Copyright © 2008 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.7 – 1 Part 3: Training and...

Copyright © 2008 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 7 – 1

Part 3: Training and Developing Part 3: Training and Developing Human ResourcesHuman Resources

Part 3: Training and Developing Part 3: Training and Developing Human ResourcesHuman Resources

Chapter 7: Training Human Resources

Prepared by Linda Eligh, University of Western Ontario

Copyright © 2008 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited. 7– 2

Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesAfter you have read this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Define orientation and discuss why employee orientation programs are vital to the acclimatization of new employees.

2. Define training and discuss why a strategic approach is important, and introduce the four phases of the training process.

3. Identify three types of analyses used to determine training needs.

4. Discuss training design, learner readiness, and ability to learn.


Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

5. Explain internal, external, and e-learning as training delivery approaches.

6. Give an example for each of the four levels of training evaluation.

7. Describe the importance of intercultural competence training for global employers.


The Nature of Training: The Nature of Training: Orientation for New EmployeesOrientation for New Employees

The Nature of Training: The Nature of Training: Orientation for New EmployeesOrientation for New Employees

Key Purposes of Key Purposes of Effective OrientationEffective Orientation

Key Purposes of Key Purposes of Effective OrientationEffective Orientation

Co-WorkerCo-WorkerAcceptanceAcceptance

Co-WorkerCo-WorkerAcceptanceAcceptance

FavourableFavourableImpressionImpression

FavourableFavourableImpressionImpression

ProvidesProvidesInformationInformation

ProvidesProvidesInformationInformation

SocializationSocializationandand

IntegrationIntegration

SocializationSocializationandand

IntegrationIntegration

PerformancePerformanceandand

ProductivityProductivity

PerformancePerformanceandand

ProductivityProductivity


Effective New Employee OrientationEffective New Employee OrientationEffective New Employee OrientationEffective New Employee Orientation

Prepare New EmployeePrepare New EmployeePrepare New EmployeePrepare New Employee

Consider “buddy” mentorsConsider “buddy” mentorsConsider “buddy” mentorsConsider “buddy” mentors

Use an orientation checklistUse an orientation checklistUse an orientation checklistUse an orientation checklist

Cover needed informationCover needed informationCover needed informationCover needed information

Present information effectivelyPresent information effectivelyPresent information effectivelyPresent information effectively

Avoid information overloadAvoid information overloadAvoid information overloadAvoid information overload

Evaluation and follow-upEvaluation and follow-upEvaluation and follow-upEvaluation and follow-up


Nature of TrainingNature of TrainingNature of TrainingNature of Training

• TrainingA process whereby people acquire KSAs to aid in the

achievement of organizational goals. Includes both hard and soft skills

Poorly trained employees may perform poorly and make costly mistakes.

• New Context of TrainingOrganization Competitiveness and Training

Training makes organizations more competitive Training helps retain valuable employees Training is no longer the first casualty of a business downturn


Nature of TrainingNature of TrainingNature of TrainingNature of Training

• Knowledge Management and Training Identifying and leveraging organizational intellectual

capital to create value and be competitive.

• Training as a Revenue SourceMarketing training with or alongside products can

contribute significantly to a firm’s revenues.

• Integration of Performance and TrainingTraining is moving “closer to the job” to achieve “real

time” learning.Training is using more real-world problems to

increase employee learning.


Performance Consulting Performance Consulting Fig. 7-2Fig. 7-2Performance Consulting Performance Consulting Fig. 7-2Fig. 7-2


Performance ConsultingPerformance ConsultingPerformance ConsultingPerformance Consulting

• Performance ConsultingA process in which a trainer and the organizational

client work together (“bundled solution”) to determine what needs to be done to improve results.

Performance consulting approach: Focusing on identifying and addressing root causes of

performance problems.

Recognizing that the interaction of individual and organizational factors influences employee performance.

Documenting the actions and accomplishments of high performers and comparing them with actions of more typical performers.


Linking Organizational Strategies and Training Linking Organizational Strategies and Training Fig. 7-3Fig. 7-3Linking Organizational Strategies and Training Linking Organizational Strategies and Training Fig. 7-3Fig. 7-3

Source: Based on ideas from Lisa A. Burke and Joseph V. Wilson III.


Benefits of Strategic TrainingBenefits of Strategic TrainingBenefits of Strategic TrainingBenefits of Strategic Training

• HR and Training Professionals

Are more likely to get involved with the business, partner with operating managers to help solve problems, and to make significant contributions to organizational results.

Are less likely to chase fads or the hottest or latest type of training gimmick.

Are less likely to think that training alone can solve most employee or organizational performance problems.


Training and Global StrategiesTraining and Global StrategiesTraining and Global StrategiesTraining and Global Strategies

• Successful development of global strategies is inhibited primarily by training deficits such as:Workforces with disparate competenciesA declining pool of Canadian employees willing to go

overseasSlow, expensive, and inflexible “on campus” training

optionsException: Ernst & Young was ranked one of the

global top 10 e-learning companies for the quantity, quality and impact of its e-learning initiatives. Its learning portal is the winner of a Smithsonian Technology Award.


