CoursM2-USTH Eco-Optimisation BEN AHMED 2013 Part1

7/27/2019 CoursM2-USTH Eco-Optimisation BEN AHMED 2013 Part1

1/34

ECO-OPTIMIZATION APPLIED TO

Master of Renewable Energies

Hamid BEN AHMED ([email protected])ENS Cachan / SATIE

Hamid BEN AHMEDHamid BEN AHMED

20132013-- 20142014


2/34

Outline General introduction (why eco-optimization ?)

Definitions of some fundamental quantities (units, relations, )

Indicators of impact on the environment (resources, raw materials,

2

, , , , ...

Analysis Cylce Life (LCA) (approach, standards, examples)

eco-design or eco-optimization

Some examples in Electrical Ingeneering


3/34

Bibliography Course of Mr. Multon (ENS Cachan, Ker Lann)

Course of Mr. Olivier Jolliet (EPFL) PhD thesis of V. Debusschere (SATIE Lab) PhD thesis of Y. THIAUX SATIE Lab

3

Conf. On eco-design in EI (Toulouse)

Other references to the end of the course


4/34

Eco.. What ??4"Sustainable development meets the needs of

the present generation without compromising thefaculties

"UNCED (Brundtland report), 1987

Think globally, act locally:


5/34

5 Why ? (1/3)

The number of people increased from 2.5 to 6.5 billion in 50 years

For the same period, the consumption of resources (primary energy)increased by 110%!

Croissance de la population humaine

an 1

1 GW

10 GW

100 GW

1000 GW

10 000 GW

- 100 000 - 10 000 - 1 000 1 000 10 000anne

1840

100 000 GW

1000 000 GW

Puissance moyenne

rayonne par le soleil

2000 ?

1 : 8000 1 : 1000 ?

Croissance de lnergie consomme par

lhumanit (en puissance moyenne annuelle)

Cf. cours B. Multon


6/34

6

Renouvelables : 13%

Why ? (2/3)Primary energy sourcesconsumed in the world

Fossiles : 81% Source : AIE

And in addition a very large disparity!Primary energy consumption per year : world 140.1012 kWh

ou 12 Gtep ou 16 000 GW in avrage1 europen : 140 kWh/jour

1 amricain : 250 kWh/jour

Vietnam : Consommation nergie (2011) : 0.697 TEP/hab./an (22.2 kWh/jour)Consommation lectricit (2008) : 769 kWh/hab./an (2.1 kWh/jour)

Emission (2011) : 2.3 tonnes CO2/hab./an


7/34

7

The number of vehicles (private andcommercial) now exceeds one billion, growingthree times faster than population (France 37.2million in 2009)

Quelques chiffres

Responsible in 2004 about 13% of global CO2emissions (20% Europe, 26% France)The average contribution of CO2 cars in France in2007 was 176 g CO2/km (104 g CO2/km Prius, electricwheel wells 50 g CO2/km)

Transport consumes globally 17% of the resources(in France, it is 25%). In Vietnam, ????


8/34

Besoins d'lectricit8Human Development Index vs.Annual electricity consumption

Source : InterAcademy Council, Lighting the way.Toward a sustainable energy future, oct. 2007

14 400 TWhe final (11% in total)

40 000 TWh primary (30% of the total)To produced 17 400 Twhe centrale

electricity production :


9/34

Le cas du G.E.9In Europe, systems Electric motors are 2/3

industrial electricity consumption.Either France 90 TWhlec / year

To compare :to 120 TWhlec/ year consumed in the French industryto 480 TWhlec/year Electrity Total product


10/34

10 Pourquoi ? (3/3)Design

parameters

ModelsOptimization

Criteria

Optimale solution

????

impacts

if we do not adopt this approach then ...


