CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICEASSIGNMENT: - Construction Machinery

Presented to :- Sir Ammd & Sir.Irfan

Made by:- 2007-Civil-140 & 2007-Civil-148 Sec.(D)

Submitted By:-

What is meant by “Construction Machinery”?

Construction Machinery are heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently, ones involving earth moving.

They are also known as construction equipment, earth movers, heavy equipment or just plain equipment.

They usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure, power train, control and information.

Working Mechanism & History

Through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied.

Currently most equipment use hydraulics as a primary source of transferring power. The use of heavy equipment has a long history. Vitruvius a 1st century B.C. engineer

gives detailed descriptions of Roman heavy equipment and Roman cranes in his treatise De Architectura.

Structure

This system connects components, transmits loads, provides attachment points for implements, and allows the machine to travel over uneven ground.

The machine’s frame, articulation, and steering for wheeled equipment are the major parts of this system."

Manufacturers

The leading global manufacturers of construction equipment (in order):[citation needed]

1. Caterpillar Inc. 2. Komatsu 3. Terex 4. CNH Global (CASE, New Holland, Kobelco)5. Volvo Construction Equipment 6. Deere & Company 7. Doosan Group (Bobcat Company)8. Hitachi Construction Machinery (a subsidiary of Hitachi, Ltd.; inc: Euclid Trucks)9. Bell Equipment 10.Hitachi Construction Machinery (Europe)

Excavator

USAGE

Excavators are used in many ways:

Digging of trenches, holes, foundations Material handling Brush cutting with hydraulic

attachments Demolition General grading/landscaping Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of

pipes Mining , especially, but not only open-

pit mining River dredging Driving piles, in conjunction with a Pile Driver

Major manufacturers

Abelco website Ammann-Yanmar Bobcat Company Case CE Caterpillar Inc. CNH Global Doosan Infracore (formerly Daewoo Heavy Industries & Machinery) Hanix Europe : Hanix Mini Excavators Hidromek Hitachi Construction Machinery

Bulldozer

USAGE

used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, etc., during construction work

Clearing the site from trees, obstructions even land mines (military use)

Manufacturers

Caterpillar Inc JCB vehicles Liebherr vehicles

Scraper

In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy equipment used for earthmoving. The rear part has a vertically moveable hopper (also known as the bowl) with a sharp horizontal front edge. The hopper can be hydraulically lowered and raised. When the hopper is lowered, the front edge cuts into the soil or clay like a cheese slicer and fills the hopper. When the hopper is full (8 to 34 m³ (10 to 45 yd³) heaped, depending on type) it is raised, and closed with a vertical blade (known as the apron). The scraper can transport its load to the fill area where the blade is raised, the back panel of the hopper, or the ejector, is hydraulically pushed forward and the soil or clay load tumbles out. Then the empty scraper returns to the cut site and repeats the cycle.

Scrapers can be very efficient on short hauls where the cut and fill areas are close together and have sufficient length to fill the hopper. The heavier scraper types have two engines ('tandem powered'), one driving the front wheels, one driving the rear wheels, with engines up to 400 kW (550 horsepower).

Self propelled scrapers were invented by R. G. LeTourneau in the 1930s.[1] His company called them Tournahoppers.

Manufacturers

K-Tec Earthmovers Inc Reynolds Scrapers IMC Scrapers Terex - Scrapers K D Sales Scraper Parts Miskin Caterpillar - Scrapers

Roller

Usage

used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations.

also used in landfill compaction.

Types

Manual walk-behind Powered walk-behind (electric or

diesel/gas powered) Trench roller (manual units or radio-

frequency remote control) Ride-on Ride-on with knock-down bar Ride-on articulating-swivel Vibratory Pneumatic-tyre Tractor mounted and powered

Manufacturers

Aveling-Barford Bomag Case CE Caterpillar CMI-Terex Dynapac ( Atlas Copco) Galion

Dump truck

A dump truck or production truck is a truck used for transporting loose material (such as sand, gravel, or dirt) for construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged at the rear, the front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery. In the UK and Australia the term applies to off-road construction plant only, and the road vehicle is known as a tipper, tipper lorry(UK) or tip truck(Au).

Vehicle types

Dumper Semi-trailer and semi-trailer truck Tractor unit Train Waste collection vehicle

Manufacturers

BelAZ Kenworth Caterpillar Inc. Euclid Trucks GHH Fahrzeuge Liebherr Hitachi Construction Machinery

Loader

A loader is an engineering vehicle (often used in construction) that is primarily used to "load" material (asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, wood chips, etc.) into or onto another type of machinery (dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hooper, rail-car, etc.).

Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. Their deep bucket can usually store about 3-6 cubic meters (exact number varies with the model) of earth. The front loader's bucket capacity is much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader. Loaders are not classified as earthmoving machinery, as their primary purpose is other than earthmoving.

Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction.

In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.

Manufacturers

Case Coyote Caterpillar JCB Komatsu

Paver

A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher) is an engineering vehicle used to lay asphalt on roadways. It is normally fed by a dump truck. A separate machine, a roller, is then used to press the hot asphalt mix, resulting a smooth, even surface. The sub-base being prepared by use of a grader to trim crushed stone to profile after rolling.

Manufacturers

Volvo Construction Equipment (took over Ingersoll Rands paving division in 2007) - VOLVO CE

Dynapac - DYNAPAC Terex - Terex - Asphalt Production & Paving Caterpillar Inc.

Grader

A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a maintainer, or a motor grader, is an engineering vehicle with a long blade used to create a flat surface. Typical models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated above the rear axles at one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the front end of the vehicle, with the blade in between. Some hard hats refer to this machine as "the blade".

In civil engineering, the grader's purpose is to "finish grade" (refine, set precisely) the "rough grading" performed by heavy equipment or engineering vehicles such as scrapers and bulldozers.

Graders can produce inclined surfaces and surfaces with cambered cross-sections for roads. In some countries they are used to produce drainage ditches with shallow V-shaped cross-sections on either side of highways.

Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads. In the construction of paved roads they are used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat surface for the asphalt to be placed on. Graders are also used to set native soil foundation pads to finish grade prior to the construction of large buildings.

In some locales such as Northern Europe, Canada, and places in the United States, graders are often used in municipal and residential snow removal

Manufacturers

John Deere Caterpillar Inc. Case Grove Komatsu New Holland

Tankers

USAGE

Carrying Large Quantities of water to remote areas

Providing specific quantities of water for construction activities e.g. concreting, compaction

Drinking water for drought hit areas

Concrete pump

A concrete pump is a tool for transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There are two main classifications of concrete pumps.

The first type of concrete pump is attached to a truck. It is known as a truck-mounted boom pump because it uses a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm (called a boom) to place concrete with pinpoint accuracy. Boom pumps are used on most of the larger construction projects as they are capable of pumping at very high volumes and because of the labor saving nature of the robotic arm.

The second main type of concrete pump is mounted on a trailer, and it is commonly referred to as a trailer pump or line pump. This pump requires steel or rubber concrete placing hoses to be manually attached to the outlet of the machine. Those hoses are linked together and lead to wherever the concrete needs to be placed. Trailer pumps normally pump concrete at lower volumes than boom pumps and are used for smaller volume concrete placing applications such as swimming pools, sidewalks, and single family home concrete slabs.

There are also skid-mounted and rail mounted concrete pumps, but these are uncommon and only used on specialized jobsites such as mines and tunnels.