS TAKEN FROM
HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY
NOT EVERY CRIME IS REPORTED
bull MOST ARRESTS amp CONVICTIONS RELATE TO RELATIVELY MINOR OFFENCES EG THEFT amp TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS (ROACH ANLEU2006225)
bull TOTAL NUMBER OF INMATES IN AUSTRALIAN PRISONS REACHED OVER 30000 (5122013 ABS)
bull NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE ndash 821 PER 100000 ADULTS INCARCERATED FOLLOWED BY WA WITH 256 PER 100000
bull ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT PEOPLE COMPRISED JUST OVER A QUARTER OF THE TOTAL PRISONER POPULATION (ABS 51213)
NOT EVERY CRIME THAT IS RECORDED IS INVESTIGATED
NOT EVERY CRIME YIELDS A SUSPECT
NOT EVERY SUSPECT IS APPREHENDED
NOT EVERY PERSON BROUGHT BEFORE THE COURTS IS CHARGED
NOT EVERY CONVICGTED PERSON IS IMPRISONED
MOST COMMON FEMALE OFFENCES
bull ILLICIT DRUG OFFENCES (18)
bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY (17)
bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (10)
MOST COMMON MALE OFFENCES
bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY(20)
bull SEXUAL ASSAULT (150
bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (15)
WHITE COLLAR CRIME
ldquoA CRIME COMMITTED BY A PERSON OF RESPECTABILITY AND HIGH STATUS IN THE COURSE OF HIS
OCCUPATIONrdquo (ROACH ANLEU2006357)
FOR EXAMPLE
EMBEZZLEMENT FRAUD INSIDER TRADING VIOLATION OF TAXATION
httpwwwaicgovaucrime_communitycommunitycrimecostshtml accessed 8414
The Australian Institute on Crime (AIC) estimates that crime costs Australia nearly $36 billion a year ndash some 41 per cent of the nationrsquos gross domestic product 40 of this is the result of fraud which costs some $85 billion and which has increased significantly in recent years Burglary is next at 10 followed by drug offences(9 ) arson (8) and assault (7 )
GENDER WOMEN amp CRIME
bull AT 30 JUNE 2013 THE NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 821 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION FOLLOWED BY WESTERN AUSTRALIA AT 256 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY HAD THE LOWEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 118 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45170~2013~Main20Features~Imprisonment20Rates~24
REASONS FOR RISING RATE OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT
bull TREND TO LENGTHIER SENTENCING
bull HIGHER PROPORTION OF WOMEN ON REMAND
bull INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF DRUG AND PROPERTY OFFENCES
bull INCREASE IN ASSAULTS
bull MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT
bull A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE PRISONERS HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME (INCEST SEXUAL ABUSE)
bull HOMELESSNESS IS COMMON
bull THEREFORE PRISONER EDUCATION IS SIGNIFICANT IN THE LIVES OF INMATE WOMEN (SPARK amp HARRIS2005157
IN HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN 2007336)
YOUTH AND CRIME
bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR
bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR
bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE
YOUTH CRIME (CONT)
bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD
bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8
INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES
bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)
bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)
bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)
WHY
bull TWO EXPLANATIONS
bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION
bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)
bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
NOT EVERY CRIME IS REPORTED
bull MOST ARRESTS amp CONVICTIONS RELATE TO RELATIVELY MINOR OFFENCES EG THEFT amp TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS (ROACH ANLEU2006225)
bull TOTAL NUMBER OF INMATES IN AUSTRALIAN PRISONS REACHED OVER 30000 (5122013 ABS)
bull NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE ndash 821 PER 100000 ADULTS INCARCERATED FOLLOWED BY WA WITH 256 PER 100000
bull ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT PEOPLE COMPRISED JUST OVER A QUARTER OF THE TOTAL PRISONER POPULATION (ABS 51213)
NOT EVERY CRIME THAT IS RECORDED IS INVESTIGATED
NOT EVERY CRIME YIELDS A SUSPECT
NOT EVERY SUSPECT IS APPREHENDED
NOT EVERY PERSON BROUGHT BEFORE THE COURTS IS CHARGED
NOT EVERY CONVICGTED PERSON IS IMPRISONED
MOST COMMON FEMALE OFFENCES
bull ILLICIT DRUG OFFENCES (18)
bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY (17)
bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (10)
MOST COMMON MALE OFFENCES
bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY(20)
bull SEXUAL ASSAULT (150
bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (15)
WHITE COLLAR CRIME
ldquoA CRIME COMMITTED BY A PERSON OF RESPECTABILITY AND HIGH STATUS IN THE COURSE OF HIS
OCCUPATIONrdquo (ROACH ANLEU2006357)
FOR EXAMPLE
EMBEZZLEMENT FRAUD INSIDER TRADING VIOLATION OF TAXATION
httpwwwaicgovaucrime_communitycommunitycrimecostshtml accessed 8414
The Australian Institute on Crime (AIC) estimates that crime costs Australia nearly $36 billion a year ndash some 41 per cent of the nationrsquos gross domestic product 40 of this is the result of fraud which costs some $85 billion and which has increased significantly in recent years Burglary is next at 10 followed by drug offences(9 ) arson (8) and assault (7 )