Developing Strategic Training PlansDeveloping Strategic Training PlansDeveloping Strategic Training PlansDeveloping Strategic Training Plans

• A good training plan deals with the following questions: Is there really a need for the training?

Who needs to be trained?

Who will do the training?

What form will the training take?

How will knowledge be transferred to the job?

How will the training be evaluated?


Systematic Training Process Systematic Training Process Fig. 7-4Fig. 7-4Systematic Training Process Systematic Training Process Fig. 7-4Fig. 7-4


Sources of the Information Used in Sources of the Information Used in Training Needs Assessment Training Needs Assessment Fig. 7-5Fig. 7-5

Sources of the Information Used in Sources of the Information Used in Training Needs Assessment Training Needs Assessment Fig. 7-5Fig. 7-5

Organizational Analyses Job/Task Analyses Individual Analyses


Individual AnalysisIndividual AnalysisIndividual AnalysisIndividual Analysis

Job Knowledge

Tools

AttitudeSurveys

Question-naires

Records of Critical

Incidents

Individual Assessment

Tests

Skills Tests

Sources of Individual Analysis


Establishing Training Objectives Establishing Training Objectives and Prioritiesand Priorities

Establishing Training Objectives Establishing Training Objectives and Prioritiesand Priorities

• Gap AnalysisThe distance between where an organization is with

its employee capabilities and where it needs to be.

• Types of Training ObjectivesKnowledge: Impart cognitive information and details

to trainees.Skill: Develop behaviour changes in how job and

tasks are performed.Attitude: Create interest and awareness of the

training importance.


Elements of Training Design Elements of Training Design Fig. 7-7Fig. 7-7Elements of Training Design Elements of Training Design Fig. 7-7Fig. 7-7


Learning: The Focus of TrainingLearning: The Focus of TrainingLearning: The Focus of TrainingLearning: The Focus of Training

• Learner ReadinessAbility to learn

Learners must possess basic skills (3Rs).

Motivation to learn Learners must desire and value training.

Self-efficacy Learners must believe that they can successfully learn

the training content.


Learning StylesLearning StylesLearning StylesLearning Styles

Adult Learning PrinciplesAdult Learning PrinciplesAdult Learning PrinciplesAdult Learning Principles

Have a need to know why they are learning something.Have a need to know why they are learning something.Have a need to know why they are learning something.Have a need to know why they are learning something.

Have a need to be self-directed.Have a need to be self-directed.Have a need to be self-directed.Have a need to be self-directed.

Bring more work-related experiences into the process.Bring more work-related experiences into the process.Bring more work-related experiences into the process.Bring more work-related experiences into the process.

EmployEmploy a problem-solving approach in the experiencea problem-solving approach in the experience..EmployEmploy a problem-solving approach in the experiencea problem-solving approach in the experience..

Are motivated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Are motivated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Are motivated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Are motivated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors.


Learning Styles (cont’d)Learning Styles (cont’d)Learning Styles (cont’d)Learning Styles (cont’d)

• Active PracticeThe performance of job-related tasks and duties by

trainees during training.

• Spaced PracticeSeveral practice sessions spaced over a period of

hours or days.

• Massed practicePerformance of all the practice at once.



• Behaviour ModelingCopying someone else’s behaviour by observing how

another person deals with a problem.

• ReinforcementLaw of effect states that people tend to repeat

behaviors that are rewarded and avoid behaviours that are punished.

• Immediate ConfirmationReinforcement and feedback are most effective when

given as soon as possible after training.



• Transfer of TrainingEffective transfer occurs when trainees actually use

on the job what they learned in training. Trainees take what was learned in training and apply it to the

job context in which they work.

Employees maintain use of the learned material over time.

Increasing the transfer of training Offering trainees an overview of training content and process

before the actual training helps with both short-term and longer-term training transfer.

Ensuring that the training mirrors the job context as much as possible.


Learning: Types of TrainingLearning: Types of TrainingLearning: Types of TrainingLearning: Types of Training

Developmental andInnovative Training

Developmental andInnovative Training

Required and Regular Training

Required and Regular Training

Job/TechnicalTraining

Job/TechnicalTraining

Interpersonal and Problem-Solving

Training

Interpersonal and Problem-Solving

Training

Types ofTypes ofTrainingTraining

Types ofTypes ofTrainingTraining


Training Delivery: ConsiderationsTraining Delivery: ConsiderationsTraining Delivery: ConsiderationsTraining Delivery: Considerations

• Nature of training• Subject matter• Number of trainees• Individual vs. team• Self-paced vs. guided• Training resources• Costs• Geographic locations• Time allotted• Completion timeline


Internal TrainingInternal TrainingInternal TrainingInternal Training

• Informal TrainingTraining that occurs through interactions and

feedback among employees.