11/34

11

quantities


12/34

Energy units1 Joule (1 J)= 1 Watt.seconde (1 W.s)

=1 Newton x 1m= 1 Volt x 1 Ampre x 1 seconde

1 kWh = 3600 000 J = 3,6 106J (=3.6 MJ)

12

Notation en puissance de 10k kilo = 1000 = 103

M mga = 1000 000 = 106

G giga = 109

T tra = 1012

P pta = 1015E exa = 1018

tonne quivalent ptrole tep (pour les Carburants) :

1 tep 11 600 kWh (car 1kg fuel=11.6 kWh de PCI)

1 MJ = 0.28 kWh


13/34

13 Heating valueNeed to standardize the energy content of a resourcefor comparison and mathematical operations : heating Value

Valeurs nergtiques PCI/PCS de quelques combustibles

Uranium natur. (fission) 116 000 kWh/kg Gaz Naturel 13,8/15,3kWh/kg

Hydrogne 34/39kWh/kg Charbon 7 9/ 9 10kWh/kg

Fuel 11,6/12,4kWh/kg Bois 2 4 kWh/kg

Essence 12,4/13,4 kWh/kg Bagasse 2,2 kWh/kg

GPL : PropaneButane

12,8/13,8kWh/kg12,7/13,7

Orduresmnagres

0,3 0,5 kWh/kg


14/34

Ecological footprint14

Croissance 1,6%/an

Part de lnergie :

plus de 50% !

Def. : bio-productive area to ensure the needs AND absorb the waste associated

11 milliards dhectares(moins du de la surface du globe)

sont biologiquement

productifs


15/34

The concept of energy slave15

Cf. cours O. Jolliet(ou 2.4 kWh/j/pers.)


16/34

16 Slaves per person

Current global consumption (primary) is 140.1012 kWh/year (12 Gtep/year)This corresponds to : 160 billion slaves , 20 billion Chinese,

2 billion European, 1.3 billion of USA, Currently, on average, each person consumes the equivalent of 21 slaves

Cf. cours O. Jolliet


17/34

17

Indicators of environmental impact


18/34

The main indicators18 Depletion of Natural Resources estimates the ratio between the quantities of raw materials used throughout the life cycle (coal,gas, oil, iron, aluminum ...) and relates to the amounts available and usable by man ;

Contribution to the greenhouse : accounts in CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas emissions with a direct or indirect effect onemissions (NO2, CH4, CFC ...);

Energy consumption (as, whatever the source of production, energy consumption throughout the life cycle)

, ,

La contribution la destruction de la couche dozone comptabilise, en quivalent CFC11, les missions de gaz ayant un effetdirect ou indirect sur la couche dozone (CFC, halons...) ;

La cration dozone photochimique comptabilise, en quivalent C2H4 , les missions vers lair de substances ayant un effet directou indirect sur la cration dozone (tolune, benzne, actone...) ;

La contribution aux pluies acides comptabilise, en quivalent dions H+, les missions vers lair de substances transformes en

substances acides (SO2 , NO2 , NO, HCl...) ;

La contribution la toxicit de lair comptabilise les volumes critiques mis vers lair de substances appartenant aux listes desubstances toxiques en usage dans la Communaut europenne ;

La contribution la toxicit de leau comptabilise les quantits mises vers leau de substances appartenant aux listes desubstances toxiques en usage dans la Communaut europenne ;

La production de dchets dangereux en fin de vie value la quantit de dchets produits et figurant sur les listes en usage dans laCommunaut europenne.


19/34

Greenhouse19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas


20/34

GWP Global Warming Potential20Definition :

Contribution to greenhouse gas each measure with the global warming potential(GWP) is the radiative forcing (ie the radiative power the greenhouse gas returns tothe ground) , accumulated over a period of reference (eg. 100 years GWP100). Thisvalue is measured relative to CO2.

If it emits 1 kg of methane into the atmosphere, the same effect, over 100 years, if wehad issued 23 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2)

For the carbon equivalent, it is assumed that a kgof CO2 contains 0.2727 kg of carbon. Theemission of a kg of CO2 is therefore 0.2727 kgcarbon equivalent.For other gases, the carbon equivalent is:carbon equivalent = PRG x 0.2727


21/34

Main greenhouse gases (GHG)21

.


22/34

CO2 emission22

Tonnes de CO2 par hab et par an


23/34

Example CO2 content23In analysis of the life cycle, the values depend on local supplychains, so they are heavily dependent on the country wherevalues are calculated, not to mention the perimeters of analysisthat may be different.