GENDER WOMEN amp CRIME
bull AT 30 JUNE 2013 THE NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 821 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION FOLLOWED BY WESTERN AUSTRALIA AT 256 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY HAD THE LOWEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 118 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45170~2013~Main20Features~Imprisonment20Rates~24
REASONS FOR RISING RATE OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT
bull TREND TO LENGTHIER SENTENCING
bull HIGHER PROPORTION OF WOMEN ON REMAND
bull INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF DRUG AND PROPERTY OFFENCES
bull INCREASE IN ASSAULTS
bull MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT
bull A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE PRISONERS HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME (INCEST SEXUAL ABUSE)
bull HOMELESSNESS IS COMMON
bull THEREFORE PRISONER EDUCATION IS SIGNIFICANT IN THE LIVES OF INMATE WOMEN (SPARK amp HARRIS2005157
IN HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN 2007336)
YOUTH AND CRIME
bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR
bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR
bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE
YOUTH CRIME (CONT)
bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD
bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8
INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES
bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)
bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)
bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)
WHY
bull TWO EXPLANATIONS
bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION
bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)
bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
MOST COMMON FEMALE OFFENCES
bull ILLICIT DRUG OFFENCES (18)
bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY (17)
bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (10)
MOST COMMON MALE OFFENCES
bull ACTS INTENDED TO CAUSE INJURY(20)
bull SEXUAL ASSAULT (150
bull UNLAWFUL ENTRY WITH INTENT (15)
WHITE COLLAR CRIME
ldquoA CRIME COMMITTED BY A PERSON OF RESPECTABILITY AND HIGH STATUS IN THE COURSE OF HIS
OCCUPATIONrdquo (ROACH ANLEU2006357)
FOR EXAMPLE
EMBEZZLEMENT FRAUD INSIDER TRADING VIOLATION OF TAXATION
httpwwwaicgovaucrime_communitycommunitycrimecostshtml accessed 8414
The Australian Institute on Crime (AIC) estimates that crime costs Australia nearly $36 billion a year ndash some 41 per cent of the nationrsquos gross domestic product 40 of this is the result of fraud which costs some $85 billion and which has increased significantly in recent years Burglary is next at 10 followed by drug offences(9 ) arson (8) and assault (7 )
GENDER WOMEN amp CRIME
bull AT 30 JUNE 2013 THE NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 821 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION FOLLOWED BY WESTERN AUSTRALIA AT 256 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY HAD THE LOWEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 118 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45170~2013~Main20Features~Imprisonment20Rates~24
REASONS FOR RISING RATE OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT
bull TREND TO LENGTHIER SENTENCING
bull HIGHER PROPORTION OF WOMEN ON REMAND
bull INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF DRUG AND PROPERTY OFFENCES
bull INCREASE IN ASSAULTS
bull MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT
bull A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE PRISONERS HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME (INCEST SEXUAL ABUSE)
bull HOMELESSNESS IS COMMON
bull THEREFORE PRISONER EDUCATION IS SIGNIFICANT IN THE LIVES OF INMATE WOMEN (SPARK amp HARRIS2005157
IN HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN 2007336)
YOUTH AND CRIME
bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR
bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR
bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE
YOUTH CRIME (CONT)
bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD
bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8
INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES
bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)
bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)
bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)
WHY
bull TWO EXPLANATIONS
bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION
bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)
bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
WHITE COLLAR CRIME
ldquoA CRIME COMMITTED BY A PERSON OF RESPECTABILITY AND HIGH STATUS IN THE COURSE OF HIS
OCCUPATIONrdquo (ROACH ANLEU2006357)
FOR EXAMPLE
EMBEZZLEMENT FRAUD INSIDER TRADING VIOLATION OF TAXATION
httpwwwaicgovaucrime_communitycommunitycrimecostshtml accessed 8414
The Australian Institute on Crime (AIC) estimates that crime costs Australia nearly $36 billion a year ndash some 41 per cent of the nationrsquos gross domestic product 40 of this is the result of fraud which costs some $85 billion and which has increased significantly in recent years Burglary is next at 10 followed by drug offences(9 ) arson (8) and assault (7 )
GENDER WOMEN amp CRIME