• On-the-Job Training (OJT)Based on a guided form of training known as job

instruction training (JIT)

Problems with OJT Poorly-qualified or indifferent trainers Disruption of regular work Bad or incorrect habits are passed on


Stages for On-the-Job Training (OJT) Stages for On-the-Job Training (OJT) Fig. 7-8Fig. 7-8Stages for On-the-Job Training (OJT) Stages for On-the-Job Training (OJT) Fig. 7-8Fig. 7-8


Off-the-Job Training (External Training)Off-the-Job Training (External Training)Off-the-Job Training (External Training)Off-the-Job Training (External Training)

• Reasons for External TrainingMay be less expensive to outsource training Insufficient time to develop trainingLack of expertiseAdvantages of interacting with outsiders

• Outsourcing of TrainingDeclining due to cost concerns, a greater emphasis

on internal linking of training to organizational strategies, and other issues.

Training and certification by vendors is increasing in popularity.


Sources of External TrainingSources of External TrainingSources of External TrainingSources of External Training

Vendor Training Vendor Training and Certificationand Certification

Vendor Training Vendor Training and Certificationand Certification

Government-Government-Supported Job Supported Job

Training Training

Government-Government-Supported Job Supported Job

Training Training

Educational Educational Assistance Assistance ProgramsPrograms

Educational Educational Assistance Assistance ProgramsPrograms

External TrainingExternal TrainingExternal TrainingExternal Training


E-Learning: Online TrainingE-Learning: Online TrainingE-Learning: Online TrainingE-Learning: Online Training

• E-Learning: Training OnlineThe using the Internet or an organizational intranet to

conduct training online.

• Criteria for adopting e-learning:Sufficient top management support and fundingAccepting the idea of decentralized and individualized

trainingCurrent training methods not meeting needsComputer literacy and access to computersTime and travel cost concerns for traineesThe number and self-motivation of trainees


Advantages and Disadvantages of E-learning Advantages and Disadvantages of E-learning Fig. 7-9Fig. 7-9Advantages and Disadvantages of E-learning Advantages and Disadvantages of E-learning Fig. 7-9Fig. 7-9

Source: Developed by Lisa A. Burke and Robert L. Mathis.


Training ApproachesTraining ApproachesTraining ApproachesTraining Approaches

Distance Distance Training/LearningTraining/Learning

Distance Distance Training/LearningTraining/Learning

Cooperative Cooperative TrainingTraining

Cooperative Cooperative TrainingTraining

Instructor-Led Instructor-Led Classroom and Classroom and

Conference Conference TrainingTraining

Instructor-Led Instructor-Led Classroom and Classroom and

Conference Conference TrainingTraining

Simulations Simulations and Trainingand Training

Simulations Simulations and Trainingand Training

TrainingTrainingMethodsMethods

TrainingTrainingMethodsMethods


Levels of Training Evaluation Levels of Training Evaluation Fig. 7-10Fig. 7-10Levels of Training Evaluation Levels of Training Evaluation Fig. 7-10Fig. 7-10


Evaluation DesignsEvaluation DesignsEvaluation DesignsEvaluation Designs

Post-MeasurePost-MeasurePost-MeasurePost-Measure

Pre-/Post-MeasurePre-/Post-Measure Pre-/Post-MeasurePre-/Post-Measure

Pre-/Post-Measure Pre-/Post-Measure with a Control Groupwith a Control Group

Pre-/Post-Measure Pre-/Post-Measure with a Control Groupwith a Control Group

EvaluationEvaluationDesignDesign

EvaluationEvaluationDesignDesign


Training EvaluationTraining EvaluationTraining EvaluationTraining Evaluation

• Cost-Benefit AnalysesA comparison of costs and benefits

associated with organizational training efforts.

Measurement of both the costs and the benefits may be difficult

Return on Investment (ROI) AnalysisBenchmarking

Comparison of internal training with training done in other organizations


Some Typical Costs and Benefits of Training Some Typical Costs and Benefits of Training Fig. 7-11Fig. 7-11Some Typical Costs and Benefits of Training Some Typical Costs and Benefits of Training Fig. 7-11Fig. 7-11


Training for Global AssignmentsTraining for Global Assignments

• Only 50%–60% of global employers provide formal training programs for expatriates and their families.Topics covered in pre-departure training:

Daily living conditions, cultural customs, business issues, country history, climate, and transportation and communication systems.

Foreign firms operating in Canada conduct training programs to prepare their employees for the food, customs, labour and HR practices, and other facets of working and living in Canada.


Intercultural Competence Training Intercultural Competence Training Fig. 7-12Fig. 7-12Intercultural Competence Training Intercultural Competence Training Fig. 7-12Fig. 7-12

Copyright © 2008 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.7 – 1 Part 3: Training and...

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