The CO2 content per kWh produced by industry isdefined as CO2 emissions per kWh of electricityproduced at the output of a production (coal-fired,nuclear reactor, wind ...).

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contenu_CO2


24/34

Primary energy and final energy24Primary energy is energy in its

original form, untreated. For

example: crude Petrol, or uranium

Primary energy = final energy

Global energy requirement (GER)

is the primary energy needed to produce X final kWh

enegy consumed for its productionand distribution


25/34

Energy mix25

The energy mix is the proportion of the different sources in the production ofenergy.

This mix depends conversion mode and technology. It is therefore, strictlyspeaking, a function of time.

Production and energy consumption in FranceMonda , Au ust 30, 2010 b MW

For simplicity, by country, we define a

average energy mix (per year)

http://www.rte-france.com

balance=prod-conso

Nucleair

hydraulic

consumption


26/34

26

Data in Mtep(1 Mtep=11.6

Production in France (2008)

TWh =41760 TJ)

www.statistiquesd.dceevmeblroep 2p0e09m e Cnhti-ffdreusr calbsl ede.g lounevr.gfire


27/34

Mix and conversion efficiency27

To produce 1 kWhelec in France must be 3.1 kWh (13 MJ) primaryand it produces 80 gCO2

Primary energy consumed forproduce electricity (France, 2008) CO2 emission by sources (France, 2008)


28/34

28

Example 1 : car engine (petrol) (hybride Prius : 104 g CO2/km)

Application exercise

nergie primaire Cot financier ()Emission (gCO2/km)

essence lectrique

Ce nest pas zro !


29/34

29

Reserves: on economic and physicochemical criteria operating, allow for losses in theextraction

Reserve base: include technically recoverable reserves on the basis of known resources

Inferred Resources defined by extrapolation of knowledge on identified resources.

Natural resources (not R)

Resources base:

primaire secondaire

Steel 230 G 160 G 73 G 1,8 G

Alu 13 18 G 8 G 5,7 G 34 M

Copper 3 3,7 G 940 M 470 M 15 M

Pb 1,5 G 140 M 67 M 4 M 4 M

Co 15 M 13 M 7 M 57,5 k

Ni 130 M 140 M 64 M 1,4 M

Pt 76 k 33 k 211 k

(+4%/an)

50

Li

(Metal)

14 M 11 M 4,1 M 18,8 k

Examples raw materialsData : USGS 2006 en tonnes

Cf. cours B. Multon

Globally:Copper is 35% recycledAluminum is 29%The steel between 46 and

79%

Globally:Copper is 35% recycledAluminum is 29%The steel between 46 and

79%


30/34

Natural resources (not R)30

exhaustible &exhaustible &

in Gtep and R / P at the current rate ofconsumption

40 ans61 ans

po ut onpo ut on

227 ans

43 ans

Cf. cours B. Multon


31/34

Energy cost of somme elements31

The values are indicative(many parameters influencing!)


32/34

32

Energy cost of somme elements

IE


33/34

Origine of energy cost33

Sulfures decuivre

25 tonnesfusion dsulfuration

Dissolution

acide lectrolyse

cuivre1 tonne

oxydes decuivre

25 tonnes

------ Fabrication du cuivre ------

Procd HroultProcd Bayer

Bauxite2,5 tonnes

Poudre

daluminelectrolyse

Aluminium1 tonne

------ Fabrication de laluminium ------


34/34

Renewable resources34

terreterre

lunelune

0,2 Eh

25%

Reference Values (2010)World primary energy consumed Eh ~ 146 000 TWhWorld Electric energy Elec = 21 200 TWh (14.5%)

noyaunoyau

2 Eh

30%directement

r-mis danslespace

45% : 5400 Ehtransforms en chaleur

puis rayonns

convertis ensurface et

dans latmosphre3000 Eh

Cycles hydrologiques(eau, vent houle)

Photosynthse 7 Eh

manteaumanteausole

i

sole

i

12 000 Eh

Cf. cours B. Multon

CoursM2-USTH Eco-Optimisation BEN AHMED 2013 Part1

Documents

Transcript of CoursM2-USTH Eco-Optimisation BEN AHMED 2013 Part1