bull AT 30 JUNE 2013 THE NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 821 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION FOLLOWED BY WESTERN AUSTRALIA AT 256 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY HAD THE LOWEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 118 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45170~2013~Main20Features~Imprisonment20Rates~24
REASONS FOR RISING RATE OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT
bull TREND TO LENGTHIER SENTENCING
bull HIGHER PROPORTION OF WOMEN ON REMAND
bull INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF DRUG AND PROPERTY OFFENCES
bull INCREASE IN ASSAULTS
bull MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT
bull A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE PRISONERS HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME (INCEST SEXUAL ABUSE)
bull HOMELESSNESS IS COMMON
bull THEREFORE PRISONER EDUCATION IS SIGNIFICANT IN THE LIVES OF INMATE WOMEN (SPARK amp HARRIS2005157
IN HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN 2007336)
YOUTH AND CRIME
bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR
bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR
bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE
YOUTH CRIME (CONT)
bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD
bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8
INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES
bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)
bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)
bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)
WHY
bull TWO EXPLANATIONS
bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION
bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)
bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
The Australian Institute on Crime (AIC) estimates that crime costs Australia nearly $36 billion a year ndash some 41 per cent of the nationrsquos gross domestic product 40 of this is the result of fraud which costs some $85 billion and which has increased significantly in recent years Burglary is next at 10 followed by drug offences(9 ) arson (8) and assault (7 )
GENDER WOMEN amp CRIME
bull AT 30 JUNE 2013 THE NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 821 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION FOLLOWED BY WESTERN AUSTRALIA AT 256 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY HAD THE LOWEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 118 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45170~2013~Main20Features~Imprisonment20Rates~24
REASONS FOR RISING RATE OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT
bull TREND TO LENGTHIER SENTENCING
bull HIGHER PROPORTION OF WOMEN ON REMAND
bull INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF DRUG AND PROPERTY OFFENCES
bull INCREASE IN ASSAULTS
bull MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT
bull A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE PRISONERS HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME (INCEST SEXUAL ABUSE)
bull HOMELESSNESS IS COMMON
bull THEREFORE PRISONER EDUCATION IS SIGNIFICANT IN THE LIVES OF INMATE WOMEN (SPARK amp HARRIS2005157
IN HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN 2007336)
YOUTH AND CRIME
bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR
bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR
bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE
YOUTH CRIME (CONT)
bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD
bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8
INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES
bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)
bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)
bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)
WHY
bull TWO EXPLANATIONS
bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION
bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)
bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
GENDER WOMEN amp CRIME
bull AT 30 JUNE 2013 THE NORTHERN TERRITORY HAD THE HIGHEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 821 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION FOLLOWED BY WESTERN AUSTRALIA AT 256 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY HAD THE LOWEST IMPRISONMENT RATE AT 118 PRISONERS PER 100000 ADULT POPULATION
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45170~2013~Main20Features~Imprisonment20Rates~24
REASONS FOR RISING RATE OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT
bull TREND TO LENGTHIER SENTENCING
bull HIGHER PROPORTION OF WOMEN ON REMAND
bull INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF DRUG AND PROPERTY OFFENCES
bull INCREASE IN ASSAULTS
bull MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT
bull A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE PRISONERS HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME (INCEST SEXUAL ABUSE)
bull HOMELESSNESS IS COMMON
bull THEREFORE PRISONER EDUCATION IS SIGNIFICANT IN THE LIVES OF INMATE WOMEN (SPARK amp HARRIS2005157
IN HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN 2007336)
YOUTH AND CRIME
bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR
bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR
bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE
YOUTH CRIME (CONT)
bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD
bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8
INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES
bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)
bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)
bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)
WHY
bull TWO EXPLANATIONS
bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION
bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)
bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
REASONS FOR RISING RATE OF FEMALE IMPRISONMENT
bull TREND TO LENGTHIER SENTENCING
bull HIGHER PROPORTION OF WOMEN ON REMAND
bull INCREASE IN THE FREQUENCY OF DRUG AND PROPERTY OFFENCES
bull INCREASE IN ASSAULTS
bull MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT
bull A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF FEMALE PRISONERS HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT CRIME (INCEST SEXUAL ABUSE)
bull HOMELESSNESS IS COMMON
bull THEREFORE PRISONER EDUCATION IS SIGNIFICANT IN THE LIVES OF INMATE WOMEN (SPARK amp HARRIS2005157
IN HOLMES HUGHES amp JULIAN 2007336)
YOUTH AND CRIME
bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR
bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR
bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE
YOUTH CRIME (CONT)
bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD
bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8
INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES
bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)
bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)
bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)
WHY
bull TWO EXPLANATIONS
bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION
bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)
bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
YOUTH AND CRIME
bull THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS (10-19 YEAR OLDS) DECREASED BY 6 PER CENT IN 2012-13 ACCORDING TO AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS (ABS) FIGURES RELEASED TODAYABS DIRECTOR OF CRIME AND JUSTICE STATISTICS WILLIAM MILNE SAID TODAYS RECORDED CRIME ndash OFFENDERS PUBLICATION REVEALED THAT WHILE THE OVERALL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS HAD INCREASED THE NUMBER OF YOUTH OFFENDERS HAD DECREASED OVER THE LAST YEAR
bull THE TOTAL NUMBER OF OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT FROM LAST YEAR
bull THE OFFENDER RATE INCREASED FROM 1916 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PEOPLE AGED 10 YEARS AND OVER TO 1958 IN COMPARISON THE YOUTH OFFENDER RATE DECREASED FROM 3422 OFFENDERS PER 100000 PERSONS TO 3221rdquo SAID MR MILNE
YOUTH CRIME (CONT)
bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD
bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8
INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES
bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)
bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)
bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)
WHY
bull TWO EXPLANATIONS
bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION
bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)
bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
YOUTH CRIME (CONT)
bull DURING 2012-13 POLICE PROCEEDED AGAINST 391117 OFFENDERS WITH MALES ACCOUNTING FOR 78 PER CENT (304777) OF THE TOTAL THE NUMBER OF MALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 4 PER CENT (12588) FROM 2011-12 AND THE NUMBER OF FEMALE OFFENDERS INCREASED BY 2 PER CENT (1902) OVER THE SAME PERIOD
bull THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR YOUTH OFFENDERS WAS THEFT ACCOUNTING FOR NEARLY A QUARTER (24 PER CENT) OF ALL YOUTH OFFENDERS THE MOST COMMON PRINCIPAL OFFENCE FOR THE OVERALL POPULATION WAS PUBLIC ORDER OFFENCES (19 PER CENT OR 72703 OFFENDERS)
httpwwwabsgovauausstatsabsnsfLookupby20Subject45190~2012-13~Media20Release~Youth20offenders20decrease20by20620per20cent20(Media20Release)~8
INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES
bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)
bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)
bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)
WHY
bull TWO EXPLANATIONS
bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION
bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)
bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
INDIGENOUS CRIME RATES
bull ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARE OVER 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO APPEAR BEFORE A MAGISTRATErsquoS COURT THAN OTHER AUSTRALIAN BORN DEFENDANTS (ROACH ANLEU1999145)
bull THEY ARE 29 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON ABORIGINAL PEOPLE TO BE ARRESTED (WHITE amp HABIBIS2005259)
bull RATE OF IMPRISONMENT IS 15 TIMES THAT OF NON-INDIGENOUS POPULATION (GRAYCAR20019)
WHY
bull TWO EXPLANATIONS
bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION
bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)
bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
WHY
bull TWO EXPLANATIONS
bull 1 ONE IS THAT IT REFLECTS THE HIGHER INVOLVEMENT IN CRIME AMONG THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION
bull 2 IT IS THE OUTCOME OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND WIDER SOCIETY(WHITE amp HABIBIS2005262)
bull OTHER ALCOHOL ILLICIT DRUG USE CULTURAL DISLOCATION
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
INDIGENOUS DETENTION
bull MALE PRISONERS AND JUVENILE DETAINEES
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE ARE HEAVILY OVER-REPRESENTED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACCOUNTING FOR 24 OF THE PRISON POPULATION IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES AGED 10-17 YEARS WERE 28 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IN JUVENILE DETENTION THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES AND ALMOST 10 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN INDIGENOUS FEMALES
bull IN 2008 THE OVERALL RATE OF IMPRISONMENT FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WAS 4201 PER 100000 POPULATION COMPARED WITH 244 PER 100000 FOR NON-INDIGENOUS MALES RATES FOR INDIGENOUS MALES WERE HIGHEST IN WA NSW AND SA
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
FIGURE 20 IMPRISONMENT OF MALES BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND
JURISDICTION AUSTRALIA 2009
httpwwwhealthinfonetecueduaupopulation-groupsmenreviewsour-review
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull IMPORTANT STATISTICS ABOUT THE IMPRISONMENT OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE INCLUDE
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 17 TIMES MORE LIKELY THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALES TO BE IN PRISON IN 2008
bull INDIGENOUS MALES WERE 12-14 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO BE IMPRISONED DURING ALL ADULT YEARS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE TEENAGE YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 19 TIMES) AND BEYOND 55 YEARS (APPROXIMATELY 10 TIMES)
bull THE MEAN AGE OF INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS WAS 317 YEARS 46 YEARS YOUNGER THAN NON-INDIGENOUS MALE PRISONERS (363 YEARS) AND
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND IMPRISONMENT
bull INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE GENERALLY EXPECTED TO SERVE SHORTER SENTENCES THAN THE NON-INDIGENOUS PRISONER POPULATION
bull THE DETENTION OF INDIGENOUS JUVENILES HAS DECREASED BY 33 SINCE 1997 BUT INDIGENOUS YOUNG PEOPLE ARE STILL VASTLY OVER-REPRESENTED WITH MORE THAN HALF OF THOSE IN JUVENILE CORRECTIVE INSTITUTIONS IN 2006 IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS
bull THE PATTERN OF JUVENILE DETENTION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF ADULT IMPRISONMENT WITH LEVELS OF DETENTION HIGHEST IN WA SA AND NSW
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Compared with non-Indigenous juvenile offenders Indigenous juveniles are more likely to be younger when they commit their first offence and offend more regularly and likely to have a history of detention and incarceration by the time they reach adulthood
Figure 21 Detention of male juveniles by Indigenous status and jurisdiction Australia 2008
Source Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull COUNTRY OF BIRTH
AT 30 JUNE 2013 ONE QUARTER OF THE PRISONER POPULATIONS IN VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES WERE BORN OVERSEAS (BOTH 25) THE NORTHERN TERRITORY AND TASMANIA HAD THE LOWEST PROPORTIONS OF OVERSEAS-BORN PRISONERS (BOTH 3)
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
IMMIGRANTS amp CRIME
bull NEW ZEALAND WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES (305) AND QUEENSLAND (270) FOR VICTORIAN PRISONERS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE WAS VIETNAM (284) THE UNITED KINGDOM WAS THE MOST COMMON OVERSEAS BIRTHPLACE FOR PRISONERS IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (68) AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA (165)
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
OVERVIEW OF IMMIGRANTS
bull NO CLEAR CUT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHNIC MINORITIES amp CRIMINALITY
bull IMMIGRANTS HAVE HIGH RATES OF SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
bull SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IS IMPORTANT DETERMINANT IN CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR (MUKHERJEE19991)
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
WEBSITES
bull HTTPWWWAICGOVAUCRIME_COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCRIMECOSTSHTML ACCESSED 8414
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY20SUBJECT45170~2013~MAIN20FEATURES~IMPRISONMENT20RATES~24
bull HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABSNSFLOOKUPBY
20SUBJECT45190~2012-13~MEDIA20RELEASE~YOUTH20OFFENDERS20DECREASE20BY20620PER20CENT20(MEDIA20RELEASE)~8
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
REFERENCES - TEXTS
bull HOLMES D HUGHES K JULIAN R (2007) AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGY ndash A CHANGING SOCIETY AUSTRALIA PEARSON
bull ROACH ANLEU S (1999) DEVIANCE CONFORMITY amp SOCIAL CONTROL MELBOURNE LONGMAN
bull WHITE R amp HABIBIS D (2005) CRIME amp SOCIETY MELBOURNE OUP
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
REFERENCES - JOURNALS
bull GRAYCAR A (2001) ldquoCRIME AND JUSTICE CENTENARY ARTICLE-CRIME IN THE 20TH CENTURY IN AUSTRALIArsquo YEAR BOOK AUSTRALIA (HTTPWWWABSGOVAUAUSSTATSABS40NSF
bull MUKHERJEE S (1999) lsquoETHNICITY amp CRIMErsquo TRENDS amp ISSUES IN CRIME amp CRIMINAL JUSTICE 17 CANBERRA INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
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